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	Giotto mission
		Giotto was an unmanned space mission from the European Space Agency, intended to fly by and study the Comet Halley.
		Giotto also flew by the Comet Grigg-Skjellerup[?], which it approached to ca.
		Giotto di Bondone painted the star of Bethlehem[?] as the Halley comet.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gi/Giotto_probe.html (87 words)

	Giotto - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Giotto
		Working in the early 14th century, Giotto was to influence the painting of his generation, and is considered to have had a profound effect on the artists of the Renaissance.
		Giotto was born in Vespignano, north of Florence, and was probably taught by Giovanni Cimabue.
		Giotto was long credited with the frescoes in the Upper Church of S Francesco in Assisi, painted between 1297 and about 1305, but these are now thought to be by other artists, despite their strong similarity to his known works.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Giotto (808 words)

	ESA - Science - Home - Giotto overview
		Giotto's launch on the last Ariane 1 from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) at 11:23:16 UT on 2 July 1985.
		The Giotto space probe, launched in 1985 on an Ariane 1 V14 launcher, brushed past the hidden nucleus of Halley's comet in 1986.
		Giotto is thus the first probe that has ever met two comets.
	www.esa.int /export/esaSC/120392_index_3_m.html (126 words)

	Encyclopedia: Giotto probe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Giotto was a European unmanned space mission from the European Space Agency, intended to fly by and study Halley's Comet.
		The spacecraft is derived from the GEOS research satellite built by British Aerospace, and modified with the addition of a dust shield as proposed by Fred Whipple and comprising a thin aluminium sheet separated by a space and a thicker Kevlar sheet.
		Giotto passed Halley succcessfully on 1986 March 14 at 600 km distance, and surprisingly survived despite being hit by a gram sized particle.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Giotto-probe (863 words)

	Giotto
		Giotto is a dual spin configuration spacecraft with the main spacecraft structure spinning, and carrying all the subsystem equipment and the experiments, and the large paraboloid reflector of the high-gain antenna, the beam of which is inclined 44.3° with respect to the spacecraft's spin axis, kept pointing towards Earth.
		The ionopause was crossed on the inward-bound leg of the journey by Giotto at a distance of 4650 kilometers (2,890 miles), and during the outward bound leg at a distance of 3,940 kilometers (2,450 miles) from the nucleus.
		The optical probe experiment gave the first indication of Giotto's entering the dust coma some 20,000 kilometers (12,400 miles) from the nucleus and from its data the first estimate for the encounter distance, 200 kilometers (124 miles), could be derived.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/giotto.htm (2328 words)

	Bristol Aero Collection
		Bristol were successful in their proposal to base the forthcoming GIOTTO probe, which was intended to intercept the comet Halley, on the proven design of their earlier GEOS satellites.
		GIOTTO was launched from an Ariane 5 rocket in July 1985, and Halleys Comet was intercepted on 13th March 1986, watched live on television by a huge, thrilled audience.
		Although the space vehicle had a thick dust shield, GIOTTO was hit by a large dust particle, which knocked the craft slightly off-course, and damaged some of the systems.
	www.bristolaero.i12.com /exspacecraft.htm (684 words)

	Giotto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		ESA space mission for the observation of Halley's comet was the Giotto mission
		Giotto, a psychometric test to measure personal integrity.
		The Giotto (floppy) is a Linux bootable floppy disk.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Giotto (121 words)

	Space Probes
		Lunar and planetary probes that land on their targets may be classified according to their landing method.
		The Ulysses space probe was launched in 1990 by the United States and the European Space Agency, an association of 14 European nations.
		The probe showed that the atmosphere of Mars was much thinner than expected, and the surface resembled that of the moon.
	www.abhisheksood.50megs.com /space_probes.htm (1680 words)

	Giotto probe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In 1990 Giotto was commanded to wake up and on July 2 flew by the Earth in order tosling shot to its next cometary encounter.
		Giotto also flew by the Comet Grigg-Skjellerup in 1992 July 10, which it approached to a distanceof ca.
		Although the one thatsent Giotto spinning was not measured, from its effects its mass has been estimated to lie between 0.1 and 1 gram.
	www.therfcc.org /RFCC/giotto-probe-238725.html (736 words)

	space probe
		Instruments carried by space probes include radiometers, magnetometers, and television cameras sensitive to infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light; there also may be special detectors for micrometeors, cosmic rays, gamma rays, and solar wind.
		A probe may be directed to orbit a planet, to soft-land instrument packages on a planetary surface, or to fly by as close as a few thousand miles from one or more planets.
		The particulars of trajectory and instrumentation of each space probe are tailored around the mission's scientific and technological objectives; the data provided by a single space probe may require months or even years of analysis.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0846140.html (650 words)

	Spacecraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The probe did return the first close-up images of the Venusian atmosphere in ultraviolet, revealing previously unseen details in the cloud cover, plus the fact that the entire cloud system circles the planet in four Earth days.
		Giotto was launched by an Ariane-1 by ESA on July 2 1985, and approached within 540 km +/- 40 km of the nucleus of Comet Halley on March 13, 1986.
		Giotto was severely damaged by high-speed dust encounters during the flyby and was placed into hibernation shortly afterwards.
	www.seds.org /nineplanets/nineplanets/spacecraft.html (3254 words)

