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	CalendarHome.com - Germans - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Germans (German: Deutsche) are defined as an ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, speaking the German language as a mother tongue and being of German descent.
		A "German" as opposed to generically "Germanic" ethnicity emerges in the course of the Middle Ages, under the influence of the unity of Eastern Francia from the 9th century.
		In addition, a significant number of German citizens (close to 5%), although traditionally considered ethnic Germans, are in fact foreign-born and thus often retain the cultural identities and languages or their native countries in addition to being Germans, a fact that sets them apart from those born and raised in Germany.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Germans (2648 words)

	Of Two Calendars: Julian and Gregorian
		This new calendar was synchronized with the traditional seasons again and was not applied to dates in the past, which caused a leap of at least ten days from the final day the Julian calendar was in effect.
		The 19-year cycle used for the lunar calendar was also to be corrected by one day every 300 or 400 years (8 times in 2500 years) along with corrections for the years (1700, 1800, 1900, 2100 et cetera) that are no longer leap years.
		Sweden started to make the change from the OS calendar and towards the NS calendar in 1700, but it was decided to make the (then 11 day) adjustment gradually, by excluding the leap days (29 February) from each of 11 successive leap years, 1700 to 1740.
	www.zeitlerweb.com /calendar.htm (2309 words)

	Secrets of Heathen Time-Keeping
		The old calendar was luni-solar and is said to have begun the new year at the first new moon on or after October 14th.
		The reconstructed calendar predicts that the new year begins, according to the modern (Gregorian) calendar, with the first new moon that occurs on or after October 18th and this could be called (new) Winter's day.
		The calendar is easier to understand by the use of the ancient runic calendar stick, also called clog almanacs, primestaves, or runestocks.
	www.geocities.com /suntheorem/soma.htm (2291 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Odoacer - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Odoacer (435–493), also known as Odovacar (Germanic Audawakrs, meaning watchful of wealth), was the first barbarian King of Italy (476-493), and deposed the last Western Roman Emperor.
		Odoacer was probably the son of the Scirian chieftain Edeko, who was a Germanic vassal chieftain at the court of Attila.
		All the Germanic vassals of the Huns broke free after the Battle of Nedao in 454, where the Germanic vassals (Gepids, Ostrogoths, Scirians, Herules and Rugians) unleashed a minor defeat against the Huns and Alans.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Odoacer (1177 words)

	German Christmas Traditions - Weihnachten in Deutschland - Christmas in Germany
		The calendars are usually made of cardboard and have 24 small windows or flaps, one of which is opened on each day leading up to Christmas.
		The first hand-crafted Advent calendars were produced in the mid-19th century; the first printed calendar appeared in Munich in 1903.
		It was the German Martin Luther who sought to sever the connection between the saint and the gift-giving celebration for children, because in his Reformation theology, there was no place for the glorification of saints.
	www.vistawide.com /german/christmas/german_christmas_traditions.htm (1946 words)

	All About Calendars
		The purpose of a calendar is to reckon time in advance, to show how many days have to elapse until a certain event takes place in the future, such as the harvest or the release of a new version of Pine.
		The earliest calendars, naturally, were crude and tended to be based upon the seasons or the lunar cycle.
		In their calendar, century years modulo 900 must result in value of 200 or 600 to be considered a leap year.
	staff.washington.edu /mrc/calendar.html (2139 words)

	The Germanic Lunar Calendar
		This kind of calendar is called a "solunar" system because it is a combination of both a solar and a lunar calendar, using a 13th month occasionally to ensure the lunar year more or less keeps up to the solar year.
		Germanic tribes were also known to divide the year into two half-years, winter and summer, whose names survive in modern English, along with the terms "midwinter" for winter solstice, and "midsummer" for summer solstice.
		The most complex pattern of the calendar needing to be memorized or written down is the 19 year sequence of years consisting either 12 or 13 months in length, known as the Metonic cycle.
	www.bc-freehold.org /articles/calendar.html (3945 words)

	UVic Calendar: Germanic Studies Programs
		Admission to the Honours Program requires a GPA of at least 5.5 in at least 7.5 units of introductory courses (including at least one of GERS 254 and GERS 261 with a minimum B+) and the permission of the Department.
		Students interested in pursuing a Major in Germanic Studies are advised to consult the Department very early during their undergraduate studies, possibly in their first year of studies.
		Students wishing to take Germanic Studies in one of these programs must take 7.5 units of introductory courses (including at least one of GERS 254 and GERS 261) and 9 units of upper-level courses, including GER 300.
	web.uvic.ca /calendar2006/FACS/FoHu/DoGeaRS/GSPr.html (513 words)

	[No title]
		Other Germanic tribes (and their languages) are present in our ancestry and are used by us individually; but since we speak Modern English in our greater society, we felt that learning and, more importantly, using the Germanic origin of the language we already speak made the most sense and was most practical for everyday use.
		The Germanic tribes all followed some type of lunisolar calendar; they simply used different month names according to their own languages, the important rituals in their culture, and the agricultural and seasonal changes in their particular regions.
		A calendar based on predictions of the visibility of the new moon, however calculated, can be more practical for modern-day use, where we rely upon having a calendar planned out in advance to organize and plan events.
	webpages.charter.net /wildewudu/calendar.html (2180 words)

