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	The City Of Ghazni
		Around the nearby village of Rowzeh-e Sultan, on the old road to Kabul, 130 km northeast), are the ruins of ancient Ghazna, including two 43-metre towers and the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazna (971-1030), the most powerful emir (or sultan) of the Ghaznavid dynasty.
		The city, named Ghazna in ancient times, was flourishing by the 7th cent.
		Early in the 11th century, under Mahmud of Ghazna, the town became the capital of the vast empire of the Ghaznavids, Afghanistan's first Muslim dynasty.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/ghazni.html (372 words)

	History of Iran: Ghaznavid Dynasty
		Alptigin's son-in-law Sebuktigin succeeded him in 977 CE and was recognized as governor of Ghazna by the Samanids.
		In his last Indian campaign in 1024 CE, Mahmud reached the southern coast of Kathiawar along the Arabian Sea, where he sacked the city of Somnath and destroyed its famous Hindu temple to Shiva (whose mystical idol was apparently levitated by magnetic forces).
		In the interim, the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram was able to briefly reoccupy the remains of Ghazna until his death, when the Seljuqs forced the next Ghaznavid monarch to retire to Lahore.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/ghaznavids/ghaznavids.php (1068 words)

	Mahmud of Ghazna - Encyclopedia.com
		Mahmud of Ghazna, 971?-1030, Afghan emperor and conqueror.
		grudgingly sponsored by a Persianized Turk, the redoubtable Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna in Afghanistan, co nvinced by a tactful minister that patronage is the path to immortality.
		It is during a ghayn dynasty, the Ghaznavids (whose capital Ghazna is now a truck stop on the road from Qandahar to Kabul), that the ghazal took root in Persian, as a celebration of court...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-MahmudGh.html (519 words)

	Saunders. History of Medieval Islam
		In 962 one of their Turkish officers, Alp-tagin ('hero prince'), seized the town and fortress of Ghazna, in what is now Afghanistan, a wealthy co mercial centre whose inhabitants had grown rich on the Indian trade and set up a semi-independent principality.
		Ghazna was an admirable base for such attacks; the vast Indian sub-continent was a mosaic of principalities great and small; no strong state existed capable of throwing back the invader, and there was no trace of national consciousness.
		Ghazna was flooded with Indian plunder, and the multitude of prisoners was such that they were sold as slaves for two or three dirhams apiece.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/saunders.html (3955 words)

	Ghazni Summary
		Ghazna is the old name of the present town of Ghazni, situated 145 kilometers southwest of Kabul in east-central Afghanistan at an altitude of 2,220 meters.
		Under Mahmud of Ghazna (971–1030), it became the core of a vast empire, stretching from western Persia to the Indian subcontinent.
		Under the name Ghazna, it was the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruled by the Ghaznavid Sultans, after the fall of the Empire of the Nasher-Khans.
	www.bookrags.com /Ghazni (475 words)

	Geschichte der Roma und Sinti - Mahmoud von Ghazna und die Ghaznawiden
		Ghazna überfiel während seiner Amtszeit siebzehn Mal das Punjab Gebiet, auch Sind Region genannt.
		Mas’du von Ghazni, der Nachfolger Mahmouds, floh nach Ghazna und überließ Chorassahn den Seldschuken.
		Mahmoud von Ghazna unterwarf dieses Volk während seiner Regentschaft.
	www.romahistory.com /1-4.htm (1521 words)

	layout
		Mahmoud of Ghazna is one of the least well-known but at the same time most successful conquerors of human history.
		Mahmoud of Ghazna was famous as an experienced and courageous general in wartime, and as a wise and just ruler during times of peace.
		Due to a family feud between the Ghurides and the Ghaznadians, Ghazna is finally conquered and burnt down by the Ghurides in 1186.
	www.romahistory.com /en/1-4.htm (1401 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the middle of the 10th century a former Turkish slave named Alptegin seized Ghazna (Ghazni).
		His son was the great Mahmud of Ghazna, who came to the throne in 998.
		The hitherto obscure town of Ghazna became a splendid city, as did the second capital at Bust (Lashkar Gah).
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Dynasty.FirstMuslim.shtm (320 words)

