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Topic: Germanic chieftains

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	The 5th Century Anglo-Saxon Invasion of England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Traditionally, the first Germanic warband arrived in Britain in the mid fifth century to serve as mercenary troops at the invitation of the British sub-Roman government.
		A significant population of Germanic people of mixed tribal background was built up in cooperation with the Roman and British authorities during the fourth and the first half of the fifth centuries.
		German or Germanic people is used to describe the invaders and English is generally used for Germanic people that settled in what was to become England.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/vikings/asinv.html (6473 words)

	Lecture 17: Byzantine Civilization
		The Ostrogoths settled in Italy, the Franks in northern Gaul, the Burgundians in Provence, the Visigoths in southern Gaul and Spain, the Vandals in Africa and the western Mediterranean, and the Angles and Saxons in England.
		As western Europe fell to the Germanic invasions, imperial power shifted to the Byzantine Empire, that is, the eastern part of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople.
		Justinian was also aided by his wife, Theodora (c.500-547), the daughter of a bearkeeper at the Hippodrome, and no less ambitious than her husband.
	www.historyguide.org /ancient/lecture17b.html (1829 words)

	Northvegr - Honor in German Literature
		Germanic chieftains had to maintain a ready supply of treasure to assure themselves of honor in time of peace and of support in time of war; and, lest enemies think them weak, they had to display their treasures at all times.
		Because Germanic chieftains actually led their warriors into combat, the chieftain's physical prowess was a decisive factor in winning the first shock action, which often decided the final outcome by demoralizing the side that first gave ground.
		Germanic literature seems to have associated power and prowess; in other words, courage was conventionally accompanied by physical strength and skill.
	www.northvegr.org /lore/honor/004.php (3553 words)

	Thing (assembly) - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The German Tag (day, as in Bundestag the German parliament or Tagung) is called so because things were held at daylight and often lasted all day.
		In the pre-Christian clan-culture of Scandinavia the members of a clan were obliged to avenge injuries against their dead and mutilated relatives.
		The thing met at regular intervals, legislated, elected chieftains, and judged according to the law, memorized and recited by the "law speaker" (the judge).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ting (874 words)

	The Period Of The German Invasions
		In the main the history of the art of the Middle Ages is the history of civilization in the Germanic or Germanized countries of Europe, with the all-important modifications carried by the Christian religion.
		The Germans before the invasions were by no means a barbaric or savage people, but the warfare, pillage, and marauding of the warrior caste lowered their morals when their homes became unsettled.
		As Northerners and as Germans, unused to the luxuries and refinements of Roman life and the climate of southern countries, their manners became more lax and their natures were deteriorated after the invasions ; as is always the case when a ruder people is thrown into con-tact with one more highly civilized.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles08/roman-10.shtml (1145 words)

	Germanic Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Since the Germanic people regarded law as being sprung from a collective acceptance of right and wrong, amongst fellow tribesmen, the closer to the local unit that the decision was made in, the better the decision reached usually would be.
		Even kings were “elected” by the chieftains, chosen from amongst the nobility, and subject to the scrutiny of the law and confidence of the folk as a whole.
		This attitude was prevalent amongst the Germanic tribes and a similar train of thought ran through their cousins, the Celts, in Brehon Law.
	normannii.org /guilds_lore/lore/germanic_law.htm (3037 words)

	Teudogar and the Alliance with Rome - Encyclopedia on Teutons and Romans
		This was possible because among the Germanic tribes, all tasks - taken over by the state in more civilized societies - were a matter of the individual and his kinship: protecting life and possessions, seeking revenge for acts of wrongdoing, providing help in emergencies, parenting and training, taking care of the old, assisting the weak.
		Elected gau chieftains were to mediate conflicts and speak the law, but their power did not so much rest on actual law-enforcing authority as on their reputation.
		Because the Germanic people didn't know 'sense of time' and 'hurry', it usually took two to three days until they were fully assembled for the meeting to start.
	www.teudogar.com /lex025.htm (1137 words)

