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Topic: Ghazal

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Chitra Singh

Matla

Ghulam Ali

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Urdu Language

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ghazal could be chanted in a semi-melodic tarannum style by poets at poetry readings, or it could be used as a text for Muslim devotional qawwali performed by professional groups in shrines.
		Ghazal as a musical genre became particularly popular in the nineteenth century, when a proto-capitalist, incipient bourgeoisie began to replace the declining feudal Mughal nobility as patrons of the fine arts.
		The appearance of regional-language ghazals is directly related to the rise of cassettes, with their crucial role in the ghazal boom in general, and in the emergence of commercial regional music.
	home1.pacific.net.sg /~loudon/ghazal.htm (2564 words)

	Uma's Ghazal Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ghazal originated in Iran in the 10th century A.D. It grew from the Persian qasida, which verse form had come to Iran from Arabia.
		The ghazal came to India with the advent and extension of the Muslim influence from the 12th century onwards.
		Although the ghazal is said to have begun with Amir Khusro (1253-1325) in Northern India, Deccan in the South was its real home in the early stages.
	www.msci.memphis.edu /~ramamurt/ghazal.html (713 words)

	Chandra and David' Gazal (ghazal) Page - Urdu Love Songs
		Therefore, a portion of the qasida, known as the tashib was detached and this became the ghazal.
		Ghazal's introduction into India from the 12th century, was part of an ongoing revolution in North Indian society.
		The poetic structure of the ghazal is precise.
	chandrakantha.com /articles/indian_music/gazal.html (1170 words)

	Ghazal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ghazal spread into India in the 12th century under the influence of the new Islamic Sultanate courts and Sufi mystics.
		Ghazals were written by the Persian mystics and poets Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi (13th century) and Hafez (14th century), the Turkish poet Fuzuli (16th century), as well as Mirza Ghalib (1797–1869) and Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), who both wrote Ghazals in Persian and Urdu.
		Consequently, ghazals are not to be confused with poetry of seduction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ghazal (2402 words)

	What is a Ghazal?
		The essay is written in Hindi, and is about History of Ghazal, its development, its milestones, important Shayar's etc. One part of it describes the definition of Ghazal.
		This Sher is called 'Matla' of the Ghazal and the Ghazal is usually known after its 'Matla'.
		Ghazal riste hue zakhmon ka marham, Ghazal ek chaaraa-e-dard-e-nihan hai
	www.cs.wisc.edu /~navin/india/songs/ghalib/ghazal.def.html (1076 words)

	History of Ghazal Singing
		This is a brief note on the evolution of ghazal from a poetic form into a genre of light classical music.
		However, unlike classical music which to this day is perceived as elitist, ghazals have become popular with the common man. The magical combination of beautiful lyrics and dulcet voices have enabled ghazals and ghazal singers to leave an indelible mark on the hearts and souls of ghazal listeners everywhere.
		Ghazal singing is an art, albeit a dying one.
	www.urdupoetry.com /singers/ghazal.html (448 words)

	Ghazal Study Guide by Elizabeth Spires: Introduction
		A ghazal is a form of poetry that originated in Iran many centuries ago and made its way throughout the Middle East and Asia primarily through the extension of the Muslim influence in that part of the world.
		Spires's "Ghazal," which appears in her most recent volume of poetry called Now the Green Blade Rises (2002), is a reflection on the death of her mother, as well as a contemplation on the inevitability of the poet's own aging and eventual death.
		It is elegiac in tone and filled with quiet solitude, recalling specific moments of the tragic event: the phone call informing her of the news, the airplane flight to her mother's town, the funeral, the jewelry she inherited, snippets of pleasant childhood memories.
	www.bookrags.com /studyguide-ghaza/intro.html (256 words)

	GHAZAL : MusicWeb Encyclopaedia of Popular Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The roots of ghazal can be traced to what in Western terms would be pre-mediaeval Persia, for by the seventh century ]sc[a.d]/sc[.
		It customarily concentrates on love poetry in all its senses: sacred-profane, mystical and spiritual; during the 20th-century ghazals (songs in ghazal form) embraced political and ethical subject matter, and therefore became the well from which poets such as Ghalib, Mir and Faiz Ahmad Faiz would draw inspiration.
		However, in a place which sets a premium on the recognition of and respect for antiquity, the ghazal form is astonishingly robust, relevant and adaptable, and it also has profoundly inspired the popular and poetic music of other regions.
	www.musicweb-international.com /encyclopaedia/g/G29.HTM (477 words)

