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Topic: Gerrard Winstanley

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	Winstanley
		But Winstanley himself was a Lancashire man; his father was a clothier in Wigan, quite a significant figure in his town, and Winstanley himself, Gerard, was apprenticed to a London clothier, which suggests that his father had ambitions for him to get out of the backward north.
		Winstanley insisted that the common people are 'a part of the nation and, without exception, all sorts of people in the land are to have freedom not just the gentry and clergy.
		For Winstanley, the introduction of private property (and he speaks especially of course of property in land) had been the fall of man. 'In the beginning of time, the great creator reason', (Winstanley's phrase for God, if he believed in a god) 'made the earth to be a common treasury' and all men were equal.
	www.diggers.org /diggers/gerard_winstanley.htm (5159 words)

	Winstanley, Gerrard Criticism and Essays
		Winstanley rejected many traditional core doctrines, including belief in the historic Christ, the role of the clergy as mediators between God and worshippers, and the superiority of the Scriptures over the ability of every individual to experience and understand the sacred.
		Critical debate surrounding Winstanley's works is heavily concerned with the relevance of his theology to his political agenda and with the apparent shift in Winstanley's thought from an emphasis on an internal theological motivation for reformation to a focus on external regulation of morality.
		The commonwealth outlined by Winstanley was seen by its creator as morally superior to a monarchy because of its basis in principles of community and cooperation rather than on competition and individual acquisition.
	www.enotes.com /literary-criticism/winstanley-gerrard (1041 words)

	Gerrard Winstanley - CounterCulture - a Wikia wiki
		Gerrard Winstanley - CounterCulture - a Wikia wiki
		Gerard Winstanley: 17th Century Communist at Kingston A lecture by Christopher Hill at Kingston University January 24, 1996.
		Winstanley and The Diggers: The Spiritual and Political Story of a Seventeenth Century Communist Movement An account of Winstanley's Digger Colony and the philosophy behind it.
	counterculture.wikia.com /wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley (513 words)

	Christopher Hill - Gerard Winstanley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Winstanley refused to take off his hat in respect for the court or to pay a lawyer to defend him and he was fined.
		Winstanley insisted that the common people are 'a part of the nation and, without exception, all sorts of people in the land are to have freedom not just the gentry and clergy.
		For Winstanley, the introduction of private property (and he speaks especially of course of property in land) had been the fall of man. 'In the beginning of time, the great creator reason', (Winstanley's phrase for God, if he believed in a god) 'made the earth to be a common treasury' and all men were equal.
	www.kingston.ac.uk /cusp/Lectures/Hill.htm (5169 words)

	Diggers
		Winstanley and the Diggers, 1649-1999 edited by Andrew Bradstock (Frank Cass) Although the Diggers made only a brief appearance on the stage of history, their vision of a society based on common ownership of the land and its fruits continues to inspire many in the present day.
		That Winstanley abandoned his project after barely a year was, of course, due largely to the attitude of his opponents, and John Gurney explores the dynamic between the Digger colonies and the local townspeople both at Walton and Cobham.
		If Winstanley and his contemporaries change tack somewhat in their later works, offering more of a lament for a loss of liberty than advice and counsel, this might, Chernaik suggests, be a consequence of their consciousness of defeat and recognition that the earlier convention of direct address had begun to break down.
	www.wordtrade.com /history/europe/diggersR.htm (1646 words)

	Elmbridge Museum
		Gerrard Winstanley was the leader and inspiration of the Diggers on St. George's Hill.
		Gerrard Winstanley was born in Wigan in 1609 and later moved to London, where he prospered and became a freeman of the Merchant Taylors Company.
		Winstanley believed that the camp on St. George's Hill would be the spark that quickly changed the nature of society.
	elmbridgemuseum.org.uk /?Document=100.050.010.010 (400 words)

	Gerrard Winstanley
		Gerrard Winstanley, the son of a mercer, was born in Wigan, Lancashire, in 1609.
		Winstanley takes the view held by the Anabaptists that all institutions were by their nature corrupt: "nature tells us that if water stands long it corrupts; whereas running water keeps sweet and is fit for common use".
		Winstanley goes on to argue for a society without money or wages: "The earth is to be planted and the fruits reaped and carried into barns and storehouses by the assistance of every family.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /STUwinstanley.htm (1962 words)

	Militant Seedbeds Of Early Quakerism By David Boulton
		Winstanley was born in Wigan, Lancashire, in 1609.
		Winstanley shared the millenarian expectations of his contemporaries, but the Christ who would come again would be a spirit "rising in despised sons and daughters", an "indwelling power of reason", a "sea of truth" which would wash away corruption and ensure that the lowly and meek inherited the earth.
		Winstanley saw the army as the vanguard of the poor, and it was his faith and hope that Christ would rise in and through the revolutionary regime, not in spite of it.
	www.universalistfriends.org /boulton.html (11139 words)

