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	Giant Salvinia
		The floating leaves of giant salvinia are oblong (0.5 to 1.5 inches long) with a distinct midrib along which the leaf may fold forming a compressed chain-like appearance.
		In giant salvinia the leaf hairs have a single stalk that divides into four branches that reconnect at the tip, giving the hair a cage-like or egg-beater appearance.
		Giant salvinia has sporangia but are thought to reproduce only by fragmentation.
	aquaplant.tamu.edu /database/floating_plants/giant_salvinia.htm (288 words)

	Station Information - Giant salvinia
		Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta), is an aquatic fern, native to Brazil, but now an invasive weed in many parts of the world.
		The fern grows extremely quickly, capable of starting from small fragments and doubling in population size every few days, with the result that the surface of ponds, reservoirs, and lakes are covered by a floating mat up to 2 feet thick.
		A tiny weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae, is under study as a biocontrol.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/g/gi/giant_salvinia.html (116 words)

	Salvinia
		Giant salvinia can kill all other aquatic vegetation by growing so thick that it forms a mat and prevents the plants from receiving sunlight.
		Giant salvinia can be transported overland and introduced into other lakes by boat trailers, boat propellers, boat live wells and even the intakes of jet-skis.
		Giant salvinia leaves typically are one-half to 1 1/2 inches long, are oblong and float.
	www.txsaltwaterfishingguides.com /News/Articles/2004/Oct/Salvinia.htm (551 words)

	Giant salvinia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The fern Salvinia molesta floating on a pond surface
		Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) is an aquatic fern, native to Brazil.
		A tiny weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae, is currently being studied as a biocontrol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Giant_salvinia (128 words)

	Giant Salvinia Information
		Giant salvinia was first reported as established outside of cultivation in the United States in 1995 at a pond in southeastern South Carolina (Johnson 1995).
		Giant salvinia was first observed in Texas during 1997 at a schoolyard demonstration pond in Houston.
		Giant salvinia was found on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, in April 1999.
	www.ceris.purdue.edu /napis/pests/gs/facts/hist.html (1346 words)

	Louisiana Fisheries - Fact Sheets
		Solid mats of giant salvinia may also reduce or eliminate boating and fishing opportunities simply because boats are not able to penetrate the mats.
		Giant salvinia' s hairs split into four prongs that rejoin at the tips to form a structure that resembles an egg beater or cage.
		Because of giant salvinia's negative ecological effects, the difficulty of its eradication, and its explosive growth rate, the best control is to prevent its introduction, or at least attack the problem early before it gets out of control.
	www.seagrantfish.lsu.edu /resources/factsheets/giantsalvinia.htm (760 words)

	Salvinia molesta - Giant Water Fern - A Probem Aquatic Plant in the Western USA
		Salvinia molesta is a free-floating aquatic fern with irregularly branched stems and an absence of roots.
		Giant salvinia is considered to be one of the world’s worst aquatic pests.
		Salvinia molesta, Salvinia biloba, Salvinia herzogii, and Salvinia auriculata are taxonomically similar and are all expected to cause problems similar to those caused by Salvinia molesta.
	www.wapms.org /plants/salvinia.html (851 words)

	Kentucky Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Giant Salvinia is an aggressive colonizer of lakes, ponds, swamps, and slow-moving streams.
		If Giant Salvinia were to become established, millions of dollars in tourism and recreation would be lost to the state and private owners.
		In addition, Giant Salvinia was one of several focus plants in regular nursery inspections of aquatic plant nurseries and dealers.
	www.uky.edu /Ag/CAPS/currentsurvey/salvinia05.htm (632 words)

	IID Water Department
		Giant Salvinia is actually a floating fern that does not root into the substrate (like Hydrilla), and can double its size in as little as two and a half days.
		Salvinia, native to Brazil, was first found in the Palo Verde Irrigation system near Blythe in 1990 and has traveled downstream to infest the Colorado River and everything downstream (including national wildlife refuges and into Mexico).
		Giant Salvinia has been known to cover entire lakes and can double its size every week or so in warm weather.
	www.iid.com /Water_Index.php?pid=597 (278 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Giant Salvinia; Availability of an Environmental Assessment
		SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) is a free-floating aquatic fern, native to South America, with a tremendous growth rate and the potential to significantly affect water-reliant agricultural industries and recreation and the ecology of freshwater habitats throughout much of the United States.
		Because giant salvinia is a free-floating plant, it disperses by passive means (water currents and wind) and by ``hitchhiking.'' Animals may carry the plants over short distances, but humans can spread it widely on fishing gear and boating equipment.
		The salvinia weevil is native to Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2002/October/Day-31/i27684.htm (1088 words)