	So What's a Ghazal?
		The ghazal was introduced to American pop-culture in the1960s through hippie arts and the craze for Indian music and poetry.
		American poets renewed their interest in the ghazal in the late 1980s-90s under the tutelage of professor Agha Shahid Ali, who introduced traditional discipline and insight into to the English-speaking form.
		The ghazal is often sung as a raga, accompanied by classical Indian instruments.
	geocities.com /billiedee2000/ghazal.html (527 words)

	[minstrels] Ghazal of the Lagoon -- John Drury
		The difficulty of pulling off the ghazals form in English is obvious.
		The only traditional ghazal feature _not_ exemplified in this poem is the use of the author's pen name in the final couplet.
		The mood of the ghazal in Urdu and Persion is "melancholy and amorous" [5].
	www.cs.rice.edu /~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/1161.html (765 words)

	The Town of 'AinGhazal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The richness of the information concerning symbolic behavior at 'Ain Ghazal is relatively enormous for this time period, and the understanding of the various meanings entailed in the symbolic expressions can only be enhanced by viewing them in the physical, economic, and social contexts of the time.
		The eruptive expansion of 'Ain Ghazal on the western bank of the Zarqa River is remarkable enough, but the establishment of the new neighborhood across the river on the eastern bank raises several questions due to the automatic isolation of this group of people.
		By the beginning of the Yarmoukian period, the PPNC partial separation of the 'Ain Ghazal population into permanently settled farming and mobile pastoral groups was evidently concluded.
	link.lanic.utexas.edu /menic/ghazal/intro/int.html (6488 words)

	Ghazal
		The Indo-British singer known as Najma for instance, uses a number of ghazals (in Hindi if my memory is correct) as the lyrics of her songs.
		When I first heard of the ghazal, it was presented as a carpe diem poem with wine and women as the answer to all of man's woes.
		According to Agha Shahid Ali, the only "real" ghazals are those which follow the stringent scheme of the rhyme within the first couplet and the strict use of the refrain.
	www.ahapoetry.com /ghazal.htm (1564 words)

	Ghazal - sher - Urdu - Hindi - Punjabi - Poetry - Haali - Haryana Online - India
		Ghazals were written by the Persian mystics and poets Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi (13th century), Hafez (14th century), and the Turkish poet Fuzuli (16th century).
		Although the Ghazal is most prominently a form of Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi poetry, today, it has followers and writers in many other languages.
		The second line of each couplet in a Ghazal ends with the repetition of a refrain of one or a few words, preceded by a rhyme (though in a less strict Ghazal the rhyme does not need to precede the refrain immediately).
	www.haryana-online.com /Poetry/ghazal.htm (462 words)

	Poetry Form - The Ghazal
		Ariadne's web is grateful to Len Anderson for this summary of the Ghazal and for permission to reprint one of his own Ghazals.
		The Ghazal was developed in Persia in the 10th century AD from the Arabic verse form qasida.
		The Ghazal tradition is currently practiced in Iran (Farsi), Pakistan (Urdu) and India (Urdu and Hindi).
	www.baymoon.com /~ariadne/form/ghazal.htm (863 words)

	Articles from DesiConnection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Briefly, a ghazal in its classical form comprises an odd number of thematically related or unrelated couplets strung together by a common rhythm and a rhyme scheme (aa, ba, ca, da, ea,…).
		An analogue to the ghazal may be the renga in its classical form with strict rules regarding syllable count, season words, etc., and a strictly non-narrative structure.
		The true measure of a ghazal is its saleeqah or the way a certain thing is said or not said, or what is left unsaid.
	desiconnection.com /article/Visitors (1235 words)

	The Ghazal - Indo Persian classical music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ghazal is a very famous music and poetic form in India.
		Devotional praise of the emperor was part of both Persian and Moghol's tradition and the Tashbib (a reduced form of the qasida, a Arabo-persian poetical form) was the musical expression of that dayly devotion.
		Exclusively sung, accompanied with sarangi, dilruba or rebab, this music has been absorbed by the classical schools of hindustani music, since the classical tradition has always absorbed the regional music, to conclude the concerts.
	makar-records.com /siteus/ghazal.html (159 words)

