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Topic: Ginkgolide

In the News (Thu 24 Dec 09)

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	Use of ginkgolides to prevent reperfusion injury in organ transplantation - Patent 5002965
		The ginkgolide may be administered to the organ donor about 10 minutes to 12 hours prior to removal of the organ from the donor, preferably 10 minutes to 2 hours prior to removal of the organ from the organ donor.
		The ginkgolide may be administered in an amount of 1 to 20 mg/kg of body weight of the donor, preferably 2 to 10 mg/kg of body weight of the donor, most preferably about 5 mg/kg of body weight of the donor.
		The ginkgolide may be administered in an amount of 1 to 20 mg/kg body weight of the organ recipient, preferably 2 to 10 mg/kg body weight of the organ recipient, most preferably 5 mg/kg body weight of the organ recipient.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5002965.html (2879 words)

	Department of Chemistry - Faculty
		Ginkgolide B is the most potent platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist of the ginkgo extracts, with an IC of 0.6
		The complex molecular architecture of ginkgolide B which includes six rings, eleven stereogenic centers, ten oxygenated carbons, and four contiguous fully substituted carbons is a daunting challenge for chemical synthesis.
		The cyclobutane of 3 was fragmented to produce the propionate 4 that underwent an intramolecular aldol addition to establish the stereochemistry of the tertiary alcohol.
	www.chem.unc.edu /people/faculty/crimminsmt/mtcrecentres.html (779 words)

	Journal of Neuroinflammation \| Full text \| Ginkgolide B inhibits the neurotoxicity of prions or amyloid-beta1-42
		Ginkgolide B-treated SH-SY5Y cells are resistant to PAF or arachidonic acid: The survival of untreated cells, and cells treated with 1 μM ginkgolide B, subsequently incubated with different neurotoxins at the concentrations shown.
		Pre-treatment with ginkgolide B did not affect the survival of cells subsequently incubated with hydrogen peroxide or staurosporine, but did significantly increase cell survival in cultures exposed to PAF or arachidonic acid (Table 2).
		The ginkgolides inhibit the activity of PAF [23] that is produced in neurons via the remodeling pathway [13], and a recent study showed that PAF antagonists protect neurons against the toxicity of PrP or amyloid-β peptides [24].
	www.jneuroinflammation.com /content/1/1/4 (3931 words)

	Neuronal Injury Reviews: 2003
		In primary cultures of hippocampal neurons and astrocytes from neonatal rats, ginkgolide B (1 microM) and bilobalide (10 microM) protected the neurons against damage caused by glutamate (1 mM, 1 h) as evaluated by trypan blue staining.
		Ginkgolide B (10 microM), ginkgolide J (100 microM) and bilobalide (1 microM) reduced the apoptotic damage induced by serum deprivation (24h) or treatment with staurosporine (200 nM, 24h) in cultured chick embryonic neurons.
		Ginkgolide A failed to affect apoptotic damage neither in serum-deprived nor in staurosporine-treated neurons.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /neuronal_injury_reviews_2003.htm (14940 words)

	Journal of Neuroinflammation \| Abstract \| Ginkgolide B inhibits the neurotoxicity of prions or amyloid-beta1-42
		Ginkgolide B inhibits the neurotoxicity of prions or amyloid-beta1-42
		Ginkgolide B inhibits the neurotoxicity of prions or amyloid-β1-42
		Ginkgolide B inhibits the neurotoxicity of prions or amyloid-β
	www.jneuroinflammation.com /content/1/1/4/abstract (384 words)

	Three ginkgolide hydrates from Ginkgo biloba L.: ginkgolide A monohydrate, ginkgolide C sesquihydrate and ginkgolide J ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Three ginkgolide hydrates from Ginkgo biloba L.: ginkgolide A monohydrate, ginkgolide C sesquihydrate and ginkgolide J dihydrate, all determined at 120 K. Lutein-6 and Lutein-20
		Three ginkgolide hydrates from Ginkgo biloba L.: ginkgolide A monohydrate, ginkgolide C sesquihydrate and ginkgolide J dihydrate, all determined at 120 K. Zhao J, Muhammad I, Dunbar DC, Khan IA, Fischer NH, Fronczek FR.
		A refinement of the ginkgolide A monohydrate structure with Cu K alpha data has allowed the assignment of the absolute configuration of the series of compounds.
	www.tree.caltech.edu /~ung/ginkgo-biloba-research-abstract.122.html (720 words)

