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	Guelphs And Ghibellines - LoveToKnow 1911
		At the opening of the 13th century it was intensified by the fight for the German and imperial thrones between Philip, duke of Swabia, a son of Frederick I., and the Welf, Otto of Brunswick, afterwards the emperor Otto IV., a fight waged in Italy as well as in Germany.
		Guelph and Ghibelline were soon found representing local and family rather than papal and imperial interests; the names were taken with little or no regard for their original significance, and in the 15th century they began to die out of current politics.
		The feud of Guelph and Ghibelline penetrated within the walls of almost every city of northern Italy, and the contest between the parties, which practically makes the history of Florence during the 13th century, is specially noteworthy.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Guelphs_And_Ghibellines (737 words)

	GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the early 13th century, when the Welf Otto of Brunswick was involved in a contest for the imperial crown with Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, the struggle between the German factions moved to Italy.
		In the 14th century, after the emperors had ceased to be a major power in Italy, the contest degenerated into a struggle of local political factions availing themselves of the prestige of ancient names and traditional or hereditary prejudices.
		In 1334 Pope Benedict XII (1285–1342) forbade, under pain of the censures of the church, the further use of the Guelph and Ghibelline names, but they were sometimes applied to different factions as late as the 16th century.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=211082 (420 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Guelphs and Ghibellines
		The names "Guelph" and "Ghibelline" appear to have originated in Germany, in the rivalry between the house of Welf (Dukes of Bavaria) and the house of Hohenstaufen (Dukes of Swabia), whose ancestral castle was Waiblingen in Franconia.
		Ghibelline, partly from hostility to Florence, partly from the
		Ghibelline, and even fought furiously under those names, simply because their forbears had adhered to one or other of the factions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07056c.htm (2103 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines
		The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries.
		The Sieneses Ghibellines inflicted a noteworthy defeat to Florentine Guelphs at the battle of Montaperti (1260).
		In that period the stronghold of Italian Ghibellines was the city of ForlÃ¬, in Romagna.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DGhibelline%26type%3Den (1005 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines
		The names "Guelph" and "Ghibelline" appear to have originated in Germany, in the rivalry between the house of Welf (Dukes of Bavaria) and the house of Hohenstaufen (Dukes of Swabia), whose ancestral castle was Waiblingen in Franconia.
		The princes of the house of Hohenstaufen being the constant opponents of the papacy, "Guelph" and "Ghibelline" were taken to denote adherents of Church and Empire, respectively.
		Adherence to Ghibelline principles was still maintained by the republics of Pisa and Arezzo, the Della Scala family at Verona, and a few petty despots here and there in Romagna and elsewhere.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/g/guelphs_and_ghibellines.html (2014 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines
		In 1244 the Ghibelline nobles, who were in power, decided to broaden the social base of the government, so as to obtain the favor of the merchant middle class.
		When the Ghibellines resumed power and restored the old institutions they decreed the destruction of the palaces and towers and houses which the principal exponents of the Guelph party owned in the city and in the surroundings.
		The attempt failed, but the Ghibellines, fearing the power of the people, and deprived of imperial support, were forced to accept the services of Clement IV as peacemaker between the opposing factions.
	www.arca.net /db/storia/chp7.htm (2051 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Guelphs and Ghibellines, opposing political factions in Germany and in Italy during the later Middle Ages.
		Among the Ghibellines were Ezzelino da Romano, Castruccio Castracani, Della Scala of Verona, the Montefeltro family of Urbino, and the Visconti family of Milan (although Milan itself was Guelph).
		In Rome the Ghibellines were represented by the pope's enemies, notably the Colonna family, and by the republicans.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-guelphsn1.html (431 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries.
		The Sieneses Ghibellines inflicted a noteworthy defeat to Florentine Guelphs at the battle of Montaperti (1260).
		In that period the stronghold of Italian Ghibellines was the city of Forlì, in Romagna.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ghibellines (1062 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines
		The princes of the house of Hohenstaufen being the constant opponents of the papacy, "Guelph" and "Ghibelline" were taken to denote adherents of Church and Empire, respectively.
		Although in the north the Ghibelline supremacy was checked by the victory of the Marquis Azzo d'Este over Ezzelino at Cassano on the Adda (1259), in Tuscany even Florence was lost to the Guelph cause by the sanguinary battle of Montaperti (4 Sept., 1260), celebrated in Dante's poem.
		From the death of Frederick II (1250) to the election of Henry VII (1308), the imperial throne was regarded by the Italians as vacant.
	www.san-miniato.com /guelphs.htm (2132 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Giovanni Villani: Florentine Chronicle
		Villani says that the Ghibellines were expelled in 1258 because they "planned to break up the people of Florence." He refers to the government at the time, the so-called primo popolo or "first government of the people," which ruled Florence from 1250 to 1260.
		From that moment the Ghibellines could and did return to Florence with their families and were absolved from all banishment and condemnation.
		These Ghibellines also received their possessions back, but to insure the security of the land it was ordained that some of the greater Ghibellines should have to remain within certain boundaries.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/villani.html (7371 words)

