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Topic: Germanic strong verbs

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	Germanic strong verb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term "strong verb" is a translation of German "starkes Verb", which was coined by the linguist Jakob Grimm.
		The PIE variations from which Germanic classes 4 and 5 developed contain consonant structures which were partly or wholly incompatible with the zero grade (see ablaut:zero grade), and thus the e-grade and lengthened e-grade were substituted in one or both of the zero grade positions.
		Although the verb to be is suppletive and highly irregular, its preterite follows the pattern of a class 4 strong verb, with grammatischer Wechsel, and in English and Dutch this verb has retained the singular/plural distinction of both ablaut grade and consonant in the modern languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/West_Germanic_strong_verb (3881 words)

	Germanic verb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Germanic language family is one of the language groups which resulted from the breakup of Proto-Indo-European (PIE).
		Later Germanic languages developed further tenses periphrastically, that is, using auxiliary verbs, but the constituent verbs of even the most elaborate periphrastic constructions are still only either in present or preterite (cf I would have had with would in preterite).
		Strong (or vocalic) verbs display vowel gradation or ablaut, and may also be reduplicating.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Strong_verb (820 words)

	GERMANIC LANGUAGES. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Strong evidence for the unity of all the modern Germanic languages can be found in the phenomenon known as the first Germanic sound shift or consonant shift (also called Grimm’s law), which set the Germanic subfamily apart from the other members of the Indo-European family.
		Also peculiar to the Germanic languages is the recessive accent, whereby the stress usually falls on the first or root syllable of a word, especially a word of Germanic origin.
		Lastly, vocabulary furnished evidence of a common origin for the Germanic languages in that a number of the basic words in these languages are similar in form; however, while word similarity may indicate the same original source for a group of languages, it can also be a sign of borrowing.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ge/GermancLan.html (849 words)

	Common Germanic language
		Germanic linguistics was the first to be researched deeply and thoroughly already since the beginning of the 19th century.
		Verbs used in Germanic were either strong or weak, and the second formed their past tense with -t- / -d- suffixes, derived from Indo-European *-to-.
		Germanic words have cognates in Baltic, Slavic, Italic, Celtic, Venetic, Illyrian, Indic languages, and it is impossible to detect the closest language by these numerous cognates.
	members.tripod.com /babaev/tree/germanic.html (366 words)

	Verbix -- Germanic. Conjugate verbs in 50+ languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The earliest extensive Germanic text is the (incomplete) Gothic Bible, translated about AD 350 by the Visigothic bishop Ulfilas (Wulfila) and written in a 27-letter alphabet of the translator's own design.
		In Germanic these were reduced to indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods; a full active voice plus passive found only in Gothic; three persons; full singular and plural forms and dual forms found only in Gothic; and one infinitive (present) and two participles (present and past).
		Many Proto-Germanic strong verbs showed a consonant alternation between f and , * and , x and , and s and *z that was the result, through Verner's law, of the alternating position of the Proto-Indo-European accent.
	www.verbix.com /languages/germanic.asp (837 words)

	Germanic Linguistics
		The Germanic languages is a subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, which were spoken by about 420 million people in many parts of the world (chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere).
		A system of strong verbs developed as the result of vowel alternation (ablaut), as in sing, sang, sung, and a unique way of forming the past tense using weak verbs (jump, jumped) was created, probably by adding a form of did to the verb (I jump - did = I jumped).
		The number of strong verbs in Germanic is steadily being reduced, and the system does not seem to permit the creation of new strong verbs.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/3993/germanics/grm_linguistics.htm (2365 words)

	German Grammar: German Separable & Inseparable Prefix Verbs - Grammatik der deutschen Sprache: Verben mit Präfix
		Inseparable prefix verbs are verbs whose initial syllable is never detached from the verb root in any tense or conjugated form.
		Separable prefix verbs are verbs whose initial syllable is detached from the verb root in finite or inflected forms.
		Approximately 65% of verbs with the durch- prefix are inseparable.
	www.vistawide.com /german/grammar/german_verbs03.htm (1486 words)

	Germanic Branch
		Germanic languages are spoken by close to 470 million people in many parts of the world, but mainly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere.
		All Germanic languages are characterized by a shift of stress to the root and later to the first syllable of the word.
		German is somewhat more difficult (30 weeks), while Icelandic is considered to be Category III language (44 weeks).
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/GermanicBranch.html (1126 words)

