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	Giotto Information
		The spacecraft encountered Halley on March 13, 1986, at a distance of 0.89 AU from the sun and 0.98 AU from the Earth and an angle of 107 degrees from the comet-sun line.
		During the Giotto extended mission, the spacecraft successfully encountered Comet P/Grigg-Skjellerup on July 10, 1992.
		Giotto flew by the Earth on 1 July 1999 at a closest approach of about 219,000 km at approximately 02:40 UT (10:40 p.m.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /planetary/giotto.html (523 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Giotto mission
		Giotto was an unmanned space mission from the European Space Agency, intended to fly by and study the Comet Halley.
		Giotto also flew by the Comet Grigg-Skjellerup[?], which it approached to ca.
		Giotto di Bondone painted the star of Bethlehem[?] as the Halley comet.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/gi/Giotto_mission (92 words)

	Giotto
		Giotto is a dual spin configuration spacecraft with the main spacecraft structure spinning, and carrying all the subsystem equipment and the experiments, and the large paraboloid reflector of the high-gain antenna, the beam of which is inclined 44.3° with respect to the spacecraft's spin axis, kept pointing towards Earth.
		The ionopause was crossed on the inward-bound leg of the journey by Giotto at a distance of 4650 kilometers (2,890 miles), and during the outward bound leg at a distance of 3,940 kilometers (2,450 miles) from the nucleus.
		Giotto's payload had been switched on during the evening of 9 July, with eight of the original complement of 11 experiments still operable: namely the magnetometer, Johnstone plasma analyzer, energetic-particle analyzer, optical-probe experiment, Reme plasma analyzer, dust impact detection system, ion mass-spectrometer, and the radio-science experiment.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/giotto.htm (2337 words)

	Giotto Spacecraft Images Halley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The Giotto mission was designed to study Halley's Comet.
		The spacecraft encountered the comet on March 13, 1986, at a distance of 0.89 AU from the sun and 0.98 AU from the Earth and an angle of 107 degrees from the comet-sun line.
		Giotto's images showed the nucleus to be an irregular object, something like a potato, with dimensions 15 km long and up to 10 km wide.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/solar/giotto.html (233 words)

	Giotto
		Giotto was the first probe to fly through the coma of a comet and to image the core.
		The impact caused the spacecraft angular momentum vector to shift by 0.9 degrees, and the spacecraft performed a nutation around the new axis with a period of 16 s and an amplitude of 0.9 degrees; thus, the maximum deviation from the desired attitude was 1.8 degrees.
		During the Giotto extended mission, the spacecraft flew by the Earth on 2 July 1990 at a distance of 16,300 km at 10:01:18 UTC.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/giotto.htm (841 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Giotto overview
		Giotto made the closest comet fly-by to date by any spacecraft (about 200 kilometres from Comet Grigg-Skjellerup) and studied the interaction between the solar wind, the interplanetary magnetic field, and the comet itself.
		The most difficult problem to overcome was how to ensure that Giotto survived long enough to snap its close-up pictures of the nucleus when the spacecraft and the comet were heading towards each other at a combined speed of 245 000 kilometres per hour (equivalent to crossing the Atlantic Ocean in 11 minutes!).
		Images were transmitted as Giotto closed in to within a distance of 1372 kilometres, but the rate of dust impacts rose sharply as the spacecraft passed through a jet of material that streamed away from the nucleus.
	www.esa.int /science/giotto (1650 words)

	Spacecraft
		Giotto was launched by an Ariane-1 by ESA on July 2 1985, and approached within 540 km +/- 40 km of the nucleus of Comet Halley on March 13, 1986.
		Giotto was severely damaged by high-speed dust encounters during the flyby and was placed into hibernation shortly afterwards.
		Later in the mission, the Wind spacecraft will be inserted into a special halo orbit in the solar wind upstream from the Earth, at the unique distance which allows Wind to always remain between the Earth and the Sun (about 930,000 to 1,050,000 miles, or 1,500,000 to 1,690,000 kilometers, from the Earth).
	www.nineplanets.org /spacecraft.html (3254 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Comets: Past: Giotto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Giotto was also the first to pass within 200 km (124 miles) of a comet nucleus.
		Giotto was hammered by an average of 100 dust particles as second as it flew past comet Halley.
		Giotto was the first spacecraft to use Earth's gravity to assist it on its journey.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Giotto (210 words)