	Florence
		A broken engagement between one of the Buondelmonti and a daughter of the house of Amidei, and the killing of the young man, were the causes of a fierce civil strife in 1215 an long after.
		In 1306 the Ghibellines were once more driven out, thanks to Corso Donati (Il Barone), who aimed at tyrannical power and was soon hated by rich and poor alike, Aided by his father-in-law, Uguccione della Faggiuola, leader of the Ghibellines in Romagna, he attempted to overthrow the Signoria, accusing it of corruption and venality.
		Castruccio, himself a Ghibelline, was a menace to the liberty of the Tuscan League, always Guelph in character.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/f/florence.html (6425 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Guelphs and Ghibellines
		The names originated in Germany during the rivalry between the, house of Welf (Bavaria) and the house of Hohenstaufen, whose ancestral castle was Waiblingen in Swabia.
		The popes fostered and favored the popular liberties and the growth of the communes, so that the Guelphs were in the main the republican party, while the Ghibellines represented the feudal lords of Teutonic descent.
		The cities of Italy were divided in their allegiance; Florence and Milan, for instance, being Guelph, while Siena and Pisa were Ghibelline.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd03763.htm (190 words)

	Guidon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The rivalry between these two families determined much of the history of Germany in the 12th century, and the names in question were employed at an early date in Italy, where the Ghibellines formed the party of the emperor Frederick I and the Guelphs formed the party opposed to him.
		In the next century the terms acquired a wider sense; the Ghibellines still formed the Imperialist party, but the term Guelph lost all trace of its original association with dynastic rivalries in Germany and became applied to the supporters of the papacy in its struggle against the empire.
		Ghibelline is a form of the place-name Waiblingen, an ancient possession of the lords Hohenstaufen, and not far from the castle of that name.
	www.aragon10.free-online.co.uk /dictionary/Guelphs.htm (229 words)

	Ghibellines Security Solutions
		Ghibellines staff will be trained and supervised by Pamco Int., a premier security company of the Czech Republic.
		Ghibellines Solutions aims at being a national leader in quality security initiatives for industrial houses, factories, business establishments, offices, residences, hotels and other vulnerable venues.
		Ghibellines investigative services provide the best of facilities for a wide continuum of requirements ranging from wireless sets and special rescue tools to pre-,post employment and matrimony back ground checks.
	www.ghibellines.com /profile.htm (649 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines
		Among the Ghibellines were Ezzelino da Romano, Castruccio Castracani, Della Scala of Verona, the Montefeltro family of Urbino, and the Visconti family of Milan (although Milan itself was Guelph).
		In Rome the Ghibellines were represented by the pope’s enemies, notably the Colonna family, and by the republicans.
		In Florence, after the Ghibellines had finally been expelled in the late 13th cent., the Guelphs soon divided into Blacks and Whites.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/G/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines.html (249 words)

	History of Florence - Chapter 9 - Niccolo Machiavelli - Read Print
		the Ghibellines to destroy Florence opposed by Farinata degli
		Ghibellines to Florence, and reduced the city entirely to the king's
		The Ghibellines having departed, the Florentines reorganized the
	www.readprint.com /chapter-7114/Niccolo-Machiavelli (2456 words)

	Guelphs and Ghibellines
		The Ghibellines, with the help of Frederick II (grandson of Frederick Barbarossa) won the first round and banished the Guelphs from the city (1249).
		With the Guelphs responsible for the loss, the Ghibellines resumed power, restored the old institutions, and decreed the destruction of the palaces and towers and houses which the principal exponents of the Guelph party owned in the city and in the surroundings.
		At the Ghibelline League convention of Empoli, it was resolved that Florence itself be razed to the ground.
	www.dantealighieri.net /cambridge/guelphs.html (1862 words)

