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Topic: Gertrude Elion

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	Gertrude Elion, Drug Developer, Dies at 81
		Gertrude Belle Elion was born in New York City on Jan. 23, 1918, and graduated with highest honors in chemistry from Hunter College in 1937.
		Elion decided to go into medical research as a teen-ager after her grandfather died of cancer and her father, a dentist and Lithuanian immigrant, encouraged her to develop a career.
		Elion said that she would not have advanced in her career if she had chosen to marry and have children because women were not encouraged then to work while their children were young.
	www.wellesley.edu /Chemistry/chem227/news/obit-elion.html (716 words)

	Scientific Anti-Vivisectionism ->
		In 1949, researchers, including Gertrude Elion, had shown that diaminopurine - an anti-cancer drug - was "provocative" as an anti-viral drug(1) but owing to its toxicity the results were considered to be "discouraging"(2).
		In the 1950s, Gertrude Elion and George Hitchings showed that antipurines had to be transformed into nuceotides in order for these to become active in the cell(3).
		Elion, later, stated "We were not certain whether this advantage was sufficient to warrant the full-scale development of ara-DAP"(5).
	www.freewebs.com /scientific_anti_vivisectionism14/viraldiseases.htm (559 words)

	Gertrude B. Elion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gertrude B. Elion (January 23, 1918 - February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, and a 1988 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
		She never obtained a Ph.D. Working alone as well as with Hitchings, Elion developed a multitude of new drugs, using innovative research methods that would later lead to the development of the AIDS drug AZT.
		Rather than relying on trial-and-error, Elion and Hitchings used the differences in biochemistry between normal human cells and pathogens (disease-causing agents) to design drugs that could kill or inhibit the reproduction of particular pathogens without harming the host cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion (312 words)

	George Hitchings (1905-1998) and Gertrude Elion (1918-1999)
		George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion diverged from this traditional path in their own research, utilizing what today is termed 'rational drug design'.
		Gertrude Elion, known to her friends as “Trudy”, was born in 1918 in New York City, the daughter of a successful dentist.
		Despite her new responsibilities, Elion continued her research and was essential in the development of acyclovir, an antiviral drug effective against herpes.
	www.chemheritage.org /EducationalServices/pharm/chemo/readings/hitch/pabio.htm (1480 words)

	Boston Globe Online / Table of Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At 73, Elion still puts in a full schedule at her laboratory in Research Triangle Park, N.C., where she is researching new anticancer and antiviral drugs.
		Elion, who moved to North Carolina with Burroughs Wellcome Laboratories, shared the 1988 Nobel Prize with scientist George Hitchings, her collaborator since 1945, and a British pharmacologist, Sir James Black.
		Elion and Hitchings are credited with devising a methodical system for designing drugs that was a radical departure from the trial-and-error approach of many of their colleagues.
	www.boston.com /globe/search/stories/nobel/1991/1991s.html (259 words)

	Dr. Gertrude Elion
		Gertrude Elion is Scientist Emeritus with Glaxo Wellcome Inc. She also holds appointments as Medical Research Professor of Pharmacology and Medicine at Duke University and Adjunct Professor of Pharmacology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
		Elion is past president of the American Association for Cancer Research and has served as a Presidential appointee on the National Cancer Advisory Board.
		Gertrude Elion, a recipient of the 1988 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, is a member of BREAKTHROUGH's advisory board of eminent authorities in medicine and the sciences.
	www.breakthroughtv.com /ELION.HTM (1139 words)

	Today in Technology History - Jan 23
		Elion received an education in public schools, and then decided to study medicine in college because of the recent cancer death of her grandfather.
		In 1988, Elion and her colleague George Hitchings were awarded the Nobel Prize for the new areas of drug research they explored.
		Gertrude Elion died in 1999, at the age of 81.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2002/jan23.htm (271 words)

	The My Hero Project - Gertrude B. Eliongertrudebelion
		Gertrude Belle Elion loved all her classes in school so much that when she enrolled at Hunter College in 1933, at age 15, she could not decide what to major in.
		Elion wrote that she would not have been able to receive a higher education had it not been for the facts that her grades were very good and that Hunter College was free.
		Because of this, Elion was able to work part-time on her doctoral degree and part-time at a lab doing quality control for a food company.
	myhero.com /myhero/heroprint.asp?hero=gertrudebelion (796 words)

	Historia- Elion, Gertrude Belle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gertrude was inspired to study chemistry when her grandfather died of cancer and she wanted to help research this disease.
		Gertrude wrote more than 280 papers on her discoveries about drugs, and discovered or developed drugs that help fight leukemia, herpes, malaria, AIDS, and aid organ transplants.
		Gertrude and Dr. George Hitchings won the Nobel Prize in medicine for their work in developing drugs.
	www.liquidleaf.com /historia/elion.html (131 words)