	Giant salvinia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) is an aquatic fern native to Brazil but now an weed in many parts of the world.
		The album "Giant Steps", title song in particular, represent the beginning of John Coltrane's high intensity soloing, based on scales rather than imbelishing the melody of the song.
		This is a terrific debut album for any band, although with hindsight it doesn't quite have the edge that Time to Burn (second Giant album) had.Quite often it smoulders instead of igniting, but on the other hand this may help the atmosphere of the album as...
	www.freeglossary.com /Giant_salvinia (464 words)

	Attack on Giant Salvinia
		Giant salvinia, or Salvinia molesta, is a bother to humans as well.
		By using color infrared film in the process, he found that both the healthy and the dense giant salvinia infestations could be distinguished from the other species.
		Giant salvinia is among the invasive species profiled in a comprehensive database maintained by the ARS National Agricultural Library.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/nov01/giant1101.htm (1398 words)

	giant salvinia: Salvinia molesta (Hydropteridales: Salviniaceae )
		Giant salvinia is an aquatic fern with floating leaves.
		Giant salvinia forms chains of leaves that run together to form thick mats.
		Giant salvinia is native to South America and was first introduced into America as an ornamental aquatic plant.
	www.invasive.org /browse/subject.cfm?sub=2785 (370 words)

	Salvinia molesta Mitchell (Giant Salvinia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Giant salvinia is a free floating aquatic fern.
		Giant salvinia can impact irrigation systems, navigable waters, fisheries, electric power production, and rice farming.
		Giant mats reduce light penetration and result in oxygen depletion.
	el.erdc.usace.army.mil /pmis/plants/html/salvinia.html (391 words)

	Invasive Species Initiative - Giant salvinia
		Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) can completely cover waterways preventing the passage of sunlight and oxygen that native plants, fish, insects and other species require.
		Since giant salvinia can double its numbers in as little as 2-10 days and cover the entire surface of a body of water, even extremely small fragments of the plant can rapidly alter our lakes and waterways, potentially making them unusable for future recreation.
		Giant salvinia produces so rapidly that large infestations in reservoirs and rivers are virtually impossible to eradicate by hand.
	www.nature.org /initiatives/invasivespecies/features/art8866.html (317 words)

	Tiny Weevil Beats Back Giant Salvinia
		Giant salvinia is notorious for its presence in slow-moving, quiet freshwater systems.
		Researchers at the ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, have shown it to be an extremely effective biocontrol agent for giant salvinia.
		By September 2003, giant salvinia covered just 1 percent of the water's surface at sites where weevils were released, but it covered 100 percent of the surface at the control sites.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/sep04/weevil0904.htm (864 words)

	IPANE - Catalog of Species Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Salvinia molesta is a free-floating aquatic fern that lacks roots.
		Salvinia molesta is on the Federal Noxious Weed List due to the economic and environmental threats it poses.
		Shoot morphology and organogenesis of the aquatic floating fern Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell, examined with the aid of laser scanning confocal microscopy.
	webapps.lib.uconn.edu /ipane/browsing.cfm?descriptionid=131 (736 words)

	FishingWorld.com - News Center
		Favorable winters and high water levels have contributed to the spread of Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) in Toledo Bend Reservoir, one of dozens of lakes affected by exotic aquatic water weeds statewide.
		The possibility of giant salvinia reaching neighboring Sam Rayburn Reservoir by this fall is extremely high, considering the number of boaters and anglers that utilize both reservoirs.
		The threat giant salvinia poses to Sam Rayburn is very real and should be of primary concern to anyone who utilizes this premier bass fishery.
	www.fishingworld.com /News/Read.php?ArtID=000013186 (710 words)

	Aquatic Weeds
		Salvinia molesta is a free floating aquatic fern that grows rapidly to cover the surface of lakes and streams.
		Giant salvinia reproduces efficiently by the spreading of plant fragments that easily break off when disturbed, and it is not known to reproduce by spores.
		Salvinia molesta is an aquatic weed, native to South America, which has recently been found in the Houston area in 1998.
	bc4weeds.tamu.edu /weeds/aquatic/giantsalvinia.html (266 words)