	Preparation of 7-substituted ginkgolide derivatives: potent platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ginkgolides are structurally unique constituents of Ginkgo biloba extracts and are known antagonists of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor.
		Ginkgolide C is 25-fold less potent than ginkgolide B as a PAF receptor antagonist, due to the presence of the 7beta-OH.
		Recently, we found that 7alpha-fluoro ginkgolide B was equipotent to ginkgolide B underlining the critical importance of the 7-position of ginkgolides for PAF receptor activity.
	www.tree.caltech.edu /~ung/ginkgo-biloba-research-abstract.13.html (817 words)

	Ginkgo biloba levopimaradiene synthase - Patent 6946283
		Ginkgolides were first isolated from the roots of the Ginkgo tree by Furukawa (1932) and later characterized by K. Nakanishi (1967) and Sakabe (1967); the elucidated structures were named Ginkgolides A, B, C, J, and M. In 1967, K. Okabe also established the presence of the ginkgolides in the leaves of the Ginkgo tree.
		Ginkgolides are biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl diphosphate, the universal diterpene precursor.
		In one embodiment of the present invention there is a method of producing ginkgolide in a cell, comprising the steps of obtaining a cell comprising an isolated and purified nucleic acid sequence encoding a levopimaradiene synthase; culturing said cell under conditions wherein the cell produces ginkgolide; and removing the ginkgolide from the culture of cells.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6946283.html (15227 words)

	Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
		It is mainly composed of terpene lactones (ginkgolide A and B) and flavone glycosides (eg quercetin and kaempferol).
		Although ginkgolide B treatment did not affect the pattern of PLB expression (6 or 30 kDa) between NG and HG cells, 0.5 µg/mL ginkgolide B significantly reduced monomer expression in NG cells and pentamer expression in HG cells.
		It may be speculated that ginkgolide B possesses therapeutic potential for cardiomyocyte dysfunction in diabetes, although caution must be urged with respect to its clinical value in the treatment of heart disease.
	www.chinaphar.com /1671-4083/27/536.htm (3135 words)

	Researchers at UNC-CH succeed in synthesizing ginkgo molecule
		"Ginkgolide B is isolated from the ginko tree, which Charles Darwin called a living fossil," said Dr. Michael T. Crimmins, professor of chemistry at UNC-CH.
		Ginkgolide B, which scientists call a platelet-activating factor antagonist, is the most active component of the extract in terms of helping treat asthma and other allergic responses, he said.
		Five or more ginkgolide-type molecules occur, but ginkgolide B also is one of the most complicated.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-06/UoNC-RaUs-100699.php (613 words)

	BioGinkgo from Pharmanex
		Ginkgolides are unique constituents found only in the ginkgo tree.
		Ginkgolides are potent platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists, and ginkgolide B is considered the most potent ginkgolide.
		Active components of each batch are stringently analyzed by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) to control the concentrations of flavonoid glycosides (as measured by the percentage of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin content), and terpene lactones (as measured by the percentage of ginkgolide A, B, C and bilobalide content).
	www.fightcholesterol.com /bioginkgo (1086 words)

	Ginkgo B
		All ginkgo formulas must have adequate levels of ginkgolide B in order to successfully increase cerebral blood flow*.
		Research has shown the active ingredients in ginkgo biloba to be a class of compounds known as ginkgolides.
		Of this class, ginkgolide B, referred to in many investigations as BN52021, is the most researched ginkolide and has shown to be the most therapeutic (1).*
	secure1.sc.netnation.com /~thehormo/ginkgob.htm (350 words)

	IngentaConnect Ginkgolide B induces apoptosis and developmental injury in mouse ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		IngentaConnect Ginkgolide B induces apoptosis and developmental injury in mouse...
		Ginkgolide B induces apoptosis and developmental injury in mouse embryonic stem cells and blastocysts
		We previously showed that ginkgolide treatment of mouse blastocysts induces apoptosis, decreases cell numbers, retards early post-implantation blastocyst development and increases early-stage blastocyst death.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/oup/humrep/2006/00000021/00000011/art02985 (272 words)

