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	Germanic Iron Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Germanic Iron Age is the name given to the period 400 CE–800 AD in Northern Europe, and it is part of the continental Age of Migrations.
		It follows the Roman Iron Age and the beginning is marked by the fall of the Roman empire and the rise of the Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe.
		In Sweden, the LGIA 550–800 is usually referred to as the Vendel Age.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age (248 words)

	Iron Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Iron Age is the last principal period in the three-age system for classifying pre-historic societies and its meaning varies depending on the country or geographical region.
		The Iron Age was preceded by the Copper Age and later the Bronze Age in Europe and Asia whilst in the rest of the world it was adopted directly after one or other sub-phases of the Stone Age.
		The Iron Age in Asia is believed to have begun with the discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in Anatolia or the Caucasus in the late 2nd millennium BC (circa 1300 BC).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iron_Age (1563 words)

	Encyclopedia: Roman Iron Age
		The age that followed the Roman Iron Age is called the Germanic Iron Age or the Age of Migrations.
		The Bronze Age in the Near East is considered as beginning around 3300 BC with the increasing use of bronze and the rise of complex urban civilisation (to varying degrees and in varying forms) in the main cultural centres of the region, Egypt and Mesopotamia.
		The end of the Bronze Age in the Near East is normally associated with the disturbances created by large population movements in the 12th century BC and the rise of new technologies and political formations, characterised as the start of the Iron Age.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Roman-Iron-Age (1500 words)

	Næs - Excavations - resume english (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Excavations carried out in 1997-1999 on a pronounced foreland, bounded on its western side by the inlet of Avnø Fjord, showed that during the late German Iron Age and Viking Age, a farm was located in the middle of the highest part of the foreland.
		In the backfilling, broken moulds and scrapped bronze, iron slag with traces of a bellow's nozzle, and small iron scales from forging show that bronze and ironwork also took place in the area, although not in the pit-houses themselves.
		From the late Germanic Iron Age, flax seeds have been registered at only two sites, but the textiles found in graves show that a new dress fashion was being introduced at this time.
	www.aabne-samlinger.dk /sydsjaellands/naes/resume-eng.htm (1308 words)

	A brief history of Denmark : Part 1 (Until 800)
		The transformation from stone age society to bronze-working, in the course of the period 1500 to 400 B.C., is an even, undramatic one.
		Iron makes its first appearance during the younger bronze age (900 to 400 B.C.), but the beginning of the iron age is generally counted as being from 400 B.C. The earliest period, until around the beginning of the Christian Era, is called the Celtic or pre-Roman iron age.
		The Roman iron age is the name generally applied to the period from the beginning of the Christian Era until A.D. In this period, imported Roman goods (including the Hoby cups) are evidence of extensive trade abroad.
	www.scholiast.org /history/denmark/danhist1.html (1328 words)

	History of Denmark
		2 The Germanic Iron Age and the arrival of the Danes
		During the Iron Age (500 BC - 1 AD), the climate in Denmark and southern Scandinavia may have become cooler and wetter, limiting agriculture and setting the stage for native groups to migrate southward into Germania.
		The Germanic Iron Age and the arrival of the Danes
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_denmark.html (3381 words)

	Bronze Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A Bronze Age is a period in a civilization's development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze.
		\nThe Bronze Age in the Near East is considered as beginning around 3300 BCE with the increasing use of bronze and the rise of complex urban civilisation (to varying degrees and in varying forms) in the main cultural centres of the region, Egypt and Mesopotamia.
		The end of the Bronze Age in the Near East is normally associated with the disturbances created by large population movements in the period 1200 - 1100 BCE and the rise of new technologies and political formations, characterised as the start of the Iron Age.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/b/br/bronze_age.html (1268 words)

	Mediaeval Sword - Virtual Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Germanic Iron Age (Migration Period) ~ 400 to 700 AD The swords of this time evolved from the Teutonic swords in evidence in the later Roman Iron Age and average 33 to 37 inches in overall length including a 4 to 5 inch long tang.
		Pattern welding diminishes during the middle of this epoch to be replaced by iron inlaid names and designs usually formed with twisted rods, such as were used in pattern-welding, hot-forged into the surface of the blade.
		Behmer (1939) for the Migration Period, by the Petersen (1918) classification for Viking Age swords and by Oakeshott's classification for later swords.
	www.aiusa.com /medsword/virtmus.html (736 words)

