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Topic: Gilbert Vernam

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	Gilbert Vernam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gilbert Sandford Vernam (1890–7 February 1960) was a ATandT Bell Labs engineer who, in 1917, invented the stream cipher and later co-invented the one-time pad cipher.
		Vernam proposed a teletype cipher in which a previously-prepared key, kept on paper tape, is combined character by character with the plaintext message to produce the cyphertext.
		The combining function Vernam specified in U.S. Patent 1310719, issued July 22, 1919, is the XOR operation, applied to the individual impulses or bits used to encode the characters in the Baudot teletype code.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vernam_cipher (414 words)

	Gilbert Vernam: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gilbert Sandford Vernam (1890–7 February 1960) was a AT&T (AT&T: at&t (formerly an abbreviation for american telephone and telegraph) corporation is...
		Vernam did not use the term "XOR" in the patent, but he implemented that operation in relay (relay: Electrical device such that current flowing through it in one circuit can switch on and off a current in a second circuit) logic.
		In modern terminology, a Vernam cipher is a stream cipher (stream cipher: in cryptography, a stream cipher is a symmetric cipher in which the input digits...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/gilbert_vernam (651 words)

	One-time pad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vernam's system was a cipher that combined a message with a key read from paper tape.
		In its original form, Vernam's system was not unbreakable in the same way as the actual OTP — this came a little later when Joseph Mauborgne recognized that if the key tape were random, cryptanalytic difficulty would be increased.
		Because of this history, the term "Vernam cipher" is also sometimes used to describe any scheme where the plaintext is combined with the key symbol by symbol; that is, an additive stream cipher, even if it is not theoretically unbreakable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/One-time_pad (5404 words)

	WPI Journal - Advance Word
		Vernam suggested using a second tape with a set of random pulses - a private key, in cryptographic terms - that would be added to the pulses of the text to create an encrypted message.
		What Vernam accomplished was a method of coding and decoding messages automatically, in real time, which made cryptography, once a labor-intensive process that had to be done off-line, something that could be easily added to any communications system, from telephone calls, to radio transmissions, to e-mail messages flashed over the Internet.
		Vernam's invention made him one of the "household names" of cryptography, and his accomplishments are included in many books on the field, including David Kahn's 1996 book The Codebreakers.
	www.wpi.edu /News/Journal/Summer98/adv_word.html (851 words)

	Vernam Patent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Vernam created what came to be called "on-line encipherment" (because it was done directly on the open telegraph circuit) to distinguish it from the old, separate, off-line encipherment.
		In September of 1918, Vernam himself went down to Washington to file his patent application on Friday the 13th.
		Be it known that I, Gilbert S. Vernam, residing at Brooklyn, in the County of Kings and State of New York, have invented certain Improvements in Secret Signaling Systems, of which the following is a specification.
	cryptome.quintessenz.at /mirror/vernam-patent.htm (2996 words)

	php-deluxe.net - description One time pad
		Vernam s system was a cipher that combined a message with a key read from paper tape.
		In its original form, Vernam s system was not theoretically unbreakable — this came only later when Joseph Mauborgne recognized that the key tape needs to be completely random.
		Because of this, the term Vernam cipher is also sometimes used to describe any scheme where the plaintext is combined with the key symbol by symbol; that is, an additive stream cipher, even if it is not theoretically unbreakable.
	www.php-deluxe.net /encyclopedia,index.page,One-time-pad.htm (4278 words)

	Quantum Cryptography
		Gilbert S. Vernam (ATandT) and Major Joseph O. Mauborgne (US Army Signal Corps) were responsible for the Vernam cipher, its distinctive feature being that a key as long as the message is required for transmission and is never reused to send another message.
		Unfortunately, the Vernam cipher needs the sender and receiver to have agreed on a large number of random digits known only to each other, which would form the key.
		The Vernam cipher is, therefore, as secure as its key-distribution and key-storage.
	www.qmechanics.supanet.com /links.htm (1230 words)