	History and Origins of the Swedes and Sweden
		He appointed chieftains after the pattern of Troy, establishing rulers to administer the laws of the land, and he drew up a code of law like that in Troy and to which the Trojans had been accustomed.
		The migrations could take place over several decades, and often when the Germanic tribes were mentioned in the written sources, the Romans had only met raiding groups occupying warriors or mercenaries operating far away from their people.
		Germanic tribes, such as the Teutons and Goths, are considered the descended tribes of the Askaeni and their first settlements.
	www.osterholm.info /swedes.html (5947 words)

	Regia Anglorum - The Fyrd (Army) in Anglo-Saxon England - Part 1
		Tacitus, in his book Germania, gives much detail of how the German tribes organised their military forces, and many historians used the fact that the tribes Tacitus was writing about were the forebears of the early Germanic invaders to explain the nature of the Anglo-Saxon fyrd.
		The Germans have no taste for peace; renown is easier won among perils, and you cannot maintain a large body of companions except by violence and war.
		Despite the small size of these armies, the Germans were able to carve themselves out many small kingdoms, killing, driving off or enslaving the native population as they went, but it should be remembered that they did not always have things their own way.
	www.regia.org /warfare/fyrd1.htm (4894 words)

	Saxons
		Germanic people (see Germans), first mentioned in the 2d cent.
		Holding the area at the mouth of the Elbe River and some of the nearby islands, they gradually extended their territory southward across the Weser River.
		Their assemblies, in which all classes except slaves were represented, were consulted on all issues of war and peace.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/S/Saxons.html (321 words)

	Rites and Ways of the Troth
		The greatest blessings of the Germanic year were Winternights (end of harvest/fall slaughtering festival, early to mid-October), Yule (Midwinter), and the feast held at the beginning of the summer half of the year (probably spring equinox in Germany and England, closer to May Day in Scandinavia).
		Her name is related to the Germanic words for 'east' and 'glory'; she was probably the embodiment of the springtime.
		One of the commonest harvest customs of the Germanic people was the hallowing and leaving of the "Last Sheaf" in the field, often for Odin and/or his host of the dead, though the specifics of the custom vary considerably over its wide range.
	www.thetroth.org /ourfaith/rites.html (4602 words)

	[No title]
		Thus in the case of Ireland, help was sought by Irish chieftains from their Anglo-Norman neighbours in Wales in the late 12th century in their internal squabbles.
		In the beginning of the Germanic period, Kent was the centre of political and cultural influence in England.
		The various Germanic tribes brought their own dialects which were then continued in England.
	www.uni-essen.de /SHE/HE_GermanicInvasions.htm (1275 words)

	Germanic - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Germanic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The native people or inhabitants of Germany, or a person of German descent, as well as their culture and language.
		The Austrians and Swiss Germans speak German, although they are ethnically distinct.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Germanic (120 words)

	Ninth Century
		He was the German commander of the imperial guard in Rome, and took part in the revolution of 476.
		It was his leadership of the Germanic mercenaries that secured victory; and forced the last Roman emperor in the west -Romulus Agustulus- to abdicate his power in favour of Odoacer; and thus perished the Western Roman Empire.
		That is, as the highest-ranking chieftains who carried out the mundane necessities of secular government that would otherwise debase the priestly function of the Merovingian king.
	overlordsofchaos.com /html/ninth_century.html (3705 words)

	History of THE GERMANIC PEOPLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		By the 7th century the invading Germanic tribes have restricted Celtic rule to the mountainous regions of Wales in the west of Britain and to Scotland in the north.
		The Germanic peoples of northern Europe are rivalled only by the ancient Greeks in their genius at transforming the shared myths and memories of the tribe into epic literature.
		As with the Homeric poems, the Germanic and Norse epics combine mythology with folk memory of real events; and, like their predecessors, they are sung and recited in many different forms and places before eventually being written down.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1308&HistoryID=ac67 (1810 words)