	Pre-Roman Iron Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Associated objects at the sites suggest that the Pre-Roman Iron Age evolved out of the Nordic Bronze Age, simply characterized by the acquisition of iron tools (the name is also applied to contemporary Britain, but at the moment this article follows the Montelian sense).
		This time was also the age of the Teutons and the Cimbri, whose migrations were little like cultural diffusion, and who were an example of what would follow in the later Roman Iron Age and Age of Migrations.
		The cultures of the Pre-Roman Iron Age and their predecessor the Nordic Bronze Age are sometimes hypothesized to be the origin of the Germanic languages.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jastorf_culture (710 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Viking Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Viking Age is the name of the period between 793 and 1066 AD in Scandinavia and Britain, following the Germanic Iron Age (and the Vendel Age in Sweden).
		France, "the Kingdom of the Franks" (a Germanic tribe who settled in Gaul, after the fall of the Roman Empire, and whose famous King was Charlemagne, who had re-united the Kingdom by 771), was particularly hard-hit by these raiders, who could sail down the Seine River with near impunity.
		The Viking Age settlements in Greenland were established in the sheltered fjords of the southern and western coast.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Viking_Age (2220 words)

	Viking Trader: Pendants & Brooches
		Germanic Iron Age, about 500 A.D. A bracteate is a pendant decorated on one side, often in gold relief.
		Cast cross from Iceland, Viking Age, 900-1000 A.D. The mouth of the animal forms the axis on the longest arm of the cross.
		Gold bracteate from late Germanic Iron Age (the Great Migration of Teutonic Tribes), about 500 A.D. The original is gold and is from a treasure of 20 gold bracelets and a large decorative needle found in 1966 in Zealand, Denmark.
	www.vikingtrader.net /pendants.html (1327 words)

	Viborg Shirt
		The art of horse riding and thereby the trousers may have been brought to the North at the beginning of the Iron Age without transmission through the Roman Empire, and the Vendel horseman is placed in an important “intermediary” role between Germanic Iron Age and Viking Age (30).
		From the later part of the Germanic Iron Age there are no finds of shirts/tunics, but other sources show that it remained an important part of the men’s costume: a contemporary statuette of the mounted Frankish emperor Charlemagne shows him wearing a shirt, breeches and a cloak.
		In pre-Roman and older Roman Iron Age oil-flax was grown as a crop plant in Denmark, and finds show that the nutritious seeds must have formed an important part of the diet (39).
	www.forest.gen.nz /Medieval/articles/Viborg/VIBORG.HTM (6163 words)

	The woman with the drink
		Here, the powerful woman of the iron age is changed to the slender ideal of the gothic art style, but it is still a self-conscious hostess that is shown.
		Also the attitude of the women on these old pictures show the contrast between the proud erect iron age woman with the pointed chin, and the more obliging medieval female ideal of a slender young woman with the shoulders drawn back and the lower portion of the body pushed forward.
		So the conclusion must be that, no, the women of the iron age were not more given to drink than their later sisters, but they may have had more to say for themselves than their medieval daughters.
	home3.inet.tele.dk /evakoch/drik-uk.htm (2049 words)

	The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter VIII - Iron Age in Eurasia
		The early Iron Age period is between the eighth century BC and the fourth/fifth century AD.
		Thus in the early Iron Age there is a mixing of a new tradition of iron with the old tradition of bronze.
		German writers deny the possibility of the Slavs having forced German tribes to leave their homes and assume that the riches of southern Europe attracted the Germans and that they willingly gave up the northern plains.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterVIII.html (8583 words)