	Mahmud Of Ghazni
		The young and ambitious Mahmud aspired to be a great monarch, and in more than 20 successful expeditions he amassed the wealth with which to lay the foundation of a vast empire that eventually included Kashmir, the Punjab, and a great part of Iran.
		Though an independent ruler, for political reasons he gave nominal allegiance to the 'Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, and the caliph, in return, recognized him as the legitimate ruler of the lands he occupied and encouraged him in his conquests.
		Mahmud's example was followed by his nobles and courtiers, and Ghazna soon was transformed into the most brilliant cultural centre in Central Asia.
	www.afghan-network.net /Rulers/mahmud-ghazni.html (589 words)

	Ghaznavids (962-1186 AD) -- DBA 115
		When the Samanid Emir Abu ol-Hasan died in 961 AD and Alptigin's candidate was rejected by the court ministers, he retired from Khurasan (northeastern Iran) to Ghazna, where he ruled as a largely independent sovereign, thus starting the Ghaznavid list in 962 AD.
		Alptigin's son-in-law Sebuktigin succeeded him in 977 AD and was recognized as governor of Ghazna by the Samanids.
		In his last Indian campaign in 1024 AD, Mahmud reached the southern coast of Kathiawar along the Arabian Sea, where he sacked the city of Somnath and destroyed its famous Hindu temple to Shiva (whose mystical idol was apparently levitated by magnetic forces).
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba115.html (1377 words)

	Mahmud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Fils d'un ancien esclave converti à l'Islam, sultan vassal de l'empire turc samanide, qui fonde une dynastie de sultans afghans, à Ghazna au sud de Kaboul.
		Jean-Pierre Langellier, Mahmud de Ghazna, Le Monde, 28 juillet 2000, p.
		En 1018, Mahmud ramène de Kanauj 53 000 captifs, qui feront s'effondrer les cours du marché aux esclaves de Ghazna.
	www.denistouret.net /textes/Mahmud.html (304 words)

	AllRefer.com - Mahmud of Ghazna (Central Asian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Mahmud's territorial gains lay mainly W and N of Afghanistan and in the Punjab.
		At Ghazna (see Ghazni), his capital, he built a magnificent mosque.
		His successors in the Ghaznavid dynasty, which Mahmud founded, ruled over a reduced domain with the capital at Lahore until 1186.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/MahmudGh.html (252 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		It was created and ruled by a highly Persianized family of mamluk Turkic origin.
		The dynasty was founded by Alp Tigin, a military general of the á¹¢ÄmÄnÄ« sultans, with the city Ghazna as its capital.
		Sultan Bahram Shah was the last Ghaznavid King ruling Ghazna, the first and main Ghaznavid capital.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Ghaznavid_Empire (969 words)

	E Romani Historija
		O Mahmoud de Ghazna si jekh anda e maj cira prindzarde ale sa kade vov sas jekh anda e sherutne kaj lile maj but phuvija ande manushikani historija.
		E Ghazna Dinastia, sas e sherutni katar o dujto maj bari Islamico Imperecija anda e lumiaki historija.
		O maj vazhno foro anda e imparacija Ghazna, savo sas vi o foro kaj o Ghazna arakhadilas, sas but prindzardo ande kodi vrama anda leske shukar gredini thaj bare khera thaj palaturi.
	www.romahistory.com /ro/1-4.htm (1468 words)

	Iranica.com - HELMAND RIVER
		Sultan Mas¿ud of Ghazna went pleasure-sailing on the Helmand near Bost in 428/1036 and was almost drowned in an accident (Bayhaqi, ed.
		The Turkish slave commander Sebüktigin, founder of the Ghaznavid line, extended down the river from Ghazna to Bost and Sistan during his reign (366-87/977-97).
		After the Ghurid sack of Ghazna in 544/1149 and then that of Bost, the upper reaches of the river passed under Ghurid control.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/v12f2/v12f2026c.html (778 words)