	Ghazals in English
		Visit The Ghazal Page for original ghazals in English, reviews of books of and about ghazals, essays on the ghazal in English, and a blog related to ghazals and poetry in general.
		Arberry says that each couplet of the Persian ghazal ends in a monorhyme (words ending with the same vowel+consonant combination), but he does not mention the refrain.
		I would hate to see the English ghazal so confined by formal restrictions that it would be a minor form, used only for poets to demonstrate their technical cleverness (rather like sestinas or villanelles).
	web.umr.edu /~gdoty/poems/essays/ghazals.html (1800 words)

	EDSITEment - Lesson Plan
		The ghazal (pronounced "guzzle") is an intricate pre-Islamic poetic form that is thought to have developed through the practice of poetic challenges.
		Ghazal: for Donald [sic] Hall (The title is actually "Ghazal" for Daniel Hall)
		In groups of four, students compose a ghazal in a round-robin activity for a total of thirteen shers, beginning and ending with the same Shayar, or poet.
	edsitement.neh.gov /view_lesson_plan.asp?id=388 (1606 words)

	The ghazal and the qawwali
		The ghazal in Urdu or Persian and the geet in Hindi verses become canvasses to absorb and radiate colour from the note patterns of the modes chosen to render the songs.
		The ghazal was developed further and to its maximum potential in Iran and in India where Persian was the court language of the Turcomans, Afghans and the Mughals who ruled in the North and the Bahamanis and their sucessors in the South.
		The ghazal and the geet both found the qawwali their natural habitat as they represent a lover talking to the beloved amorously.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1418/14181300.htm (1483 words)

	What is a Ghazal? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		But in this ever changing world the ghazal has become a reflection of the life around us, and now there is hardly any sphere of human interaction which the ghazal hasn't touched.
		Briefly stated Ghazal is a collection of Sher's which follow the rules of 'Matla', 'Maqta', 'Beher', 'Kaafiyaa' and 'Radif'.
		To summarize, Ghazal is a collection of Sher's (independent two-line poems), in which there is atleast one 'Matla', one 'Maqta' and all the Sher's are of same 'Beher' and have the same 'Kaafiyaa' and 'Radif'.
	www.nagpurcity.net /ghazal/ghazal_def.html (756 words)

	:: About Ghazal Tours ::
		Ghazal Tours was established in 1970 with two offices in Syria to service the booming tourism industry at the time.
		Over the past 35 years, Ghazal Travel and Tourism gained an excellent reputation in the travel and tourism industry in terms of service, prices, and customer commitment.
		In 1979, Ghazal Travel and Tourism became the General Sales Agent (GSA) for IBERIA, the Spanish Airlines in Syria.
	www.ghazal-tours.com /about.htm (161 words)

	The Academy of American Poets - Poetic Form: Ghazal (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The ghazal is composed of a minimum of five couplets--and typically no more than fifteen--that are structurally, thematically, and emotionally autonomous.
		In the eighteenth-century, the ghazal was used by poets writing in Urdu, a mix of the medieval languages of Northern India, including Persian.
		McHugh’s "Ghazal of the Better-Unbegin" is a good example of the form, as it respects the autonomy of the couplets, the length of lines, as well as the rhyme-refrain scheme established in the opening couplet.
	www.poets.org.cob-web.org:8888 /viewmedia.php/prmMID/5781 (599 words)

	Ghazal, Gazal, Urdu Ghazal, Romantic Ghazal, Urdu Gazal, Download Hindi Ghazal, Jagjit Singh Ghazal, talat aziz ghazals ...
		There are many types of gazals but the most famous catagories are of romantic ghazals and sharaabi ghazals.
		Ghazals have very rich culture infact it was very famous among the kings and queens of india in mughal period.
		Gazal.in is giving you a platform where you can show your love for ghazals and post your creations so that people can read it and your imaginations can go beyond your world.
	www.gazal.in (559 words)

	GHAZAL LABORATORY
		Ghazal, P., J.J. García-Ramírez, J.C. González-Armas, S. Kurz and A. Angulo.
		Kanakaraji, P., K. Ngo, Y. Wu, A. Angulo, P. Ghazal, C.A. Harris, J.J. Siekierka, P.A. Peterson, and W.-P. Fung-Leung.
		Angulo, A., R.A.S. Chandraratna, J.F. LeBlanc, and P. Ghazal.
	www.virology.ed.ac.uk /research/Ghazal.htm (621 words)

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