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Topic: Germline

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	Germline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology and genetics, the germline of a mature or developing individual is the line (sequence) of germ cells that have genetic material that may be passed to a child.
		And the cells that produced those cells, the gametogonia, are part of the germline- all the way back up to the zygote, the first cell that the individual came from.
		"Germline" can also be used to refer to a lineage of cells spanning many generations of individuals; for example, the germline that links any living individual to the hypothesized first eukaryote of about one billion years ago, from which all plants and animals descend.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Germline (257 words)

	genome.gov \| Germline Gene Transfer
		In germline gene transfer, the parents' egg and sperm cells are changed with the goal of passing on the changes to their offspring.
		Germline gene transfer is not being actively investigated, at least in larger animals and humans, although a great deal of discussion is being conducted about its value and desirability.
		Although the researchers announced this as the "first case of human germline genetic modification," the gene transfer was an inadvertent side effect of the infertility procedure.
	www.genome.gov /10004764 (1524 words)

	Ifgene -- International Forum for Genetic Engineering : Engineering the Human Germline Pros & Cons
		Enhancement by germline GE is the logical conclusion of preventive medicine because removing a bad gene from the gene pool is like removing smallpox from the population.
		Germline GE might be used by the genetically disabled to bring someone into the world who was disabled in the same way.
		Germline GE is dangerous, divisive and violates the intrinsic worth of the human being.
	www.ifgene.org /germline.htm (6747 words)

	Germline Gene Therapy
		One group of cells, is set aside very early from the embryonic yolk sac to continue the germline, migrating to the gonads (testes and ovaries) and later form the gametes (sperm and eggs, which pass their genes to the next generation).
		Of course, with germline therapy geneticists would have to incorporate effective genetic control sequences along with the transgenes to ensure that they were expressed only in the intended cell types at the intended times.
		Germline engineering would have the distinct disadvantage, however, that its genetic modifications would be applied to the first cell of the embryo and hence (unlike somatic engineering) could not possibly respond to unforeseen problems arising in an adult.
	www.ess.ucla.edu /huge/germdef.html (1094 words)

	Council for Responsible Genetics
		Proponents of germline manipulation assume that once a gene implicated in a particular condition is identified, it might be appropriate and relatively easy to replace, change, supplement or otherwise modify that gene.
		In the first widely-reported successful experiment using the germline technique, an extra gene that promoted the synthesis of growth hormone was introduced into fertilized mouse eggs and the unusually high levels of the hormone made the mice grow to twice their normal size.
		Germline techniques are also being used to modify farm animals in attempts to increase yields of meat or enhance its nutritional quality, to cause them to produce pharmaceuticals in their milk, and to make their organs more suitable for human transplantation
	www.gene-watch.org /programs/cloning/germline-position.html (2280 words)

	Gene Therapy Debate
		In altering the germline, gene addition would be unsatisfactory because it is not possible to predict the effects of a mixture of the normal gene and the mutated gene with respect to regulatory signals necessary for normal growth and development.
		Danks sees the only application for germline gene therapy would be to alter normal characteristics, and he believes this to be an inappropriate use of this technology.
		He would rather see a ban on the use of germline manipulation so that the public could feel safe and not worry about something that is not going to happen in the near future and that wouldn't be ethically doable if it were.
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /gene7.html (1524 words)

	Genetics and Society: Resources: Items: "Germline Gene Therapy Contemplated"
		Indeed, because the topic of germline gene therapy has been taboo, technical progress now being made in the research areas that underpin it could lead to "great dangers if [clinical proposals] are sprung unexpectedly" on the public, Stock says.
		He does not want to see germline therapy treated the same as human cloning was throughout much of 1997, "where people jumped to legislate research restrictions" even though no one was proposing tests of such procedures on human cells.
		PCR tests indicate that some of the over loaded vector material duly appears in mouse germline tissues, but other tests prove that the transferred genetic material does not become integrated there and is not passed to offspring mice, he says.
	www.genetics-and-society.org /resources/items/199805_naturebiotech_fox.html (687 words)

	Germline vs. Soma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The different fates of the germline (blue) and somatic cells (red) are controlled by certain proteins that are retained in the germline but destroyed in the somatic cells (by ubiquination).
		The significance of mutations is profoundly influenced by the distinction between germline and soma.
		Germline mutations, in contrast, will be found in every cell descended from the zygote to which that mutant gamete contributed.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/GermlineVsSoma.html (1453 words)