	One-time pad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, the one-time pad (OTP), sometimes known as the Vernam cipher, is a theoretically unbreakable method of encryption where the plaintext is combined with a random "pad" the same length as the plaintext.
		The one-time pad was invented in 1917 and patented (US patent 1310719) just after World War I by Gilbert Vernam (of ATandT) and Joseph Mauborgne (USA, later chief of the US Army Signal Corps).
		The fundamental features of this cipher are that the sender and receiver each have a copy of an encryption key that is as long as the message to be encrypted, and which is discarded after it is used.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /One-time_pad (2589 words)

	Vernam Cipher
		As introduction to stream ciphers, and to demonstrate that a perfect cipher does exist, we describe the Vernam Cipher, also known as the one-time-pad.
		Gilbert Vernam invented and patented his cipher in 1917 while working at ATandT.
		Vernam proposed a bit-wise exclusive or of the message stream with a truely random zero-one stream which was shared by sender and receipient.
	www.cs.miami.edu /~burt/learning/Csc609.051/notes/02.html (786 words)

	One-time pad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The one-time pad is the most secure, and one of the simplest, of all ciphers.
		It was invented and patented just after World War I by Gilbert Vernam (of AT&T) and Joseph Mauborgne (USA, later chief of the Signal Corps).
		The fundamental features of this cipher are that the sender and receiver each have a copy of an encryption key, which is as long as the message to be encrypted, and each key is used for only one message and then discarded.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/o/on/one_time_pad.html (1155 words)

	Exploring 'Gilbert Vernam'.
		If you wish to search for the term gilbert vernam, exploring the Connected Earth website is likely to help you.
		The presentation is a uniquely multi-media one, allowing you to switch between accessible stories, more in-depth exploration, 3D pictures of artefacts, spoken or written material from people who - in the past - worked in the telecommunications industry, movie sequences, and ingenious animations providing easy-to-understand explanations of how technology works.
		Connected Earth is the place to further your study of the term gilbert vernam.
	www.connected-earth.com /content/gilbert_vernam.html (270 words)

	Quantum Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In contrast, the message can be completely and unconditionally hidden from the eavesdropper by cryptosystems such as the Vernam cipher, in which the key is as long as the message, is purely random and is used only once.
		If it were used as a key for the Vernam cipher, for example, it might prove very insecure if the most important part of the message happened to coincide with a part of the key the eavesdropper knew.
		Like the Vernam cipher, it requires that the sender and receiver possess beforehand a shared secret key, part of which is used up each tune a message is authenticated.
	dhushara.tripod.com /book/quantcos/aq/qcrypt.htm (6621 words)

	WPI About the University - Profiles in Innovation
		It was known that even when multiple messages were speeding through a wire in both directions, a savvy hacker with an oscilloscope could monitor the frequency changes and transcribe the messages.
		Vernam suggested using a second tape with a set of random pulses – a private key, in cryptographic terms – that could be added to the pulses of the text to create an encrypted message.
		Vernam's invention also led to another seminal achievement in cryptography – the one-time pad, known as the only unbreakable cryptosystem.
	www.wpi.edu /About/History/Profiles/crypto.html (254 words)

	Crittografia: Tutte le informazioni su Crittografia su Encyclopedia.it
		Nel 1918 Gilbert Vernam ha però perfezionato il metodo avendo l'idea di usare chiavi lunghe almeno quanto il messaggio, metodo che tra l'altro Claude Elwood Shannon, padre della Teoria dell'informazione, ha dimostrato come totalmente sicuro (ha anzi dimostrato che è l'unico metodo sicuro).
		Da un punto di vista teorico si, ma bisogna sottostare alle dure regole del cifrario di Vernam: chiave lunga quanto il messaggio e mai più riutilizzabile.
		Anche il cifrario trovato nel 1967 sul corpo di Che Guevara è una incarnazione del cifrario di Vernam.
	www.encyclopedia.it /c/cr/crittografia.html (340 words)

	[No title]
		THE VERNAM CIPHER We would like to do a computer simulation of the famous experiments of Freedman and Clauser, and Aspect (see BOOKS.TXT on this website for some books about these experiments), which confirm the violation of Bell's Inequalities in quantum mechanics.
		Such a simulation is very likely to make use of the idea of a natural Vernam cipher, noting particularly that the work of Charles Bennett on quantum cryptography shows that QM has a strong VC flavour anyway.
		Independently of the foregoing, it is time that everyone had a working knowledge of the Vernam cipher as a part of their general knowledge, so it will now be described.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/anima/vernam.txt (1250 words)