	Denmark - Culture - Visual Arts
		The discovery of the cult image of the Sun Chariot illustrates this; the gold covered bronze disk, the sun, is being drawn by a horse which is reproduced elegantly and with a sure sense of form, cast by the use of a cire perdue technique.
		The importance of gold continued into the Germanic Iron Age where after 400 AD excellent works are known, for instance the tops of scabbards and bracteates with stylised animal figures in a specific Scandinavian style.
		It is the wavy, interwoven animal figures from the Late Germanic Iron Age that form the background of the various animal styles of the Viking Age.
	www.um.dk /Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap4/4-4.asp (727 words)

	Iron Age -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The date of the full Iron Age, in which this metal for the most part replaced bronze in implements and weapons, varied geographically, beginning in the Middle East and southeastern Europe about 1200 BC but in China not until about 600 BC.
		Wrought iron is a soft, ductile, fibrous variety that is produced from a semifused mass of relatively pure iron globules partially surrounded by slag.
		Iron, usually in the form of steel, is nearly always helping to do the job.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9042796 (893 words)

	Denmark - History - Prehistory
		The last period of the Stone Age, 2400-1700 BC, known as the Dagger period, coincided with the early Bronze Age in the British Isles and Central Europe.
		The Tollund Man and the Grauballe Man date from the early Iron Age and were probably killed and thrown into the water as punishment or as an offering to the gods.
		The history of agricultural developments throughout the first millennium AD is illustrated by large settlement excavations like the one near Vorbasse in South Jutland where it is possible to follow the development from the small scattered farmhouses of the early Iron Age to villages with large farms from the late Iron Age.
	www.um.dk /Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-1.asp (1827 words)

	[No title]
		Iron Age (750/700 - 1 A. Hallstatt period (750-450 B. La TÃ¨ne Period (450-1 A. Kalenderberg culture (part of the Hallstatt culture) in southwestern Slovakia.
		Another tribe were the Cotini who extracted iron ore in northern Slovakia in the 1
		9 or 8 B. C.: The Germanic tribes from the west, such as the Marcomanni and the Quadi, destroy the Boii in Czechia (and surrounding regions) and then found the âKingdom of Marbodâ (see 1 AD â“ 21 AD).
	www.angelfire.com /sk3/quality/Romans_Germans.html (1672 words)

	Vestvågøy Theme 12 of Travels in Time
		The Bronze Age left huge burial mounds with quantities of prestige artefacts, sacrificial offerings and rock carvings; graves in the Iron Age are smaller, poorer, with fewer sacrifices.
		This may be because Bronze Age the society was ruled by chieftains whose power and wealth was rooted in their control of one scarce commodity: bronze.
		Our understanding of this Viking Age is rooted in our understanding of the preceding centuries, offering an overview of the archaeological material and the written sources.
	www.travels-in-time.net /e/norway12arteng.htm (1403 words)

	World Coal Regional Briefing May 2005: Scandinavia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		During the Roman Iron Age, Scandinavia traded with the Roman Empire, but there is little mention of the region in the transcripts of Roman authors.
		The Germanic Iron Age that followed saw the first mention of the Danes in history, apparently as an offshoot of the Swedish peoples.
		From 1625 to 1629 King Christian IV of Denmark led troops to help the Germans in their battle against the Holy Roman Empire, fearing that if the Germans were defeated then Denmark’s own sovereignty as a Protestant country could be in danger.
	www.worldcoal.com /Coal/CL_regional_report_may05.htm (1987 words)

	Turm A/S - Pendants from the Viking Age
		The original was found when excavating a trading center from the iron age.
		The goldgubbe is a so-called doublegubbe: it depicts two persons a man and a woman, their clothing and hairstyle - a picture of the iron age man. The original was embossed in thin gold foil and originates from the time round 600 A.D. Produced in silver and bronze
		One of the richest burial finds from the Roman Iron Age, about 200-300 A.D. The original is at the Lolland-Falster Regional Museum.
	uk.turm.dk /dk/pendants.asp (626 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Iron Age tool marks move to steel
		The punch was made in the 4th Century AD A tiny Iron Age tool found in Holland is one of the oldest objects unearthed in Europe made from the alloy steel.
		The authors suggest that the steel punch from Heeten was not made using iron casting, but with the traditional bloomery furnace smelting process used throughout Iron Age Europe.
		"There is thus far no evidence for crucibles or cast iron processing remains of the Roman Iron Age in northern Europe that might indicate Germanic manufacturing of ultra-high carbon steel by decarburisation from cast iron," Evelyne Godfrey and Dutch archaeologist Matthijs van Nie write in their journal paper.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3705205.stm (514 words)