	Who We Are (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		During this time, the Germanic tribes were being pressured by invading Huns to move west, in a relentless search for new homelands for their growing populations.
		Among the first Germanic peoples to try their luck across the Channel, were the Jutes and Saxons.
		The Germanic tribes of the continent had a predalection for living in manorial-style estates carved out of the mighty forests.
	www.fyrnsede.org /dbhistorical.htm (1337 words)

	Franks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The reigns of earlier Frankish chieftains – Pharamond (about 419 until about 427) and Clodio (Chlodio) (about 427 until about 447) – seem to owe more to myth than fact, and their relationship to the Merovingian line remains uncertain.
		Although such elections happened infrequently, a general rule in Germanic law stated that the king relied on the support of his leading men.
		These ideas and beliefs had their roots in a background that drew from both Roman and Germanic tradition, a tradition that began before the Carolingian ascent and continued to some extent even after the deaths of Louis the Pious and his sons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Franks (2475 words)

	Teutons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Their antecedents are obscure: Roman authorities normally referred to them as Germans, and modern research has confirmed that to a large degree - but they dwelt in a region far removed from other Teutonic folk of their time, and they show some characteristics of Steppe-dwelling Iranians such as Scyths and Sarmatians.
		Italicus was a nephew of Herman raised in Rome and appointed by Emperor Claudius.
		They were in their time perhaps the best-known Germans among the Romans - Tacitus mentions that they were the only tribe to carry on extensive trade with the Empire, and that individual Hermanduri were the only Germans allowed in Roman cities without armed escorts.
	www.hostkingdom.net /Teutons.html (4318 words)

	Germanic Cult
		Just as important as the picture that the Germanic tribes had of their gods is their relationship to them.
		The Germanic tribes also liked to worship around the burial mounds of famous ancestors and that these burial mounds often formed the center for public assemblies (or the Thingplatz) for this site represents the continuity of generations and society.
		We would have to listen to the mysterious language of nature, to the sounds of birds, of streams and the wind rustling in the leaves, for these are the things allow us to appreciate the wonders of creation and to sense the greatness and power of the Divine.
	www.public.asu.edu /~atrja/worship.html (961 words)

	Lectures on Early Medieval Europe
		Upon their settling, the Germanic tribes did not revive the dying cities of the Roman world or preserve the humanism of Greco-Roman civilization.
		The Germanic written language, the runic alphabet, probably devised by the Ostrogoths around 300 A.D. and based on the Greco-Italic alphabet, was used largely for inscriptions on monuments.
		Germanic kings had the right to divide up their lands and to will them to their sons.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/265notes.html (11678 words)

	Franks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		True to their nature as an amalgam, they did not originally have a single leader; instead there were many local chieftains.
		In the latter half of the century the Frankish King Chlodio, whose power base was in modern Belgium, began to exert his power.
		Clovis came into power in 482; when he died, probably in 511, the Frankish kingdom was well on its way to being one of the major powers of the West.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/jmstitt/Eng480/Germanic/Franks/Franks.html (361 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Tacitus: Germania
		But whether the Araviscans are derived from the Osians, a nation of Germans passing into Pannonia, or the Osians from the Araviscans removing from thence into Germany, is a matter undecided; since they both still use the language, the same customs and the same laws.
		So that to them alone of all the Germans, commerce is permitted; not barely upon the bank of the Rhine, but more extensively, and even in that glorious colony in the province of Rhoetia.
		Yet they are rather reckoned amongst the Germans, for that they have fixed houses, and carry shields, and prefer travelling on foot, and excel in swiftness.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/tacitus1.html (9535 words)