	E-Intro to Old English - 7. Verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Verbs like Modern English buy/bought, which both change their vowels in the past tense and add the dental consonant characteristic of the weak past, should not be confused with verbs like swim/swam, which are descended from the Old English strong verbs.
		A few verbs have the characteristics of the first weak class in the present tense and of strong class 5 or 6 in the past tense.
		Verbs of knowing, seeing, hearing and commanding may be followed by an accusative object and an infinitive expressing what that object is doing or should do.
	www.wmich.edu /medieval/research/rawl/IOE/inflverb.html (5401 words)

	dtverbs.html
		Ones uses werden/sein, gehören or a modal as the main verb plus an adverb or preposition (hier, da, damit, dabei, ab, etc.) and a non-modal verb (e.g., Hier darf nicht geraucht!); the verb is always in the 3.
		The part1 normally ends in -end (lebend), while the par2 has the prefix ge-, unless the verb already has a non-speratable prefix; when there is a seperate prefix, the -ge- is placed between the base and the prefix (e.g., gegeben and abgegeden, geheiratet and verheiratet).
		The final verb type is the unregmaßige (irregular) Verben, and these have forms which are generally memorized; while they are few in number, they are high frequency in use.
	www.jgmf.org /thor/grammatik/dtverbs.html (1423 words)

	German Grammar: German Verbs: Strong & Irregular Verbs - Grammatik der deutschen Sprache: Liste der Starken & ...
		The strong verbs in German are characterized by unpredictable changes in their roots to demonstrate verb tense.
		The list below contains a comprehensive list of all strong and irregular verbs in the German language, except for a few archaic forms that are really no longer used or for which a preferred alternative weak conjugation has arisen.
		Note that other verbs may be formed from these roots using prefixes; nonetheless, these stem changes will remain the same for all derived verbs, unless othrwise noted.
	www.vistawide.com /german/grammar/strong_and_irregular_german_verbs.htm (462 words)

	German Grammar Roadmap
		Many strong verbs have a stem vowel change in the present, simple past and even past participle.
		There is no rule for determining weak or strong verbs: they must be learned like gender of nouns and other vocabulary.
		Mixed verbs are verbs that exhibit characteristics of weak verbs and characteristics of strong verbs.
	www.tulane.edu /~germgram/verb3.html (319 words)

	umlaut Information Center - punctuation marks explained umlaut
		In German, umlaut as a marker of the plural of nouns is a regular feature of the language, and although umlaut itself is no longer a productive force in German, german umlauts new plurals of this type can be created by analogy.
		On the other hand, German spells Känguruh ("Kangaroo") with an <ä>, although the origins of this vowel have nothing to do with umlaut; this is an English loan-word, and the diacritic is being used in mimicry of the English grapheme-phoneme relationship.
		The German word Rückumlaut ("reverse umlaut") is the slightly misleading term given to the vowel distinction between present umlaut windows and past tense forms of certain Germanic weak verbs.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_U_-_Z/umlaut.html (1946 words)

	OE Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		There were two categories of Old English verbs, determined by how they formed their past tense: strong verbs and weak verbs.
		Strong verbs formed their preterits (past tenses) by ablaut gradation; weak verbs formed their preterits by the addition of a dental suffix, either [t] or [d].
		In addition, verbs were inflected for person and number (in the subjunctive mood, the only inflection was for number).
	homepage.mac.com /ebranscomb/courses/HEL/oe/OE_Grammar.html (331 words)

	Germanic Languages
		The East Germanic branch of the Germanic languages was spoken by the Germanic speaking people who, in the second through fourth centuries C. E., migrated first to the Danube and Black Sea areas from the Germanic homeland.
		The Germanic branch of Indo-European is a centum language, characterized by systematic change in initial stops, a stress accent on the first syllable of the root, by the productive use of ablaut in verbs, by the use of a dental suffix in verb morphology, and by the use of strong and weak adjective conjugations.
		West Norse is the western branch of the North Germanic languages used in Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland, and the Faroe Islands.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Germanic
		By the fifth century A.D., these warlike Germanic tribes, though illiterate and without the highly advanced civilization of the competing Roman Empire to their south, were among the most powerful and influential in all of Europe.
		By the time that the spread of Germanic was at its peak, the Germanic language was so far flung geographically that it was inevitable that dialects would have arisen and that these dialects would eventually become mutually incomprehensible and thus comprise separate languages.
		Such verbs are called "weak verbs." Verbs indicating past tense by the more Indo-European method of ablaut (e.g., sing and sang) are called strong verbs.
	homepage.mac.com /ebranscomb/courses/HEL/Germanic.html (638 words)