	AIM Activated Ginkgo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One of ginkgo's terpenoids - ginkgolide B - appears to interfere with platelet activating factor (PAF).
		ginkgolide B), and a 50:1 ratio (fifty pounds of ginkgo leaves for one pound of ginkgo extract).
		You are guaranteed the same percentages as the ginkgo used in clinical trials.
	www.aim4health.com /actgink.htm (1044 words)

	Ginkgo biloba
		When PAF is released, they cause; platelet aggregation, edema, PMN cell chemotaxis, contraction of smooth muscle, reduction of coronary circulation, hypertension, bronchoconstriction, increase permeability of cutaneous vessels, raised haematocrit, and secretion of lysosomal enzymes.
		Ginkgolide B blocks the binding of PAF to membrane receptors
		Terpenoids (bilobalide), Diterpenoids (ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J, ginkgolide M), Flavonoids: Flavones(luteolin, tricetin, 2-hydroxyluteolin), Biflavones (amentoflavone, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, sciadoptysin, 5-methoxybilobetin, bilobetin), Flavonols (caempherol, quercetin, isorhammetin), Flavone glycosides, Flavone acyl glycosides, Catechins, Steroids (sitosterol, sitosterol glucoside).
	www.friedli.com /herbs/maidenhair.html (499 words)

	NTP: Executive Summary Ginkgo
		Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and two ingredients, bilobalide and ginkgolide B, are presented to the CSWG as part of a review of botanicals being used as dietary supplements in the United States.
		Ginkgolide B and related diterpenes inhibit the binding of PAF to receptors on the cell surface of some human leukocytes.
		In Germany, GBE is licensed for the treatment of cerebral dysfunction, as supportive treatment for hearing loss due to cervical syndrome, and for peripheral arterial circulatory disturbances with intact circulatory reserve (intermittent claudication) (Kleijnen and Knipschild, 1992a).
	ntp.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=03DB2137-0101-B86C-31907EDD3363AA02 (2015 words)

	MultiChlor Brain Support Supplements help to keep you alert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ginkgo Biloba: An extract standardized to 24% flavonglycosides, 6% terpene lactones and 0.8% ginkgolide B. This ginkgo is manufactured by a phytopharmaceutical company under strict quality control standards without the use of harsh solvents.
		The ginkgolide B and other ginkgolide and bilobalide constituents are in perfect synergistic ratios.
		The ginkgolide B terpene is a powerful inhibitor of platelet-activating factor, (PAF can disrupt cerebral flow) therefore protecting cerebrovascular circulation.
	multichlor.com /brain.htm (756 words)

	MDidea Extracts Professional:Standardized Herbal Extracts Series:Ginkgo Biloba P.E.Ginkgo Biloba Leaf,flavone ...
		Ginkgolide B accounts for about 0.8% of the total extract, and bilobalide accounts for about 3% of the extract (Vasseur et al., 1994).
		Therapeutics and Pharmacology: The ginkgolides present in the leaf help alleviate the adverse effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in a number of tissues and organs because they competitively inhibit the binding of PAF to its membrane receptor.
		Ginkgo is thought to alleviate allergies by inhibiting the activity of eosinophils, an action attributed to Ginkgolide B. Its ability to reduce inflammation may make it valuable in the future for conditions such as autoimmune problems, multiple sclerosis and organ transplants.
	www.mdidea.com /products/herbextract/gbe/data.html (9081 words)

	In Vitro And In Silico Methods To Evaluate The Bioequivalence Of Ginkgo Biloba Products
		The dissolution profile and permeability of ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and bilobalide were determined using standard dissolution tests and caco-2 cells permeability tests.
		Factors affecting the absorption of the ginkgolide A, B and bilobalide were studied.
		The predicted plasma concentrations of a ginkgolide A and B solution for the reference product were nearly superimposable with the observed clinical values.
	www.aapspharmaceutica.com /search/abstract_view.asp?id=6328&ct=03Abstracts (374 words)