	Dante's Inferno - Circle 6 - Canto 10
		As a Florentine leader of the ghibellines, Farinata was an enemy to the party of Dante's ancestors, the guelphs (before the ghibellines were defeated and the guelphs splintered into white and fl factions).
		Although Farinata's ghibellines twice defeated the guelphs (in 1248 and 1260), the guelphs both times succeeded in returning to power--unlike the ghibellines following their defeat in 1266.
		Derived from two warring royal houses in Germany (Waiblingen and Welf), the sides came to be distinguished by their adherence to the claims of the emperor (ghibellines) or the pope (guelph).
	danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu /circle6.html (1261 words)

	GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES - Online Information article about GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES
		term of Waiblingen, or Ghibelline, and the contest between these two parties was carried on with a ferocity unknown even to the inhabitants of See also:
		expulsion of the Ghibellines by Charles of Anjou in 1266, and on a smaller scale a similar story may be told of many other cities (see FLORENCE).
		Ghibellines drank out of smooth and Guelphs out of chased goblets.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /GRA_GUI/GUELPHS_AND_GHIBELLINES.html (1373 words)

	GradeSaver: ClassicNote: Biography of Dante Alighieri
		The Guelfs and the Ghibellines were the two major factions, and in fact that division was important in all of Italy and other countries as well.
		The Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor were political rivals for much of this time period, and in general the Guelfs were in favor of the Pope, while the Ghibellines supported Imperial power.
		By 1289 in the battle of Campaldino the Ghibellines largely disappeared from Florence.
	www.gradesaver.com /classicnotes/authors/about_dante_alighieri.html (624 words)

	Dante Alighieri - MSN Encarta
		Dante is known to have been in Bologna about 1285, and he may have studied at the university there.
		In 1289 he was with the Guelph army of Florence at the Battle of Campaldino, in which the Florentines triumphed decisively over the Ghibelline armies of Pisa and Arezzo.
		Eventually embracing the cause of the Ghibellines, he hoped for the unification of Europe under the reign of an enlightened emperor.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564824/Dante_Alighieri.html (947 words)

	Orvieto - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Twenty years later a treaty was signed with Pope Adriano IV, which increased papal influence in the city and gave way to the struggle between the Guelfs or papal faction and the Ghibellines or imperialist faction.
		In the meantime, the jurisdiction of the Comune was extended from Mount Amiata to Orbetello.
		The battles were rekindled, and the Filippeschi or Ghibellines were expelled in 1313.
	gram.eng.uci.edu /~alberto/orvieto/en_history.html (660 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Guelphs and Ghibellines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The names were used to designate the papal (Guelph) party and the imperial (Ghibelline) party during the long struggle between popes and emperors, and they were also used in connection with the rivalry of two
		They were hereditary enemies of the Orsini and Caetani families, generally siding with the Ghibellines, or antipapal faction, against the Guelph alliance (see Guelphs and Ghibellines).
		Its members were noted patrons of art and traditionally opposed the papacy in the struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/05481.html (557 words)

	The Battle at Montaperti
		But the Ghibellines of Sienna had a plan, a plan that was to epitomise the bitter warfare of the time.
		Dante (who was himself a Ghibelline) discovered the details of this act of treachery as he trawled the Florentine archives in the fourteenth century, and he reserved a place for the turncoat Bocca in the frozen wastes of the ninth circle of Hell.
		Incidentally, if the Ghibellines and the Guelphs seem unfamiliar to you, you may be familiar with yet another two members of these families, for whom the bitter faction-fighting was to spell doom for their ill-fated romance.
	www.brighton73.freeserve.co.uk /tomsplace/interests/medieval/montaperti.htm (882 words)

	CAVALCANTI, Guido
		During the civil war in Florence between the political parties known as the Guelphs and Ghibellines, Cavalcanti became the head of the Ghibellines.
		In 1266 the Ghibellines were exiled to Sarzana, in northwestern Italy; Cavalcanti contracted malaria there and died soon after his return to Florence.
		The author of many sonnets expressing idealistic love, Cavalcanti was the most important Florentine poet before Dante, his friend and admirer.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=205001 (153 words)

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