	Invasive Species - Giant salvinia
		Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) can completely cover waterways preventing the passage of sunlight and oxygen that native plants, fish, insects and other species require.
		Since giant salvinia can double its numbers in as little as 2-10 days and cover the entire surface of a body of water, even extremely small fragments of the plant can rapidly alter our lakes and waterways, potentially making them unusable for future recreation.
		Giant salvinia produces so rapidly that large infestations in reservoirs and rivers are virtually impossible to eradicate by hand.
	nature.org /initiatives/invasivespecies/features/art8866.html (302 words)

	Salvinia molesta Flyer
		Giant salvinia, Salvinia molesta, is an aquatic fern prohibited in the United States by Federal law.
		Currently invading sites in Texas and Louisiana, giant salvinia has the potential to infest aquatic habitats, wetlands and rice fields across the South.
		Giant salvinia grows rapidly to cover the surface of lakes and streams, spreading aggressively by vegetative fragments.
	www.sdafs.org /reservoir/news/releases/salvinia.htm (279 words)

	North Carolina - Giant Salvinia
		Giant Salvinia is on the list of worst pests by The Nature Conservancy's North Carolina coastal region.
		Much of the Salvinia escaping to the wild has come from water gardens, nurseries, mail order plant suppliers, and water gardeners who swap plants with their friends and neighbors.
		The leaves of the young plants are the size and shape of fingernails and tend to lie flat upon the water.
	nature.org /wherewework/northamerica/states/northcarolina/initiatives/art12744.html (313 words)

	Salvinia complex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Salvinia is often grown as an aquatic ornamental, but has escaped cultivation and become noxious in many regions worldwide.
		Salvinia molesta has escaped cultivation and is spreading in the Southern U.S., particularly Texas, and as far west as the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California.
		Prevention: Salvinia species have spread via contaminated aquatic plant stocks, by water craft transport between bodies of water, by moving water, and by sale and exchange of Salvinia plant material.
	www.cdfa.ca.gov /phpps/ipc/weedinfo/salvinia.htm (993 words)

	The Nature Conservancy in North Carolina - Giant Salvinia
		Giant Salvinia is on the list of worst pests by The Nature Conservancy's North Carolina coastal region.
		Much of the Salvinia escaping to the wild has come from water gardens, nurseries, mail order plant suppliers, and water gardeners who swap plants with their friends and neighbors.
		The leaves of the young plants are the size and shape of fingernails and tend to lie flat upon the water.
	www.nature.org /wherewework/northamerica/states/northcarolina/initiatives/art12744.html (322 words)

	Toledo Bend Guide - TPWD Has Plan To Help Control Giant Salvinia Infestation
		Giant salvinia is easily spread overland to new locations by boat trailers, propellers, or even the intakes of jet-skis.
		Although it may take as long as two years for reproducing populations of giant salvinia weevils to establish, results of these introductions may be apparent as early as spring of 2005.
		Possession or transport of giant salvinia is prohibited by State and Federal law.
	www.tb-guide.com /modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=144 (668 words)

	NTWGS - Illegal and Invasive Plants
		Giant duckweed is one of the largest of several types of duckweed.
		Giant Salvinia also differs from common salvinia, in having rows of cylindrical hairs on each leaf that are topped with 4 branches that arejoined at the tips to form a cage, giving the leaf a velvety appearance and allowing it to repel water.
		Salvinias are found in fertile, quiet-water areas in ponds and bayous.
	www.ntwgs.org /articles/illegalAquatics.html (2597 words)

	Identification
		Salvinia molesta is known for it’s of egg-shaped sporocarps that end in a slender point.
		Salvinia molesta, one of the world’s most noxious aquatic weeds, is notorious for dominating slow moving or quiet freshwaters (Mitchell et al 1980).
		Giant salvinia has the potential to alter aquatic ecosystems in several ways.
	salvinia.er.usgs.gov /html/identification.html (770 words)

	TPWD: News Release: Oct. 11, 2004: TPWD Has Plan To Help Control Giant Salvinia Infestation
		Giant salvinia is easily spread overland to new locations by boat trailers, propellers, or even the intakes of jet-skis.
		The possibility of giant salvinia reaching neighboring Sam Rayburn Reservoir by this fall is extremely high, considering the number of boaters and anglers that utilize both reservoirs.
		The threat giant salvinia poses to Sam Rayburn is very real and should be of primary concern to anyone who utilizes this premier bass fishery.
	www.tpwd.state.tx.us /newsmedia/releases/index.phtml?req=20041011c&print=true (793 words)

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