	Viking Answer Lady Webpage - A Timeline of Scandinavian History Centering Upon the Viking Age
		It is the Viking Viking Answer Lady's pleasure to present here a general timeline of events not only occuring during the Viking Age, but also including events before and after the Viking Age which have an impact on the study of the history of the period.
		West Germanic peoples migrate south into the area of modern Germany, displacing the Celts who had previously ruled this region.
		436 A.D. The Huns, encouraged by the Roman Emperor Aetius, overrun the East Germanic kingdom of the Burgundians on the Rhine, killing King Gundahari (the historical antecedent for Gunther/Gunnar of the Nibelungenlied / Volsunga saga).
	www.vikinganswerlady.com /timeline.shtml (1364 words)

	Denmark.dk: Official website - Denmark - Visual Arts Until 1536 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the older Roman Iron Age ceramics reached a peak in which local styles can be identified.
		The importance of gold continued into the Germanic Iron Age where after 400 AD excellent works are known, for instance the scabbard mountings and bracteates with stylised animal figures in a specific Scandinavian style.
		Claus Berg is one of the greatest sculptors in Denmark in the late Middle Ages, his workshop in Odense at the beginning of the 16th century producing altarpieces, crucifixes, pulpits and other furnishings for many Danish churches.
	www.denmark.dk /portal/page?_pageid=374,477916&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL (1988 words)

	Vendel era - tScholars.com
		The Vendel era (550-793) is the name given to a Swedish part of the Germanic Iron Age (or, more generally, the Age of Migrations).
		In Scandinavia, the Germanic clan society was still very much alive.
		There were lively contacts with Central Europe and the Scandinavians continued to export iron, fur and slaves, and in return they acquired art and new innovations, such as the stirrup.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Vendel_Age (369 words)

	Denmark History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		The oldest existing evidence of human habitation in Denmark is traces of hunters’ settlements from the end of the last Ice Age c.12500 BC.
		In keeping with the careful policy of neutrality, with a German bias which resulted from the defeat in 1864,Denmark remained neutral during the First World War and Danish trade and industry profited from the war-time conditions.
		The fiction of a ‘peaceful occupation’ burst and the last 18 months of the war were dominated by growing armed resistance to the Germans and their increasingly brutal reprisals.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/denmark/denmark_history_index.html (2542 words)

	Viking Trader: Brooches & Pendants
		Viking Age brooch, first half of the 9th century, found at a settlement near Neble, Western Zealand, Denmark.
		Buckle in Urnes style from the Late Viking Age, 1100 A.D. The original, cast in bronze, was found at Bejsebakken in Alborg.
		It was found in one of Denmark's richest Viking Age settlements from 600-1000 A.D., near Tissoe, a lake in West Zealand.
	www.vikingtrader.net /brooches.html (749 words)

	Germanic Ethnohistory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the East, the remigration spawned by the geothermodynamics of the second global Warm of 1,400 BE began the restless period of Celtic and Germanic expansions across Europe, and the consequent creation of large Sibs (ON-tribes) that became pronounced and relatively fixed by 500 BE.
		Since the Germanic branches of IE culture are furthest removed in the West from the foci of the core culture, and in contact with the Celtic culture, they tend to retain Centum branch conservative formations, illustrated in the Baltic branches pre-IE formations in the east.
		With the coming of the European Iron Ages (Celtic 750 b.e.-0 the Roman 0-300 c.e., the Germanic from 300-750 c.e.) northern tribes began to make their presence felt on the Eastern Italic, and Hellenic peoples.
	www.normannii.org /guilds_lore/lore/germanic_ethnohistory.htm (7121 words)

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