	Gertrude Belle Elion - A Lifeline
		Elion's parents were immigrants to America, and she did not have the access to the traditional educational career leading to the doctoral degree that most highly successful scientists follow.
		Gertrude Belle Elion, though not an immigrant herself but was the daughter of immigrants, distinguished herself.
		Gertrude Elion — autobiography from the Nobel e-Museum.
	www.chemheritage.org /EducationalServices/pharm/chemo/readings/lifeline.htm (1881 words)

	Invent Now \| Hall of Fame \| Search \| Inventor Profile
		Elion and her team were prominent in the development of allopurinol (trade name Zyloprim), for treatment of gout, and of a new antiviral agent, acyclovir (Zovirax), which has been used to battle herpes virus infections.
		Born in New York City, Elion attended Hunter College at the age of 15 and graduated summa cum laude in 1937.
		Elion continued her work toward the advancement of science through the World Health Organization, honorary university lectureships, and assisting students in medical research.
	www.invent.org /hall_of_fame/51.html (243 words)

	Women in Science and Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Elion and Hitchings studied how growth and reproduction in diseased cells and viruses differ from these processes in normal cells.
		In 1988, Elion and Hitchings shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with British scientist James W. Black for developing such logical new approaches to drug design.
		Elion was born and raised in New York City.
	www.worldbook.com /features/wscimed/html/life_biologists.html (2904 words)

	The Revolutionary Anti-Cancer Drugs
		Gertrude was born in New York City in 1918 and passed away in 1999.
		Gertrude was very close to her grandfather and wanted to know more about the disease that killed him.
		Gertrude and her partner compared the functioning of normal human cells with bacteria cells, virus cells, and cancer cells in order to find way to harm or kill dangerous invading cells without damaging the healthy ones.
	www.sjmv.org /Campus/Class/scinventors/cancer/anticancer.html (497 words)

	Gertrude B. Elion
		G.B. Elion, in: Pharmacolodgal Basis of Cancer Chemotherapy (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1975) pp 547-564.
		G.B. Elion, S.W. Callahan, G.H. Hitchings, R.W. Rundles in: Proc.
		P.A. Furman, P.V. McGuirt, P.M. Keller, J.A. Fyfe, G.B. elion, Virolgy 102, 420 (1980).
	gos.sbc.edu /e/elion/elion.html (6802 words)

	JWA - Gertrude Elion - Overview
		Gertrude Elion's accomplishments over the course of her long career as a chemist were tremendous.
		Although Elion herself cared far more about the practical outcome of her lab's collective work than about her own reputation, her achievements earned her one of the highest honors a scientist can receive: the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
		Elion worked tirelessly to convey the fun and excitement of science to students of all ages and to encourage children - especially girls - to pursue scientific careers.
	www.jwa.org /exhibits/wov/elion (311 words)

	Gertrude Elion: A Pioneer in Drug Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Driven at a young age, Elion immersed herself in her schoolwork, graduating from high school in 1930 at the age of 12.
		Elion was just 19 years old in 1937 when she graduated summa cum laude with a bachelors degree in chemistry from Hunter College.
		Gertrude B. Elion received numerous awards over the years including the Garvan Medal (now called the Francis P. Garvan?John M. Olin Medal) in 1968, the Distinguished North Carolina Chemist award in 1985, and the National Medal of Science in 1991.
	www.acs.org /portal/a/c/s/1/feature_ent.html?id=1d37766ace1611d5f2944fd8fe800100 (451 words)

	Winners' Circle: Gertrude Elion
		Elion encouraged and shared her knowledge with aspiring scientists throughout her career, from helping young women succeed in a male-dominated field to teaching future generations in her latter years as a Research Professor at Duke University.
		Elion continued to work in her lab and teach until she died, in February 1999.
		Gertrude Elion, in "Me and Isaac Newton"—a 1999 feature-length documentary by Michael Apted that delves into the hearts and minds of seven scientists.
	web.mit.edu /Invent/a-winners/a-elion.html (398 words)

	National Women's Hall of Fame - Women of the Hall
		Gertrude Elion is one of the nation's most distinguished research scientists, and her Nobel Prize in 1988 capped a career devoted to research to combat some of the world's most dangerous diseases.
		Elion, working predominantly with George Hitchings, has created drugs to combat leukemia, gout, malaria, herpes and autoimmune disorders.
		Gertrude Elion, who lost her grandfather and mother to cancer, has never lost sight of the human beings whose lives her research affects.
	www.greatwomen.org /women.php?action=viewone&id=59 (274 words)