	Persian Literature in Translation - The Literary History of Persia, Volume 2: section 73
		The star of the House of Ghazna had long been on the wane, and the latter part of the period which now occupies The Houses of Ghúr and Ghazna.
		There was a dearth of bread in Ghazna, the bakers closed their shops, and the poor, in great distress, appealed to the King, who summoned the bakers before him and inquired as to the cause of this scarcity.
		Sulṭán Ibráhím of Ghazna died in A.D. 1099, and was succeeded by his son Mas'úd III, who died in A.D. and was followed in succession by his three sons, Shírzád (d.
	persian.packhum.org /persian/pf?file=90001012&ct=73 (1039 words)

	Mahmud Of Ghazna Biography (971–1030) Online Encyclopedia Article About Mahmud Of Ghazna Biography (971–1030)
		The son of Sebuktigin, a Turkish slave who became ruler of Ghazna (modern Afghanistan), he succeeded to the throne in 997.
		He invaded India 17 times between 1001 and 1026, and created an empire that included Punjab and much of Persia.
		A great patron of the arts, he made Ghazna a remarkable cultural centre.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /Cambridge/entries/083/Mahmud-of-Ghazna.html (119 words)

	Mansur biography
		Another kingdom which was rapidly rising in influence was the Ghaznavids whose capital was at Ghazna in Afganistan.
		Both Ali ibn Ma'mun and Abu'l Abbas Ma'mun were patrons of the sciences and supported a number of top scientists at their court.
		Mahmud was extending his influence over the region from his base in Ghazna and made a demand of Abu'l Abbas Ma'mun in 1014 to have his name inserted into the Friday prayers.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Mansur.html (1220 words)

	Ghazni. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Mahmud of Ghazna built a magnificent mosque, the Celestial Bride, there.
		The kings of Ghor sacked Ghazni in 1149 but later (1173) made it their secondary capital.
		The main city on the Kabul-Kandahar highway, it became a strategic military target during the Afghanistan War.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gh/Ghazni.html (228 words)

	Afghanistan
		The Samanid dynasty in 960 found itself torn between two military families, one of which was headed by the Turc general Alptigin, who had used his influence to conquer eastern territories and establish himself as a provincial governor at Ghazna (modern Ghazni in Afghanistan).
		When the Samanid Emir Abu ol-Hasan died in 961 and Alptigin's candidate was rejected by the court ministers, he retired from Khurasan (northeastern Iran) to Ghazna, where he ruled as a largely independent sovereign, thus starting the Ghaznavid dynasty in 962.
		He was only 27 when Mahmud of Ghazna took the title Emir in deference to the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad who legitimized his rule.
	www.salaam.co.uk /themeofthemonth/december01_index.php?l=1 (786 words)

	Hakim Sanai : Poems and Biography
		He was born in the province of Ghazna in southern Afghanistan in the middle of the 11th century and probably died around 1150.
		Sanai was originally a court poet who was engaged in writing praises for the Sultan of Ghazna.
		The story is told of how the Sultan decided to lead a military attack against neighboring India and Sanai, as a court poet, was summoned to join the expedition to record the Sultan's exploits.
	www.poetry-chaikhana.com /S/SanaiHakim/index.htm (534 words)

	Islamset - Islamic Civlization in Asia: Ghurids
		It is reported that whenever he was reminded of the necessity of having a son to preserve his rule, he used to say: I have thousands of sons i.e.
		On his death, Ghazna and Ghur disappeared and were replaced by Delhi as the Islamic capital for the Mamluk Sultans in India.
		Islam also liberated humans from worshipping anyone but Allah, because the worshipping of Man to beings is a cancellation to his mind and entity and a suspension of his potential, both material and moral.
	www.islamset.com /islam/civil/ghurids.html (379 words)