	Facts and Figures: The Norse Way
		Ostara was a German goddess of the sun and fertility.
		According to Germanic and Scandinavian folklore, Walpurgis' Night marks the occasion of the witches' coven or revelry at Brocken on Harz mountains; one of the important sabbats in witches' calendar.
		The runes were set of Germanic alphabets that were used by the North German tribes, from the 2nd century BC to the 13th century AD.
	www.timelessmyths.com /norse/way.html (2520 words)

	ROMAN CALENDAR
		The ancient Roman calendar was closely linked to the science of astrology, and the teachings of Claudius Ptolemaeus, which were prevalent throughout the entire lifetime of Imperial Rome.
		The Julian calendar remained unchanged until the time of pope Gregory the Thirteenth, who in 1582 introduced an emendation which stated that the intercalation should be performed at the turn of each century only if the century was exactly divisible by 400.
		When the Gregorian Calendar was first implemented it was to cause uproar throughout the Roman-Catholic world because it required the deduction of thirteen days in order to bring the calendar back into line with the seasons, and many uneducated people rioted in the streets thinking that these days had somehow been deducted from their lifespans.
	www.roman-britain.org /calendar.htm (2391 words)

	OM SYMBOL
		The runes were introduced to, or invented by, the Germanic peoples in the 1st or 2nd century (The oldest known runic inscription dates to ca.
		While at this time the Germanic language was certainly not at the Proto-Germanic stage any longer, it may still have been a continuum of dialects not yet clearly separated into the three branches of later centuries, viz.
		The runes are a major element in Germanic neopaganism, often used to indicate ancestry, aesthetically in crafts and for ritual purposes.
	www.mrsspokane.com /Runes.htm (1108 words)

	UW IMAP software--UW IMAP Server Documentation
		ANCIENT CALENDARS The calendar of the Assyrians, for example, was based upon the phases of the moon.
		GREGORIAN CALENDAR Caesar's year was 11 1/2 minutes short of the calculations recommended by Sosigenes and eventually the date of the vernal equinox began to drift.
		This calendar is known as the Gregorian calendar and is the one that we now use today.
	www.washington.edu /imap/documentation/calendar.txt.html (2017 words)

	Lecture Archive
		Thanks to funds bequeathed to the University of California by Professor Marianne Bonwit in memory of her father, Hugo Bonwit, and in honor of the German nineteenth-century author, Heinrich Heine, the department is able to sponsor lectures by scholars and authors dealing specifically with German language and literature or, generally, with German culture and history.
		Duvarlar-Mauern-Walls, is a trilingual (Turkish, German, English) documentary about a moment in the recent history of the largest minority in re-unified, post-Wall Berlin, the immigrant community from Turkey, as witnessed by a Turkish filmmaker from the United States.
		High German; and Dutch and Low German are entirely within the limits of linguistic similarity or dissimilarity that is to be expected for varieties of "the same language" after less than two millennia: They all reflect the same structural language type and share almost all of the inherited Germanic vocabulary.
	german.berkeley.edu /newsevents/lect0102.php (1379 words)

	The Anglo-Saxon Pagan Calendar
		To this calendar was added one week every seven years as a "leap week," to keep it in line with the solar year (much as a day is added every four years to the Gregorian calendar today).
		This again is a clue that the calendar was indeed a solar lunar one, most likely using synodic months (using one phase of the Moon to its next occurrence as a way of measuring a month).
		Even their religion is very close to the ancient Germanic one with components such as a World Tree, and deities similar to our own such as the thunder god Perkunas who is not a far cry from the ever familiar Þunor (Thor), not to mention a Sun goddess and Moon god.
	www.ealdriht.org /tide.html (5284 words)

	Germanic Languages and Literatures and German Studies \| Programs of Study \| Academics \| Class of 2010 \| Yale College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In the German major, the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures concentrates on teaching German language from beginning to advanced levels, and on critical and theoretical exploration of Germanic literature and culture in the context of European civilization.
		The interdisciplinary program in German Studies requires a solid foundation in German; its majors study German culture as a whole while concentrating in such areas as history, philosophy, literature, music and the arts, politics, and society.
		GMAN 115a or b and 116a or b, Elementary German I and II, are for students starting their study of German.
	www.yale.edu /yalecollege/2010/academics/programs/germanic_lang.html (357 words)

	2000-2001 Undergraduate Calendar - Germanic and Slavic Studies
		In addition to an immersion program in the German language and courses in German literature, the student is encouraged to select courses in study areas of his or her choice.
		Students who intend to pursue courses in German literature are strongly urged to consider one or more of CLAS 1P91, 1P92, 1P95, 1P97 as a supplement to their studies in German literature.
		For students who wish to pursue German studies beyond the language and literature orientation as contained in the single and combined major description, a co-ordinated program consisting of course offerings pertinent to the study of German, Germany and Europe, leading to a BA in German area studies is available.
	www.brocku.ca /webcal/2000/undergrad/GERM.html (1027 words)