	Gertrude B. Elion, January 23, 1918—February 21, 1999 \| By Mary Ellen Avery \| Biographical Memoirs
		N THE SPRING OF 1933 Gertrude Elion graduated from high school and that summer she had to select a major subject before she could begin her freshman year at Hunter College.
		Gertrude Belle Elion was born in New York City on January 23, 1918.
		She taps her foot and nods her head in time to the music, no doubt thinking of the words to the aria as the music is played.
	www.nap.edu /html/biomems/gelion.html (2877 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive
		Elion had some trouble choosing a major, since there was no scientific subject that she did not love.
		Elion both enjoyed and excelled at her college studies, graduating summa cum laude in 1937.
		Elion was famed throughout the medical research industry as an awe-inspiring yet accessible mentor to young scientists.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/elion2.html (648 words)

	Drug Design Pioneer...Gertrude Elion - HIV: health and medical information about HIV and AIDS
		Elion got her big break because there was a manpower shortage in the pharmaceutical industry during World War II.
		Elion and Hitchings exploited those differences in nucleic acid metabolism to create highly targeted drugs that selectively blocked the growth and reproduction of certain cancer cells and pathogenic organisms.
		Elion's research group was involved in the discovery of acyclovir, a drug that selectively blocks the reproduction of herpes virus.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10555 (544 words)

	Active Skim View of: 12 Gertrude Belle Elion
		Gertrude Belle Elion 283 Gertrude Belle Elion with collie, Lollipop, and George Hitchings in 1960.
		Elion was twenty-six years old and planned to stay at Burroughs Wellcome only as long as she was learning things.
		The first time Elion presented a report at a scientific conference, a man in the audience questioned her conclusions.
	www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309072700&chap=279-302 (863 words)

	MSN Encarta - Gertrude Elion
		Elion, Gertrude Belle (1918-1999), American chemist and Nobel Prize winner, born in New York City.
		Elion received an M.S. degree from New York...
		Gertrude Belle Elion [National Women's Hall of Fame]
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761582635/Gertrude_Elion.html (85 words)

	Gertrude Elion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gertrude by any standard was called to this profession and had found her vocation.
		Gertrude was engaging in science not because society told her that it was good work, but because that was what she felt her life told her to do.
		Gertrude did not experience an epiphany to guide her in her vocation or go through an "unearthing" process as defined by Po Bronson in the introduction to his book What Should I Do With My Life, but significant life events prompted her to examine how her life was meant to contribute to the greater good.
	scnc.holt.k12.mi.us /~nshaw/gertrude_elion.htm (342 words)

	Background: AACR Gertrude B. Elion Cancer Research Award -- Samei, 1999-09-01, UNITED STATES -- Science's Next Wave (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Gertrude B. Elion Research Award, sponsored by Glaxo Wellcome Oncology, provides a one-year $30,000 research grant to a tenure-track assistant professor in the first five years of their careers.
		The award is in honor of Gertrude Elion, a former scientist emeritus at Glaxo Wellcome Co. who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1988 with the late George Hitchings for the development of drugs to treat diseases such as leukemia and herpes.
		Elion herself presented this award at the AACR annual meetings until she passed away in February 1999.
	nextwave.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/1999/09/01/4 (745 words)

	Gertrude B. Elion Biography / Biography of Gertrude B. Elion Biography Biography
		The American biochemist Gertrude B. Elion (1918-1999) won a Nobel Prize for her scientific discovery of drugs to treat leukemia and herpes and to prevent the rejection of kidney transplants.
		Born in New York City in 1918, Gertrude Elion graduated from Hunter College with a B.A. degree in chemistry in 1937.
		Elion had decided while still in high school to become a cancer researcher but for several years worked as a lab assistant, food analyst, and high school teacher while completing her Masters degree at night.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-gertrude-b-elion (233 words)

	Gertrude B. Elion -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		U.S. pharmacologist Gertrude B. Elion received the Nobel prize for physiology or medicine in 1988 along with George H. Hitchings and Sir James W. Black.
		Elion, Gertrude B. American pharmacologist who, along with George H. Hitchings and Sir James W. Black, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for their development of drugs used to treat several major diseases.
		Elion, Gertrude B. pharmacologist Gertrude B. Elion received the Nobel prize for physiology or medicine in 1988 along with George H. Hitchings and Sir James W. Black.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9322341?tocId=9322341 (750 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gertrude B. Elion, the 1988 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, is being honored as the Distinguished Visiting Scientist at the UA College of Pharmacy.
		Elion will discuss The Challenges and Rewards of Pharmaceutical Research, Tuesday, Nov. 3, 4-5 p.m., in the College of Pharmacy auditorium, Room 325.
		Dr. Elion remains active in research and professional organizations while holding appointments as medical research professor of pharmacology and medicine at Duke University and adjunct professor of pharmacology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
	www.ahsc.arizona.edu /opa/ahsnews/nov98/misc.htm (364 words)

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