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Topic: Germanic substrate hypothesis

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Germanic languages

Substratum

Yukaghir languages

Tocharian languages

Paleolithic Continuity Theory

Camunic Language

Crimean Gothic

Etymology of Vlach

Germania (book)

Old European cultures

Urartu

Welsh language

Centum

Old Europe

Dravidian

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	Germanic Languages Encyclopedia Article @ Thereupon.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic, united by their having been subjected to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law.
		The earliest coherent Germanic text preserved is the 4th century Gothic translation of the New Testament by Ulfilas.
		During the early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the High German consonant shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low Saxon, with graded intermediate Central German varieties.
	www.thereupon.org /encyclopedia/Germanic_languages (1920 words)

	Proto-Germanic Encyclopedia Article @ Thereon.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		However, the Germanic languages are commonly classified as Centum languages, because of the words hund, not sund ("hundred", ~ centum with guttural fricative according to Grimm's law) and hwis, not **his ("who", ~ Latin quis).
		The main theoretical argument in favor of the "originally hard" theory is that intervocalic "hardening" of voiced fricatives to stops is rather less common typologically than softening/weakening of voiced stops to fricatives; the most common change to intervocalic voiced fricatives is not hardening but further weakening, to approximates or to outright deletion.
		The main area where the Germanic inflectional system is noticeably reduced is the tense system of the verbs, with only two tenses, present and past, as compared with 6 or 7 tenses in Greek and Latin.
	www.thereon.net /encyclopedia/Proto-Germanic (2575 words)

	Germanic Languages Encyclopedia Article @ Canst.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		German, with approximately 380 and 120 million native speakers respectively.
		Latin in addition to their native Germanic varieties began writing the Germanic languages with slightly modified Latin letters.
		During the early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the
	www.canst.net /encyclopedia/Germanic_languages (1264 words)

	Informat.io on Proto Germanic
		Proto-Germanic is the common ancestor (proto-language) of all Germanic languages.
		By definition, Proto-Germanic is the stage of the language constituting the most recent common ancestor of the attested Germanic languages, dated to the latter half of the first millennium BC.
		It is often asserted out that Germanic languages have a highly reduced system of inflections as compared with Greek, Latin or Sanskrit.
	www.informat.io /?title=proto-germanic (2591 words)

	Germanic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Their common ancestor is Common Germanic, probably spoken in the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age Northern Europe.
		Common Germanic, and all its descendants, is characterised by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law.
		During the early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the High German consonant shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low German, with graded intermediate Central German dialects.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Germanic_languages (1244 words)

	Proto-Germanic Language Encyclopedia Article @ Maketh.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The reconstructed system of the other (West Germanic) dialects, however, is highly asymmetric (/ɡ/ is mostly fricative, /b/ is part stop, part fricative, and /d/ is entirely stop).
		It is often asserted out that Germanic languages have a highly reduced system of inflections as compared with
		It is in fact debatable whether Germanic inflections are reduced at all.
	www.maketh.org /encyclopedia/Proto-Germanic_language (2583 words)

	Proto-Germanic Encyclopedia Article @ Canst.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		That about a third of the vocabulary of Proto-Germanic has no unambiguous Indo-European etymology is not unusual for a language of ca.
		Evidence from all branches of Germanic shows that /b/ was [b] when initial, or when doubled, or after a nasal, and [β] or [v] elsewhere.
		But in West Germanic /d/ became a stop [d] in all positions.
	www.canst.net /encyclopedia/Proto-Germanic (2595 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Proto-Germanic is the reconstructed hypothethical common ancestor (proto-language) of all Germanic languages, including modern English and German.
		Indo-European speakers are thought by some scholars to have arrived at the plains of southern Sweden and Denmark, regarded to be the original dwelling-place of the Germanic peoples, during the Nordic Bronze Age (about 4000 years ago).
		Archaeological evidence suggests a common German language existed in southern Scandinavia and along the coast from a western extension in the Netherlands to the Vistula in the east around 750 BC.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=Proto-Germanic (2681 words)

	Hypothesis News @ Glanced.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		It's the reverse of what's known as the "gateway hypothesis," in which drug use is thought to progress from alcohol and tobacco to marijuana to hard drugs.
		Hypothesis Contrary to Fact: Trying to prove a point by creating a hypothesis that has already been disproved.
		The hypothesis that folic-acid/vitamin-B supplementation leads to a reduction in homocysteine and a subsequent lowering of cardiovascular events has already...
	www.glanced.net /news/Hypothesis (383 words)

	Ask Us A Question - Proto-Germanic is the reconstructed hypothethical common ancestor (proto-language) of all Germanic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Another characteristic is various sound shifts called Grimm's law, which, due to the fact that it also affected Celtic loan words, probably began around 500 BC and must have been completed by the 2nd century BC at the latest.
		There has been shown to be a relationship between proto-Germanic Centum and proto-Balto-Slavic Satem due to their close proximity geographically when they split from their Indo-European source.
		The most notable change in the Germanic languages, Grimm's law, is a systemic chain shift of the original Indo-European stop consonants:
	www.oceansidecaus.com /details/Proto-Germanic (2913 words)

	Reference Encyclopedia - Germanic languages
		Early testimonies of West Germanic are in Old Dutch (scattered words and sentences 6th century, coherent texts 9th century), Old High German (scattered words and sentences 6th century, coherent texts 9th century), Old English (coherent texts 10th century).
		High Alemannic German, including Zürich German and Bernese German
		^ Attested meaning 'letter', but also means beech in other Germanic languages, cf.
	referenceencyclopedia.com /?title=Germanic_languages (1760 words)

	Germanic substrate hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Germanic languages also share common innovations in grammar as well as in phonology: half of the noun cases featured in more conservative languages such as Sanskrit or Lithuanian are not present in Germanic.
		Some people claim to have found Germanic or Old Norse words taken from Saamic (= Lappish) languages which were spoken in the area before speakers of Indo-European languages came.
		The first etymological dictionary of any language to take the hypothesis into its discussions systematically is the new Dutch dictionary influenced by the thinking of the Leiden group, which is currently under production: Marlies Philippa et al (ed), Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands, Amsterdam University press, vol. 1 2003, remaining volumes due to appear by 2009.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis (1334 words)

	germanic_languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Germanic languages are a group of related languages constituting a branch of the Indo-European language family.
		The earliest evidence of Germanic comes from names recorded in the 1st century by Tacitus, and in a single instance in the 2nd century BC, on the Negau helmet.From roughly the 2nd century AD, certain speakers of early Germanic varieties developed the Elder Futhark, an early form of the runic alphabet.
		Attested meaning 'letter', but also means beech in other Germanic languages, cf.
	www.riverscasino.com /wiki/?title=Germanic_languages (1652 words)

	Germanic Languages Encyclopedia Article @ MrsGermany.com (Mrs Germany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Germanic Languages Encyclopedia Article @ MrsGermany.com (Mrs Germany)
		languages, as well as a need to cut faculty and funded graduate student spots in the departments of English, mathematics, philosophy, religion and Germanic and...
		This page was last updated on: Mon Dec 4 06:42:28 2006
	www.mrsgermany.com /encyclopedia/Germanic_languages (2067 words)

	Germanic Dictionary Definition @ Therewith.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The fact that Plaid Cymru members and leadership could come from humble non-Germanic backgrounds, and chosen to support Franco and oppose the anti-Hitler...
		the early, undocumented language from which other Germanic languages such as German, English, Dutch and Scandinavian languages developed.
		Relating to the language or group of languages known as Germanic
	www.therewith.net /dictionary/Germanic (206 words)

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