	Al-Biruni biography
		Another kingdom which was rapidly rising in influence was the Ghaznavids whose capital was at Ghazna in Afghanistan, a kingdom which was to play a major role in al-Biruni's life.
		This was a signal that he wanted an end to Ma'mun's rule and he was making a bid for the region to come under his control.
		On 17 September 1019 there was a lunar eclipse observed by al-Biruni from Ghazna and [Encyclopaedia Britannica.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /Biographies/Al-Biruni.html (3156 words)

	Ghaznawiden - Physik-Lexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Hauptstadt und Namensgeber der Dynastie war die Stadt Ghazna im heutigen Afghanistan.
		Nachdem sich verschiedene MilitÃ¤rfÃ¼hrer in Ghazna abgelÃ¶st hatten, gelang ihm (977 â“ 997) die BegrÃ¼ndung einer Dynastie die bis 1186 regieren konnte.
		Unter seinem Sohn Mahmud von Ghazna (Mahmud Yamin al-Dowla, reg.
	www.physik-lexikon.de /wiki/index.php?title=Ghaznawiden (562 words)

	History of geology--Biruni
		He was associated after 1018 with the court of Sultan Mahmud and later Sultan Mawdud in the city of Ghazna, Afghanistan, where he spent the remainder of his life.
		During this period, he participated in Mahmud's military campaigns in northern India and gathered materials used in his geographical and historical account of India.
		In 1018 (or 1017?), Mahmud (3rd sultan) brought him to Ghazna, where Biruni spent the rest of his life, except for military campaigns into northern India.
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/histgeol/biruni/biruni.htm (1103 words)

	albiruni
		In 1017, on the conquest of Khwarazm by the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud, al-Biruni was carried off to Ghazna almost as part of the booty.
		He carried this out in Khwarazm and in Ghazna, and he produced a new method of measurement by using a convenient mountain from which the horizon could be observed.
		However, he produced a result for the longitude of Ghazna east of Baghdad, setting out the theory behind this operation so that it was there for any later scholar to improve.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1000_1099/ghaznavids/albiruni/albiruni.html (797 words)

	The Khalaj West of the Oxus :: Khyber.ORG
		Transl, 294): when Ilak Khan took up a menacing attitude Mahmud arrived in Ghazna and summoned “the Khalaj Turks, ever on their horses, [6] manly son of swords” Equally, during the inroad of Qadir Khan to Tukharistan.
		The fact that the Khalaj were associated in Mahmud’s victories may account for their subsequent ambitions, Already under the weak Sultan Mas’ud, they became restive.
		This army defeated the petty king of Ghazna, Radhi al-Mulk, but when Jalaladin Khwarazim Shah arrived in Ghazna, Ighraq came to greet him.
	www.khyber.org /articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml (1318 words)

	Ghaznavid Empire information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It was created under the Turkic Khan Sebük Tigin with the city Ghazna (Ghazni) as capital, replacing the Samanids.
		Abu al-Hasan died in 961, but a court party instigated by men of the scribal class—civilian ministers as contrasted with Turkic generals—rejected Alp Tigin's candidate for the Samanid throne.
		The Simjurids enjoyed control of Khorasan south of the Oxus but were hard-pressed by a third great Iranian dynasty, the Buyids, and were unable to survive the collapse of the Samanids and the rise of the Ghaznavids.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Ghaznavid_Empire (747 words)

	Islamset-Islam - Turkish Ghaznawid State
		After his death, he was succeeded by his mamluk and son-in-law Nasser-El-Din Sabuktigin who fought in the name of Samanids in northern India; he captured Pest and Kasdar in 368 A.H. and defeated the armies of Jeebal, Raja of Lahore, on the Punjab border.
		He was succeeded by his son Mahmud of Ghazna (388-421 A.H. under whose rule the state reached the peak of its prosperity.
		He wrote" Al-Masoudi Canon" which he presented to Sultan Mawdoud Ibn Maserud; and his famous work called "Surviving News of Past Centuries" in Arabic in which he talked about ancient groups, sects and peoples with an account of their feasts, religious and national celebrations.
	www.islamset.com /islam/civil/ghazna.html (526 words)

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