	Giotto Mission Information within the PSA
		The spacecraft encountered the comet on March 13, 1986, at a distance of 0.89 AU from the sun and 0.98 AU from the Earth and an angle of 107 degrees from the comet-sun line.
		The impact caused the spacecraft angular momentum vector to shift by 0.9 degrees, and the spacecraft performed a nutation around the new axis with a period of 16 s and an amplitude of 0.9 degrees; thus, the maximum deviation from the desired attitude was 1.8 degrees.
		During the Giotto extended mission, the spacecraft flew by the Earth on 2 July 1990 at a distance of 16,300 km at 10:01:18 UTC.
	www.rssd.esa.int /index.php?project=PSA&page=giotto_psa (1258 words)

	Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung
		Giotto spacecraft was the first interplanetary mission of the
		The mission was studied in the first half of 1980 and was approved in July 1980.
		The mission was named Giotto after the Italian painter, Giotto di Bondone, who depicted comet Halley as the 'Star of Bethlehem' in one of his frescoes in the Scrovegni chapel in Padua in 1304.
	www.mps.mpg.de /de/projekte/giotto (413 words)

	Life in the Universe > Solar System > Missions to Comets > The Giotto Mission to Comet Halley
		Giotto, the first mission to capture images of cometary nucleus was launched by ESA in 1985 and flew through the coma of Comet Halley in March 1986.
		Its name was a tribute to the first realistic painting of a comet, actually a fresco by the artist Giotto di Bondone made in 1301, and still visible on the wall of a chapel in Padova (Italy).
		Giotto flew on to encounter Comet Grigg-Skjellerup in July 1992, and approached its nucleus from an altitude of about 150 km.
	skolor.nacka.se /samskolan/eaae/liu/noflash/Giotto-06-03-01.html (223 words)

	PDS Host Profile
		In 1978, ESA was invited by NASA to plan a joint mission consisting of a comet Halley fly-by in November 1985 and a rendezvous with comet Tempel 2 in 1988.
		The angle (135.7 degrees) between the antenna beam and the spin axis of the spacecraft was determined by the geometry of the fly-by and was fixed during the mission design phase.
		Summary of Giotto experiments, as well as the Radio Science Experiment: HMC --- The Halley Multicolor Camera is a CCD narrow-angle camera used for imaging the inner coma and nucleus with high resolution (11m at a close approach of 500 km).
	starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov /pds/viewHostProfile.jsp?INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID=GIO (1458 words)

	Universe Today - Giotto Met Halley 20 Years Ago
		Giotto encountered Comet Halley about one day later, when it crossed the bow shock of the solar wind (the region where a shock wave is created as the supersonic solar particles slow to subsonic speed).
		When Giotto entered the densest part of the dusty coma, the camera began tracking the brightest object (the nucleus) in its field of view.
		Images were transmitted as Giotto closed in to within a distance of approximately 2000 kilometres, as the rate of dust impacts rose sharply and the spacecraft passed through a jet of material that streamed away from the nucleus.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/giotto_comet_halley.html (531 words)

	Universe Today - Following the Dust Trail
		Giotto's mission was obtain color photographs of the nucleus, determine the elemental and isotopic composition of volatile components in the cometary coma, study the parent molecules, and help us to understand the physical and chemical processes that occur in the cometary atmosphere and ionosphere.
		Giotto would be the first to investigate the macroscopic systems of plasma flows resulting from the cometary-solar wind interaction.
		As science suspected, the Giotto mission found the gas to be predominantly water, but it contained carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, various hydrocarbons, as well as a trace of iron and sodium.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/following_dust_trail.html (2595 words)

	Giotto
		The Giotto spacecraft was launched on July 2, 1985, on a mission to fly by Halley's comet and send back the first pictures of a comet's center.
		Giotto's encounter with Halley came on Mar. 13, 1986 at a distance of 596 km (370 miles).
		This was the closest approach of all six spacecrafts which visited the comet that year, including Sakigake and Suisei.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/space_missions/giotto.html&edu=elem (135 words)

	Missions to Comets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The mission proved the "dirt-snowball" theory, that comets are composed of mixed rock and ice.
		The mission ended in 1981 and is now in a heliocentric orbit that will bring it close to Earth in 2014.
		This mission was a direct result of the success of Sakigake.
	astronomyonline.org /SolarSystem/CometMissions.asp (394 words)

	Rosetta and Giotto Bridge The Generation Gap
		One of the main differences between the camera system on Giotto and the next generation instrument, OSIRIS, is that the earlier version had to take crisp images from a spacecraft that was continually spinning.
		On Rosetta and most other planetary missions, the camera is located on a three axis stabilised spacecraft that is very stable and can be easily aimed in the required direction.
		Unfortunately, Giotto obtained very limited coverage of Halley's nucleus due to the illumination conditions and the loss of the camera due to dust impacts just prior to closest approach.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/comet-00d.html (767 words)