	Genetics and Society: Resources: Items: Human Germline Gene Modification
		Human germline gene modification has been foreseen but not yet accomplished.1-6 It can be defined as the genetic manipulation of human germ cells, or of a conceptus, resulting in inherited changes in DNA.
		People who oppose prenatal diagnosis on philosophical or religious grounds would be unlikely to want to take part in germline modification if they were aware of its intrinsically experimental nature and of the numbers of human embryos that would have to be expended during the development of the technology.
		Although debate about human germline modifications should continue and, indeed, be broadened to include representation of a diverse cross- section of viewpoints and backgrounds, such discussion should not be construed as suggesting that such a method would ever be appropriate or acceptable.
	genetics-and-society.org /resources/items/19990529_lancet_billings.html (1623 words)

	Germline Intervention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Even were germline engineering perfectly safe, children who received auxiliary chromosomes would one day want to give their own children the most up-to-date set of genetic modifications available, not the outdated ones they themselves had received a generation earlier.
		For safety, any resistance gene introduced into the germline should be regulated so that it is expressed only where it is needed, namely in the T helper cells and their relatives.
		Devising these germline improvements on paper is important both because it could lead to therapeutic interventions and because at this time it is the only way to concretize the immediate possibilities of human germline engineering.
	research.arc2.ucla.edu /pmts/Chapter1.htm (2733 words)

	Human Germline
		Some of the current technologies that are the predecessors to germline engineering are: somatic enhancements, IVF, and embryo screaning/selection or cloning.
		According to Stock germline engineering will be made possible through the research of somatic enhancements that allow for genetic treatment of adult human beings.
		In fact companies that are working today on such projects as transgenic livestock are among the “...harshest critics of eventual human germline procedures, but however adamantly and genuinely they oppose those applications they are laying their technical foundation.“ * A great example of such mile stone is the infamous lamb Dolly.
	students.washington.edu /annaben/Human_Germline/human_germline.html (580 words)

	A novel case with germline p53 gene mutation having concurrent multiple primary colon tumours -- Miyaki et al. 52 (2): ...
		germline (at codon 189) and somatic (at codon 245) mutations.
		with this somatic mutation, the germline mutation at codon 189
		Prevalence and spectrum of germline mutations of the p53 gene among patients with sarcoma.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/52/2/304 (1920 words)

	The Ahmed Lab- Germline Immortality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In contrast, somatic cells are only needed for a single generation, and biological theory predicts that the soma may have little or no need for processes that allow the germline to remain young, vigourous and just about perfect, for eternity.
		It is also possible that that the soma might help the germline at its own expense, or that the soma might regulate aspects of germline immortality.
		To date, virtually no direct experiments have addressed the issue of germline immortality, a fundamental biological process that was first recognized over 100 years ago (A. Weisman, 1892, 'The Germ Plasm').
	www.bio.unc.edu /ahmed/lab/germlineimmortality.html (259 words)

	Amazon.com: GermLine: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		GERMLINE by Dr. Nelson Erlick is a provocative medical thriller that examines the plausible future of gene therapy and genetic engineering.
		GERMLINE's premise is intriguing, the action is occasionally exciting, and the dialog is well done for a "debut novel".
		In GERMLINE's case, the maleficence of the conspiracy is perhaps subjective and not to be shared by all.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/076530094X?v=glance (1972 words)

	Cryptic von Hippel-Lindau disease: germline mutations in patients with haemangioblastoma only -- Hes et al. 37 (12): ...
		Molecular analysis of de novo germline mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau disease gene.
		Phenotypic expression in von Hippel-Lindau disease: correlations with germline VHL gene mutations.
		Germline mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) gene in Japanese VHL.
	www.jmedgenet.com /cgi/content/full/37/12/939 (3577 words)

	Endoglin germline mutation in a patient with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and dexfenfluramine associated ...
		Endoglin germline mutation in a patient with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and dexfenfluramine associated pulmonary arterial hypertension -- Chaouat et al.
		Endoglin germline mutation in a patient with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and dexfenfluramine associated pulmonary arterial hypertension
		Heterozygous germline mutations in a TGF-beta receptor, BMPR2, are the cause of familial primary pulmonary hypertension.
	www.thoraxjnl.com /cgi/content/full/59/5/446 (1757 words)