	The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages: Topic 4: Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The close relationship between the language and literature of Anglo-Saxon England and other Germanic languages and literatures on the Continent may be illustrated from our second selection, a narrative poem based on the Book of Genesis in Manuscript Junius 11 now in the Bodleian Library of Oxford University.
		In 1875 a young German scholar, Eduard Sievers, realized that the part of this Anglo-Saxon Genesis dealing with the Fall of the Angels and the Fall of Adam and Eve must be a transcription into the West-Saxon dialect of Old English of a Genesis poem composed in Old Saxon in the ninth century.
		Much of our knowledge of Germanic mythology and story, which was suppressed by the Church in England and on the Continent, survived in medieval Iceland where a deliberate effort was made to preserve ancient Germanic verse forms, mythology, legend, and political and family histories.
	www.wwnorton.com /nael/middleages/topic_4/welcome.htm (1461 words)

	"Hail Earth That Givest to All ..."
		The autumn feast honors the disir (lead by Freyja Vanadis) and alfar, the ancestors, of whom Freyr lord of Alfheim was the chieftain.
		The closest that ancient believers came to self-definition was something like a faith in "the Gods of my fathers," or "the Gods my people swear by," or perhaps the gods of a specific clan or tribe, to differentiate them from their neighbors.
		Many of the Germanic deities, including Odin, are highly ambiguous, their beneficence depending on whether their purposes happen to accord with the desires of men.
	www.vinland.org /heathen/mt/earth.html (2114 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Differences in wealth between individual German families were not large, and growth in such differences was inhibited by the practice of annually reallocating parcels of land to different kindreds or clan.
		However, it is reasonable to assume that the pre-invasion Germanic tribes and sub-tribal groups were divided essentially along kinship lines and that the warrior class placed greatest value on subordination and loyalty to the leader and on valor in battle.
		Any ambitious German chieftain inured to fighting and marked out for leadership by the prestige of noble birth had only to enlist a few hundred warriors, attracted by the hope of booty or conquest, and stake everything on the chance of carving out a kingdom for himself.
	www.law2.byu.edu /Thomas/Legal_History/SuppF.htm (17305 words)

	i-Friesland: Tacitus - Characteristics of Germanic people
		The Germans themselves I should regard as aboriginal, and not mixed at all with other races through immigration or intercourse.
		Thus what was the name of a tribe, and not of a race, gradually prevailed, till all called themselves by this self-invented name of Germans, which the conquerors had first employed to inspire terror.
		The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance.
	www.i-friesland.com /Tacitus_traits.htm (4755 words)

	Germanic Ethnohistory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the East, the remigration spawned by the geothermodynamics of the second global Warm of 1,400 BE began the restless period of Celtic and Germanic expansions across Europe, and the consequent creation of large Sibs (ON-tribes) that became pronounced and relatively fixed by 500 BE.
		Prior to the achievement of these hyper-ethnic distinctions, during the neolithic-eneolithic transition (between 4,000 and 1,500 BCE), attributes continued to be altered and improved by further selection, mutation, u.s.w., as they had from the initial divergence of Sapiens Sapiens in the Paleolithic era.
		Since the Germanic branches of IE culture are furthest removed in the West from the foci of the core culture, and in contact with the Celtic culture, they tend to retain Centum branch conservative formations, illustrated in the Baltic branches pre-IE formations in the east.
	www.normannii.org /guilds_lore/lore/germanic_ethnohistory.htm (7121 words)

	ON THINGS FRENCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES
		The Germanic people who overran the Roman province of Gaul in the fifth century were called the Franks.
		They never ceased to be primitive Germanic chieftains; they never rose to the challenge of ruling as kings.
		Consequently the Vulgar Latin of the north was heavily influences by the German tongue of the Franks, while that of south Gaul was not.
	scholar76.tripod.com /francia.htm (1613 words)

	Women of the North
		The life of the early Germanic tribes is often portrayed as unremittingly male: We're given tales of Viking heroes, bloody-minded warriors and ruthless gods of war.
		Unlike the Greek or Roman family, in which the the eldest male was an absolute autocrat, in the proto-Germanic family, the wife remained a proud and independent member of her own clan, and kept her own property and name.
		There is evidence that in early Germanic society lineage was traced matrilineally, and that land was passed down through the female line, although the first century AD may have been a time of transition from this system.
	www.lingstar.com /tlb/womeninfo.html (1555 words)

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