	Winstanley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Gerrard Winstanley is one of the most important figures in the English Revolution of 1649 and a focal point in the English radical tradition.
		Winstanley insists that the Earth must be a Common Treasury for rich and poor, for friend and foe alike.
		"Winstanley", says Boulton, "moved from a theological radicalism which insisted that the poor had a proper place in the scheme of things to the deeply subversive political proposition that the poor must become the agents of their own salvation: must take matters into their own hands and begin to turn the world upside down".
	www.sofn.org.uk /Bibliography/Winstanley.html (959 words)

	Gerrard Winstanley & The Diggers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Of Gerrard Winstanley, who emerges at that time as one of the leaders of the movement, little is known until 1648 when he published four pamphlets expressing some daring theological views and for which he was accused, by some orthodox ministers of the Church, of denying God, the Scriptures and the Ordinances of God.
		Winstanley then goes on to describe the tasks of the Ministers of the Commonwealth who are to be laymen, elected every year by the members of the parish.
		Winstanley asserted that under " kingly " government education had remained the privilege of a few: " kingly bondage," he says, " is the cause of the spreading ignorance in the earth.
	tash.gn.apc.org /winst1.htm (4359 words)

	Winstanley (1975)
		Gerrard Winstanley leads the religious sect the Diggers to claim land for the poor.
		Winstanley was aligned with the True Levellers (based upon Christian communism) and the Diggers (which took over public lands and planted crops on them).
		1676 -- birth of Gerrard Winstanley in Wigan, Lancashire, England, the son of a grocer.
	www.vernonjohns.org /snuffy1186/winstanley1975.html (1214 words)

	The True Levellers' Standard Advanced, The Diggers' Manifesto - Gerrard Winstanley, 1649.
		Gerrard Winstanley - the Digger - was one of the first individuals to clearly identify the extension of private property rights to land as mankind's fundamental flaw.
		To Winstanley mankind is the Lord of the Creation, but he was always careful to explain that using the term "mankind" included women as fully as men.
		Winstanley straightforwardly exposed what he saw as the fraud of the civil war as Lilburne had done before him.
	www.rogerlovejoy.co.uk /philosophy/diggers/thehill.htm (1740 words)

	English Dissenters: Diggers
		Winstanley was concerned by the plight of the people at the lower rungs of English Society, the overlooked or forgotten man. The poor, the sick, the hungry, and the destitute who often did not scrape by or were left to die.
		Winstanley makes a basic plea of support to the City of London that Freedom is won not given and extols the populace to take action in their own behalf.
		Winstanley's radical vision of a new society died a quite death in Surrey, but his writings and their message did not.
	www.exlibris.org /nonconform/engdis/diggers.html (3067 words)

	Gerrard Winstanley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In April, 1649, Winstanley took steps to realize his vision of the earth as "a common treasury" for all people by leading a group, labeled "Diggers," onto the wasteland (uncultivated common land) of St George's Hill, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, in April, 1649.
		Other groups made similar moves towards communal cultivation of land, and egalitarian distribution of the products of that land, but such groups, including the original band led by Winstanley, were frustrated and defeated by local landlords in little more than a year.
		Cromwell was not moved by the appeal, and Winstanley, with help from his father-in-law, became a landlord himself for a time, and eventually returned to London to engage in trade once more.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/hgarrett/documents/winstanley.html (194 words)

	winstanley
		Gerrard Winstanley (Miles Halliwell), the leader of the Diggers, wanted to reclaim the land for the poor who had been dispossessed by Oliver Cromwell's recent civil war.
		Try comparing Winstanley to other period films about class struggle of the commercial variety, and it is hard not to see how much more real and meaningful this film is. If nothing else, at least, it is a hard film to forget.
		The poetic dream of Winstanley for an equitable and more reasonable world, one that is not forged by malice and greed: that is a vision the world is still waiting to see actually happen.
	www.sover.net /~ozus/winstanley.htm (1089 words)

	Radicalism and reverence [electronic resource] :
		One of the most undeservedly neglected political theorists of the seventeenth century, Gerrard Winstanley is a fascinating figure who wrote broadly and creatively on issues that appear surprisingly modern to his present-day readers.
		He traces Winstanley's movement from theorizing about God and the "rebirth" of the self to active leadership of the "diggers," a group of radical activists who occupied not yet enclosed common lands.
		As Winstanley both used and moved beyond his own Puritan heritage, he was able to confront the social and political realities of his time in a language that related them to psychological experience.
	ark.cdlib.org:8085 /data/mets/wx/ft4b69n8wx.mets.xml (317 words)

	[No title]
		Winstanleys criticism of the clergy and scholars, his preference for Reason--a God who was not wholly other--and his stress upon personal experience were woven together with his peculiar biblical hermeneutic.
		Winstanley called the "dark power" a dragon locked in battle with Michael, fighting in heaven, "that is, in mankinde, in the garden of Eden." This battle continues in mankind, wrote Winstanley, because the imagination cast the fear of poverty into men, tempting them to covet the possessions of others.
		Winstanley was indeed unorthodox, but his theology and social gospel were rich and worth examining for their own sake, not merely as part of a larger historiographical debate between marxist historians and their opponents.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /journals/EH/EH33/suther33.html (6338 words)