	Sensitivity and predictive value of criteria for p53 germline mutation screening -- CHOMPRET et al. 38 (1): 43 -- ...
		Germline p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas and other neoplasms.
		Germline transmission of a mutated p53 gene in a cancer-prone family with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
		Germline mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in children with osteosarcoma.
	jmg.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/38/1/43 (4863 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Germline gene therapy boosted by modified sperm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		But previous attempts to modify sperm for 'germline' therapy - in which modifications are passed to offspring - have not produced good results, say Ralph Brinster of the University of Pennsylvania and his colleagues.
		The number of stem cells in cultured testis samples is known to decrease by about half after three days and by 90 per cent after seven days, the team say.
		They suggest that a shorter culture time could be a key reason for their improved results.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn1462 (441 words)

	Biallelic Germline Transcription at the {kappa} Immunoglobulin Locus -- Singh et al. 197 (6): 743 -- The Journal of ...
		germline transcripts initiate from two promoters yielding a 8.4 and a 4.7 kb products which are further spliced to 1.1 and a 0.8 kb transcripts, respectively.
		Left panel: the percentage of cells appearing to be monoallelic is plotted as a function of the number of positive PCR reactions observed per cell.
		Activation of immunoglobulin kappa gene rearrangement correlates with induction of germline kappa gene transcription.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/197/6/743 (4880 words)

	Caenorhabditis elegans atx-2 Promotes Germline Proliferation and the Oocyte Fate -- Maine et al. 168 (2): 817 -- ...
		In the Caenorhabditis elegans germline, proliferation is induced
		Induction of germline proliferation is mediated by Notch-type
		germline phenotype that is caused by a defect in meiotic entry
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/168/2/817 (6624 words)

	Germline mutations of the E-cadherin(CDH1) and TP53 genes, rather than of RUNX3 and HPP1, contribute to genetic ...
		Germline mutations of the E-cadherin(CDH1) and TP53 genes, rather than of RUNX3 and HPP1, contribute to genetic predisposition in German gastric cancer patients -- Keller et al.
		Germline mutations of the E-cadherin gene in Korean familial gastric cancer patients.
		Prevalence and spectrum of germline mutations of the TP53 gene among patients with sarcoma.
	jmg.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/41/6/e89 (4431 words)

	High frequency of novel germline mutations in the VHL gene in the heterogeneous population of Brazil -- Rocha et al. 40 ...
		High frequency of novel germline mutations in the VHL gene in the heterogeneous population of Brazil -- Rocha et al.
		High frequency of novel germline mutations in the VHL gene in the heterogeneous population of Brazil
		Germline mutations in the VHL gene are distributed throughout
	jmg.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/40/3/e31 (4544 words)

	"Superhumanized" Antibodies: Reduction of Immunogenic Potential by Complementarity-Determining Region Grafting with ...
		The conventional humanizing paradigm emphasizes maximizing homology between framework regions of the mouse Ab to be humanized and framework regions of the human CDR acceptor molecule.
		The "canonical structure" of a CDR is a distinct fold of the polypeptide
		Subgroup IV of human immunoglobulin K light chains is encoded by a single germline gene.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/169/2/1119 (5483 words)

	Human Germline Engineering - Implications for Science and Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is meant to inform public discussion and debate on this most challenging and difficult subject, the ultimate in human biological manipulation.
		These selections, taken both from published material and unpublished original interviews, were organized to juxtapose the most important arguments being raised both by proponents and opponents of the technology.
		The goal here is to provide more personal opinion by key scientists, bioethicists, and others who have thought deeply about the meaning and significance of human germline engineering.
	research.arc2.ucla.edu /pmts/germline (575 words)

	Cryptic von Hippel-Lindau disease: germline mutations in patients with haemangioblastoma only -- Hes et al. 37 (12): ...
		Cryptic von Hippel-Lindau disease: germline mutations in patients with haemangioblastoma only -- Hes et al.
		A VHL germline mutation was found in three of 69 (4.3%) single HAB patients aged 50 years or less (three of 84 (3.6%) total
		Germline mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene in patients from Poland: disease presentation in patients with deletions of the entire VHL gene
	www.jmedgenet.com /cgi/content/abstract/37/12/939 (467 words)

	A heterochromatin protein 1 homologue in Caenorhabditis elegans acts in germline and vulval development -- Couteau et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		(A–C) HPL-2::GFP is present in the germline and associated with the DNA of condensed nuclei in pachytene.
		Desilencing of a repetitive let-858::gfp transgene in the germline of F1 offspring of hpl-2(RNAi) animals.
		Kelly, W.G. and Fire, A. (1998) Chromatin silencing and the maintenance of a functional germline in Caenorhabditis elegans.
	emboreports.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/3/3/235 (3589 words)

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