	GADARG - essays
		This 'Celtic Calendar' was believed to have included the winter and summer solstices, and the spring and autumn equinoxes, as well as the four recorded festivals that marked the changing seasons.
		The concept of the 'Celtic Calendar' is now so deeply imbedded in both popular and academic belief, that it is repeated throughout the literature on Celtic culture, history and archaeology, but with no reference back to original source material.
		This broad agreement among the Germanic languages, when compared with the Celtic languages, would suggest that a common year is more likely to have existed in the Germanic rather than Celtic speaking parts of Europe.
	www.gadarg.org.uk /essays/e007.htm (1385 words)

	Calendar
		Over time, the calendar got out of step with the seasons, and the Emperor Julius Caesar declared every fourth year to be a 'leap year' (with an extra day) and, to solve the past problems, the year we would call 46 BC was made 445 days long!
		However, the Gregorian calendar also includes rules for determining the date of Easter and other religious holidays, which are based on both the Sun and the Moon.
		In ancient calendars, years were generally numbered according to the year of a ruler's reign.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/calendar.htm (941 words)

	UIC Graduate College -- Courses: Germanic Studies (Ger) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Prerequisite: Ger 212; or consent of the instructor.
		Prerequisites: Ger 104 or the equivalent; a 2.75 overall grade point average and a 3.00 grade point average in German; and approval of the department.
		Germanic Culture from the Enlightenment to the 1848 Revolution.
	www.uic.edu /depts/grad/courses/ger.shtml (1376 words)

	Czechs in Vienna - The battle for the Nibelung district
		Here, in Wachau, was where the Schönerians had celebrated the two-thousand- year anniversary of the Battle of Noreia at the summer solstice in 1888 and introduced their Germanic calendar.
		Our worst enemy couldn't have construed a more ridiculous situation for the German people in Austria." The editorial continued by saying that the tourists were workers "who have laid aside dime after dime for a long time to afford the modest and harmless pleasure of a ride on the Danube for themselves and their families.
		German heroism and the German spirit were maimed and disfigured, and ridiculed.
	www.porges.net /CzechsInVienna/CzechsInVienna2.html (769 words)

	Department of Germanic Studies - Trinity College Dublin
		Emphasis is placed on the acquisition of fluency in using the German and Dutch language; classes are held in written and spoken German and in elementary Dutch, and in the description and analysis of German texts.
		By the end of the first year students of German in Germanic Languages should expect to be able to read articles from newspapers and magazines, to understand radio newsbroadcasts, to participate in conversations about their lives and interests and to write short but accurate pieces on contemporary issues.
		In the final year students continue language fluency classes in German, Dutch and Swedish; special emphasis is placed on the dissertation for submission at moderatorship; and seminars are replaced by two options studied throughout the year, in medieval literature, or the linguistics of the Germanic languages.
	www.tcd.ie /Germanic_Studies/htm/germaniclanguages.htm (713 words)

	[No title]
		We learn from the ancient calendars that it was celebrated on the three following days: January 9\, May 21\, and December 11\; to which we should probably add March 17\, the day on which the Liberalia was celebrated\, since this festival is also called Agonia or Agonium Martiale.
		According to the Calendar of Philocalus from 354\, a Hilaria of Isis was celebrated on November 3.
		The name SigurÃ°r is an Icelandic or Norwegian corruption of the German Siegfried as the correct Old Norse would have been SigruÃ¾r (SigrÃ¶d)\, a form which appears in the Ramsund carving that depicts the legend.
	pagancalendar.co.uk /othercal/pagancalendarcouk.php (11706 words)

	NCS Newsletter Fall 2002-2
		The modern Gregorian calendar came into use around 1700, but primstaves were still made because of the strong tradition they represent.
		Germanic tribes may have used them to keep track of holy days, nature/farming dates like planting, harvest, butchering, good fishing and hunting times, as well as tribal meeting dates.
		Under the oldest lunar calendars used in the north, there were 13 months, and division points between the months were different from our modern solar calendar.
	members.aol.com /jglittle/ncsnlf2002/ncsnlf2002b.html (3338 words)

	Germanic calendar - Creedopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Germanic pagan peoples had a clear sense that war was a religious undertaking, in which the gods were interested.
		Germanic months were lunar months of 29 days; both the English language "month" and the German language "Monat" are cognate with the word "moon".
		The Germans saw the year as a fight between good and evil; in the first part of the year the world was overtaken by cold, darkness and decay, after the summer solstice the sun gained victory over the cold which caused the second part of the year to be one of warmth, growth, and prosperity.
	www.creedopedia.com /topics/Germanic-calendar (3628 words)

	Germanic languages — Infoplease.com
		Germanic languages, subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, spoken by about 470 million people in many parts of the world, but chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere.
		German language - German language German language, member of the West Germanic group of the Germanic subfamily of the...
		Germanic languages: Common Characteristics - Common Characteristics Strong evidence for the unity of all the modern Germanic languages can be...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0820622.html (229 words)

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