	ENG 121: The Germanic Languages
		Germanic Languages A. We know of Germanic being a major language group of Northern Europe by the records of the Romans at around 1 AD.
		Many strong verbs in Old English have shifted to weak verbs (to help), and borrowed verbs are given weak inflections (to invite).
		The Phonology of Proto Germanic A. The placing of stress on first syllables in Germanic languages led to a gradual de-emphasis of word endings because they were not stressed, and "ease of effort" led to weaker inflectional systems (particularly in English, Barber 92-93).
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~grabe/notes/notes32.html (760 words)

	Etymology - MSN Encarta
		For example, the Latin pondus, “pound,” appears in Gothic and Anglo-Saxon as pund, with unchanged consonants, but in Old High German it is subject to the action of Grimm’s law and becomes phunt.
		The English wise (as in otherwise, in no wise) is akin to the Old High German wīs(a), modern German die Weise; but wise is a doublet of guise, the form assumed by wīs(a) in the Romance languages, which borrowed the word from the Germanic form.
		(6) Germanic strong verbs, like Latin irregular verbs, may be assumed to be primary and all related forms to be derivative.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577625/Etymology.html (1158 words)

	Seven Distinctive Features of Germanic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Germanic languages thus have two types of verbs, weak (regular) and strong (irregular).
		The weak form is the living method of inflection, and many originally strong verbs have become weak.
		In Germanic the accent (or stress) is mainly on the root of the word, usually the first syllable.
	www.towson.edu /~duncan/germanic.html (340 words)

	Verbix -- Germanic languages: conjugate Icelandic verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Icelandic verbs are divided in weak and strong verbs.
		The past tense of weak verbs is formed by adding a dental suffix (t, d,) between the stem and personal ending.
		The past tense of strong verbs is formed with a change in the stem vowel.
	www.verbix.com /languages/icelandic.shtml (179 words)

	books about: verbs (alphabetically conjugation conjugating) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Strong verb vowel patterns are included in a consice chart and most of them...
		If he is reading Socrates, and sees a verb he does not understand, he can look up the word exactly as he sees it and find the first principal part, mood, tense, person, number, and voice: information necessary for good translation.
		Verbs not fully conjugated are referenced to similar verbs using the same conjugation.
	www.very-clever.com /books/verbs (1445 words)

	Inflection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		All Indo-European languages, such as English, German, Russian, Spanish, French, Sanskrit, and Hindi are inflected to a greater or lesser extent.
		Modern German remains moderately inflected, retaining four noun cases, although the genitive began falling into disuse in the late 20th century in all but formal writing.
		Latin is in fact more complicated, showing Ablaut in the verb paradigm, and also some verb Inflection for voice (which is realized only by syntactic means in its daughter languages), as well as a more complicated noun paradigm (with several patterns of declension, and three genders instead of the two found in most Romance tongues).
	inflection.iqnaut.net (1599 words)

	Re: Natural language with the MOST irregular verbs?
		Clearly, you feel that this aspect of > Germanic morphology should not be used to describe MnE.
		My point is that I "feel" no such thing; I know of no other pair of adjectives to characterize the two kinds of English verbs, the point having been that the non-regular ones aren't irregular, but follow a number of patterns, but you can't tell from the citation form alone which pattern they follow.
		> > > > > > > > The Germanic strong verbs fit into "classes," but class > > > > membership is individually marked -- think and drink, for > > > > instance, don't pattern together.
	www.usenet.com /newsgroups/sci.lang/msg07794.html (655 words)

	Common Germanic - Langmaker
		Common Germanic is an international language and was created by James Johnson.
		The design of this language is that it is to be as close to natural Germanic languages as possible, in vocabulary and syntax.
		There are six inflected persons, subordinate word order, five cases and strong/weak verbs and adjectives and nouns.
	www.langmaker.com /db/Mdl_commongermanic.htm (72 words)

	ENG4660 Section I Glossary
		E.g., -as, an important inflection of a-stem strong masculine verbs in OE expresses nominative or accusative case and plural number; it is attached to nouns to mark that case and number.
		Indo-European family to which English, German, and Scandinavian languages (minus Finnish) belong and which is distinguished by first syllable stress, characteristic vowel changes, the First Consonant Shift or Grimm's Law, two-tense verb system (present/past), use of the dental suffix to signal 'past' in weak verbs, strong and weak adjectives, and a common distinctive vocabulary.
		Verbs that form past tense by a vowel change called vowel gradation or ablaut.
	www.acs.appstate.edu /~mcgowant/4660glos1.htm (2076 words)

	Afrikaans language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Germanic (with German, English, Swedish etc.), West Germanic (with Dutch, English, Frisian etc.)
		The verb is characterized by the complete loss of person and number.
		The original Germanic strong verbs (English irregular verbs) do not exist, all verbs are weak.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/germ/afrikaans.html (420 words)

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