	Elmbridge Online covering Cobham, Esher, Oxshott, Walton and Weybridge
		Winstanley was destined to make an impact on his small world that reverberated around the globe, and his message is strongly argued by some as being as relevant today as it was 350 years ago.
		It was somewhere between October and December 1643 that Winstanley moved to Cobham to eke out a living herding cows as a hired labourer.
		It was one of these groups, the Diggers, that was inspired by the words and writings of Gerrard Winstanley of Cobham.
	www.elmbridge-online.co.uk /themagazine/winter2001/history.asp (390 words)

	Winstanley, Gerrard Criticism and Essays \| George H. Sabine (essay date 1941)
		Winstanley nowhere set out in logical order an outline of the religious convictions which, as he believed, led inevitably to communism as their social corollary.
		This was in part due to the fact that his writings are pamphlets, written as occasion demanded, and in part to the fact that his convictions were in process of formation, not in the stage of being logically systematized.
		Winstanley's communism belonged to the class of prophetical writing, with no delusions about a "scientific"...
	www.enotes.com /literary-criticism/winstanley-gerrard/george-h-sabine-essay-date-1941 (166 words)

	Full Alert Film Review: Winstanley
		In April 1649 a band of about 40 Diggers, inspired by Gerrard Winstanley and William Everard began to dig uncultivated common land on Saint George's Hill in Cobham, Surrey, building simple houses in which to live, sharing all their goods and produce in common.
		Winstanley's dream was a wonderful, humanitarian vision of a gentler, more just and happy world; a dream that came again to other people in succeeding centuries, but for whose realization we are still waiting.
		Social visions do not in fact die with their creators, they are merely set down like burdens carried a certain distance along the roadway, to be taken up by other fresh young travelers and carried a little further on another day.
	wlt4.home.mindspring.com /fafr/reviews/winstanley.htm (1143 words)

	Diggers (True Levellers) at AllExperts
		The Diggers were an English group, begun by Gerrard Winstanley as True Levellers in 1649, who became known as "Diggers" due to their activities.
		The Diggers' beliefs were informed by Gerrard Winstanley's writings, which encompassed a worldview that envisioned an ecological interrelationship between humans and nature, acknowledging the inherent connections between people and their surroundings.
		The harassment from the lord of the manor, Francis Drake, was both deliberate and systematic: he organised gangs in an attack on the Diggers, including numerous beatings and an arsonous attack on one of the communal houses.
	en.allexperts.com /e/d/di/diggers_(true_levellers).htm (2106 words)

	Winstanley 'The Law of Freedom' and other Writings - Cambridge University Press
		Leader of the Diggers, or True Levellers, whose colony was forced to disband in 1650, Gerrard Winstanley stands out from a century remarkable for its development in political thought as one of the most fecund and original of political writers.
		Winstanley published a number of pamphlets on the colony’s behalf, among them a summary of his ideas, published in 1652 as The Law of Freedom in a Platform and dedicated to Oliver Cromwell.
		Christopher Hill’s selection from Winstanley’s many published pamphlets demonstrates the coherence and social relevance of Winstanley’s philosophy, while it reveals his mastery of colloquial prose and his superb use of imagery.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?ISBN=0521031605 (268 words)

	Early Modern Resources » Winstanley
		It is an example of a remarkable integration of form and content: an independent film, made on the tiniest of budgets with an almost entirely amateur cast (and yet sticking to rigorous standards of authenticity), its makers’ philosophy and methods resonantly match the story they tell - as does their subsequent obscurity despite critical acclaim.
		It is at once historically accurate (the late 1640s were marked by bad weather and harvest failures, phenomena that alongside the social and political turmoil of the decade could be seen as part of the context for the Digger movement) and symbolic of the social situation that the Diggers tried to change.
		Early in the film, Winstanley and his adversary Parson Platt meet at a crossroads (stark white on the hillside, an unforgettable image); they try to communicate, their voices almost drowned out by the howling wind; they part.
	www.earlymodernweb.org.uk /emr/index.php/early-modernity-on-film/winstanley (863 words)

	John Milton
		Gerrard Winstanley argued that God had created men as equals and it was only in sin that a man enslaved his brother, buying and selling land that belonged to all men and women.
		Winstanley’s argument was built on the contributions of the common people to the overthrow of the king and Cromwell’s debt to their support.
		Given that Winstanley became the sole speaker for a community where he could put his own ideas into action, it is difficult to determine if all the revisions and changes he cited in his documents were his personal feelings or those of the movement he represented.
	www.library.fau.edu /npb/deweese.htm (1726 words)

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