	Journeys
		To plan a mission to a comet its orbit must be well known, which means that it must have returned at least a few times.
		Giotto was launched with Ariane 1 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana on July 2, 1985, and approached to within 596 km of Halley's nucleus on March 14, 1986 at a relative velocity of 68 km/sec.
		The Pathfinder project represented a cooperative effort involving the space agencies of Soviet Union (Intercosmos), USA (NASA), and Europe (ESA) for the benefit of the Giotto mission, the context of which was the stringent requirement for Giotto to fly past comet Halley at a distance of ~500 km on the sunward side.
	exobio.ucsd.edu /Space_Sciences/journeys.htm (744 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Q&A: Rosetta mission
		In 1992, Giotto became the first spacecraft to visit two comets when it passed within 200 km (124 miles) of Grigg-Skjellerup.
		It aims to blast a crater in a comet and analyse the debris.
		It was meant to rendezvous with at least two comets over the course of four years on a 48-million-km journey.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/2562439.stm (492 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Giotto
		Europe's first deep space mission, first close-up images of a comet nucleus including Comet Halley, first spacecraft to encounter two comets and first deep space mission to change orbit by returning to Earth for a gravity assist.
		ESA's first deep space mission, Giotto was designed to help solve the mysteries surrounding Comet Halley by passing as close as possible to the comet's nucleus, which it achieved on 13 March 1986.
		No-one expected the spacecraft to survive its battering from comet dust during this encounter, but although Giotto was damaged during the flyby, most of its instruments remained operational.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=15 (140 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: SMART-1
		SMART-1 was used to test solar electric propulsion and other deep-space technologies, while performing scientific observations of the Moon.
		Among other investigations, mission data will hopefull provide answers to questions on the origin of the Moon and search for ice in the craters at the Moon's south pole.
		The mission ended on 3 September 2006 when the spacecraft impacted the lunar surface in the Lacus Excellentiae region.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=10 (176 words)

	Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
		Giotto spacecraft and was the only remote sensing instrument on board which could look at the nucleus of comet Halley.
		Several of the other experiments on board Giotto were still functional and returned data on the plasma interaction between the solar wind and the comet.
		Rosetta mission to comet Wirtanen will attempt to land on the nucleus and analyse the surface in situ.
	www.mps.mpg.de /en/projekte/giotto/hmc (1346 words)

	Giotto, Die europäische Mission zum Kometen Halley
		Das Bild rechts zeigt das Innere des zylindrischen Körper Giotto's ohne den Sonnenzellenarray, der auf der Zylinderwand aufgebracht ist und in diesem Bild entfernt wurde.
		Da sich Giotto während des Vorbeifluges relativ von uns entfernte, wurde eine kleinere Frequenz empfangen als von Giotto gesendet wurde (Rotverschiebung).
		Während des Vorbeifluges von Giotto an Halley befand sich das interplanetare Magnetfeld in einem sehr stabilen Zustand und zeigte von der Sonne weg.
	www.uni-koeln.de /math-nat-fak/geomet/geo/forschung/giotto (1819 words)

	Comet dust brought back to Earth: Paving the way for Rosetta
		The NASA Stardust mission was launched over seven years ago and has travelled several thousand millions of kilometres in deep space, chasing Comet Wild 2.
		"Missions like Stardust provide not only valuable data by the first-ever study in terrestrial laboratories of particles ejected from a known comet and collected in the very close vicinity to it," said Gerhard Schwehm, ESA's Rosetta Project Scientist.
		The purpose of the instrument, derived from the design of an instrument flown on ESA's Giotto mission and the Russian Vega spacecraft to Comet Halley, is to intercept cometary dust for a real-time preliminary analysis of its chemical composition.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-01/esa-cdb011206.php (826 words)

	[No title]
		Giotto was the European Space Agency's first interplanetary mission, and was part of the international armada of spacecraft which made flybys of Comet P/Halley in 1986.
		Two Giotto pages are located at the NSSDC - an overview and a detailed page, containing more information about the mission and other instruments.
		An image of Giotto prior to launch may also be viewed.
	www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk /www_plasma/missions/giotto.php (877 words)

	The Science Programme
		All of these missions were selected in the traditional way, in that a Call for Ideas was issued, a number of proposals were received, and a competitive selection of the mission and payload was made using a procedure that has become more and more refined over time and involves successive peer reviews.
		Giotto, after its historic encounter with Comet Halley in March 1986, and the subsequent encounter with Comet Grigg-Skjellerup in July 1992, is now in hibernation mode in a solar orbit.
		The mission is named after the 'Rosetta Stone', an ancient Egyptian tablet of fl basalt bearing a tri-lingual inscription, the deciphering of which led to the understanding of hieroglyphics.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /br/br114/br114sci.htm (2899 words)

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