	LARGE-KEY ENCRYPTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1917 Gilbert S. Vernam has devised a mathematically unbreakable cipher -- the Vernam Cipher.
		While unbreakable, it was impractical with the technology of the day, having a requirement of using a very large key (information needed for encryption and decryption).
		AGS Encryptions Ltd. has developed such large key cipher that bridges the gap between the prevailing short key cryptography and the mathematically secure long-key cryptography.
	www.tryagain.com /infocomm/lrgekeye.htm (98 words)

	Gilbert Vernam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gilbert Sandford Vernam (1890 - 1960) was a ATandT Bell Labs engineer who in 1918 co-invented the one-time pad cipher.
		Vernam proposed a teletype cypher in which a previously-prepared key (kept on paper tape) is combined character by character with plaintext message to produce the cyphertext.
		To decypher the cyphertext the same would be again combined character by character the plaintext.
	www.freeglossary.com /Gilbert_Vernam (325 words)

	Virtual Bletchley Park
		The Lorenz engineers based their system on a method for enciphering teleprinter transmissions invented in 1918 in the USA by Gilbert Vernam.
		It was known as an additive cipher and worked by adding obscuring characters to the input plain language of the message to produce the cipher text to be transmitted to the intended recipient either by telephone land lines or by Radio.
		Gilbert Vernam had proposed that the obscuring characters should be pre- punched onto teleprinter paper tape in a completely random sequence and consumed one by one to be added to the message text.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /anoraks/lorenz/lorenz.htm (750 words)

	The Lorenz Cipher and how Bletchley Park broke it
		The Vernam system enciphered the message text by adding to it, character by character, a set of obscuring characters thus producing the enciphered characters which were transmitted to the intended recipient.
		The simplicity of Vernam's system lay in the fact that the obscuring characters were added in a rather special way (known as modulo-2 addition).
		Vernam proposed that the obscuring characters should be completely random and pre-punched on to paper tape to be consumed character by character in synchrony with the input message characters.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /lorenz/fish.htm (1614 words)

	The ACI Crypto VERNAM Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Historical note: Gilbert Sandford Vernam was an American cryptographer.
		In 1917, while working for ATT, he invented what is now known as the one-time pad, still the only provably secure cipher-apart from quantum cryptography schemes.
		Vernam got his idea from the French telegrapher Emile Baudot.
	www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr /~goubault/VERNAM.html (125 words)

	Lorenz Cipher Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Because this addition was bit by bit modulo 2, at the receiving end with the Lorenz machine set to the same start position, the same two characters were added again to the received characters revealing the original plain text.
		This scheme had been developed in America by Gilbert Vernam in 1926.
		Vernam used two tapes of random characters to generate the additional characters.
	www.cmb.ac.lk /temp/new_science/Computer/dscs/courses/Computer/Msc/DSandC/lorenz.htm (363 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Here is Some History Vernam The foundation for such ciphers was laid by an American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) engineer Gilbert Vernam, how, in 1917, was working in the telegraph section of the company and concentrating on newest development in telegraphy — the teletype(writer).
		Vernam suggested punching a tape of key characters and electromechanically adding its pulses to those of the plaintext, the "sum" to constitute the ciphertext.
		Here the Vernam apparatus subtracted out the key pulses, which were supplied by an identical keytape, and recreated the original plaintext pulses.
	www.nku.edu /~christensen/031mat494onetime.doc (2707 words)

	The only unbreakable cryptosystem known - the Vernam cipher
		However understanding the operation of the Vernam cipher is not demanding.
		In 1917 during the First World War the American scientist Gilbert Vernam was given the task of inventing an encryption method the Germans could not break by ATandT.
		The most critical feature of the Vernam cipher is the randomness of the pad sequence.
	www.pro-technix.com /information/crypto/pages/vernam_base.html (1744 words)

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