	The Total Synthesis of (±)-Ginkgolide B
		The complex architecture of ginkgolide B which includes six rings, eleven stereogenic centers, ten oxygenated carbons, and four contiguous fully substituted carbons is a daunting challenge for chemical synthesis.
		The synthesis of ginkgolide B was accomplished through a stereoselective intramolecular photocycloaddition of enone 5 to construct the congested core of the molecule.
		Acid-catalyzed rearrangement and epoxide opening were key transformations in the production of ginkgolide B from the pentacyclic intermediate.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/2000/122/i35/abs/ja001747s.html (179 words)

	Annex Nutrition :: Vitamins-Minerals :: GINKGO B 60mg 120 CAPS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Of the active compounds, Ginkgolide B has been shown to be the most potent and effective.
		MRM offers you the highest percentage of Ginkgolide B with an outstanding minimum of 3.0% for maximum benefits.
		Terpenes: (Ginkgolide A 4.5% Min.), (Ginkgolide B 3.0% Min.), (Bilobalide 2.8% Min.), (Ginkgolide C 1.4% Min.).
	www.annexnutrition.com /product.php?productid=7986 (291 words)

	Ginkgolide B stimulates signaling events in neutrophils and primes defense activities.
		Ginkgolide B stimulates signaling events in neutrophils and primes defense activities.
		Ginkgolide B (GKB) is a bioactive component of the standardized extract from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree (EGb 761), which is used in Chinese and in occidental medicine.
		GKB is known as a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist.
	ginkgobiloba.researchtoday.net /archive/2/8/27.htm (270 words)

	Ginko Biloba by VitaminShak.Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The extraction process is standardized at 24% ginkgoflavonglycosides (or heterosides) and a minimum of 6% terpene lactones, and is the richest source of the terpene Ginkgolides A & B, the most desirable fractions.
		Jarrow Formulas® Ginkgo Biloba 50:1 is standardized at 24% ginkgoflavonglycosides (or heterosides) and a minimum of 6% terpene lactones.
		(Ginkgolide A 1.3%), (Ginkgolide* B 1.0%), (Ginkgolide C 1.2%), (Bilobalide 2.7%).
	www.fortune3.com /~comp78124/Herbs_Alternative_Blends-Ginko_Biloba.html (715 words)

	Pharmanex Hong Kong - BioGinkgo
		Numerous scientific studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of ginkgolides, especially ginkgolide B, in blood circulation, and brain function enhancement.
		BioGinkgo 27/7 was shown to provide an average of 24% higher plasma concentrations of the active ingredients than the leading brand of GBE as measured by ginkgolide B activity.
		BioGinkgo 27/7 was also shown to have a faster onset and longer duration of action as measured by ginkgolide concentration in the plasma over a 12-hour period.
	www.nuskin.com /hongkong/pharmanex/bioginkgo.html (339 words)

	In vivo biodistribution of ginkgolide B, a constituent of Ginkgo biloba, visualized by MicroPET.
		In vivo biodistribution of ginkgolide B, a constituent of Ginkgo biloba, visualized by MicroPET.
		Ginkgo Biloba Research Today is a free monthly online journal that collates and summarizes the latest research about Ginkgo Biloba, including details on ginkgo biloba, herbal remedies, side effects, benefits.
		Full-text of this article is available online (may require subscription).
	ginkgobiloba.researchtoday.net /archive/2/7/38.htm (177 words)

	Distinct role of bilobalide and ginkgolide A in the modulation of rat CYP2B1 and CYP3A23 gene expression by Ginkgo ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Distinct role of bilobalide and ginkgolide A in the modulation of rat CYP2B1 and CYP3A23 gene expression by Ginkgo biloba extract in cultured hepatocytes -- Chang et al.
		Distinct role of bilobalide and ginkgolide A in the modulation of rat CYP2B1 and CYP3A23 gene expression by Ginkgo biloba extract in cultured hepatocytes
		ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J, kaempferol,
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/20/4/A263-c (314 words)

	details
		While some manufacturers provide 0.8%-1.0% ginkgolide B, this product has a minimum of 3.0% ginkgolide B. The Inside Scoop:
		Ginkgolide B has been shown to enhance cerebral blood flow* ?
		Take 1 tablet per day, in the morning or at bedtime, on a slightly empty stomach.
	www.vitamins2go.com /details/shop/MM-006 (192 words)

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