	[No title]
		Rather than having the American spacecraft deliver the probe to the comet as in the earlier concept, the Europeans proposed that the capabilities of the small probe be increased by building an independent, self-sufficient spacecraft to be launched using the European Ariane rocket.
		The European mission to comet Halley was named Giotto after the Italian painter Giotto di Bondone who depicted comet Halley as the `Star of Bethlehem' in one of his frescoes in the Scrovegni chapel in Padua in 1304.
		The Giotto spacecraft is spin-stabilized with a despun, high-gain parabolic antenna inclined at 44.3 degrees to point at the Earth during the encounter.
	pdssbn.astro.umd.edu /data1/IHW/hal_1001/catalog/giomsn.cat (1628 words)

	Encyclopedia: Comet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Giotto probe found that Comet Halley's nucleus reflects approximately 4% of the light that falls on it, and Deep Space 1 discovered that Comet Borrelly's surface reflects only 2.4% to 3% of the light that falls on it; by comparison, asphalt reflects 7% of the light that falls on it.
		It was confirmed when an armada of spacecraft (including the European Space Agency's Giotto probe and the Soviet Union's Vega 1 and Vega 2) flew through the coma of Halley's comet in 1986 to photograph the nucleus and observed the jets of evaporating material.
		Illustration of the Deep Impact space probe after impactor separation (artists conception) Deep Impact is a NASA space probe designed to study the composition of the interior of the comet Tempel 1.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Comet (9487 words)

	AllRefer.com - space probe (Space Exploration) - Encyclopedia
		Unlike an artificial satellite, which is placed in more or less permanent orbit around the earth, a space probe is launched with enough energy to escape the gravitational field of the earth and navigate among the planets.
		The Japanese probes Sakigake and Suisei and the European Space Agency's (ESA) probe Giotto both rendezvoused with Halley's comet in 1986, and Giotto also came within 125 mi (200 km) of the nucleus of the comet Grigg-Skjellerup in 1992.
		The NEAR (for Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous)-Shoemaker probe returned data about the asteroid Mathilde as it flew by in 1997 and the asteroid Eros as it orbited it in 1999 and 2000 and then landed on its surface in 2001, returning unparalleled data about a minor planet.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/spacepro.html (876 words)

	Comet - Articles and Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It would be wrong to describe comets as asteroids surrounded by ice; the outer edges of a nebula's accretion disc are sufficiently cold that that forming bodies do not undergo the differentiation experienced by objects within the planetary orbits.
		It soon became the accepted comet model and was confirmed when an armada of spacecraft (including the European Space Agency's Giotto probe and the Soviet Union's Vega 1 and Vega 2) flew through the coma of Halley's comet in 1986 to photograph the nucleus and observed the jets of evaporating material.
		The American probe Deep Space 1 flew past the nucleus of Comet Borrelly on September 21 2001 and confirmed that the characteristics of Comet Halley are common in other comets as well.
	www.essentialresults.com /article/Comet (1183 words)

	Afghania Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The mission continues a long association between the European Space Agency (Esa) and comet exploration that was cemented when the Giotto probe obtained close-up images of Comet Halley's nucleus in 1986.
		The probe will study the comet's materials, which are thought to have remained relatively unchanged since the formation of the solar system.
		The probe should have launched a year ago but was grounded after another Ariane 5 vehicle exploded four minutes into a flight from Kourou.
	www.afghania.com /printarticle5050.html (547 words)

	News Archive: September 2001
		Giotto sent back a remarkable photo of Halley's nucleus in 1986, now DS1 has shown us detail on Borrelly that scientists could only have dreamed about.
		This little probe, with its innovative ion drive (which has run longer than any other spacecraft propulsion device in history), seems set to join Voyager, Viking, and Mars Global Surveyor, as one of the great success stories of unmanned spaceflight.
		The ESA Giotto probe suffered a terrible battering during its rendezvous with Halley's Comet in March 1985, including the loss of its camera.
	www.daviddarling.info /archive/2001/archiveSep01.html (630 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Space probe set for comet fly-by (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The probe was launched in 1998 to test experimental systems including an ion thruster and artificial intelligence software.
		The probe will fly to within 2000 kilometres of the comet's nucleus, passing through a 50,000 kilometre wide ball of gas and dust that surrounds the hard centre.
		To be successful, the probe will have to avoid, or survive, impact with particles travelling at over 16 kilometres a second.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn1324 (360 words)

	Giotto (ESA Halley probe)
		However, communications were re-established after the encounter and Giotto subsequently went on to an encounter with Comet 26P/Grigg-Skjellerup in 1992, sending back of data.
		The probe was named after the Italian painter, architect, and sculptor Giotto di Bondone (1266-1337) whose fresco, Adorazione dei Magi (Adoration of the Magi), painted sometime between 1304 and 1306, features an accurately represented comet above the Nativity stable.
		The fresco's realistic potrayal strongly suggests that it was based on the artist's first-hand observation of the comet during its appearance in the skies over Europe in Oct. 1301.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/G/Giotto.html (219 words)

	Universe Today - Following the Dust Trail
		Giotto's mission was obtain color photographs of the nucleus, determine the elemental and isotopic composition of volatile components in the cometary coma, study the parent molecules, and help us to understand the physical and chemical processes that occur in the cometary atmosphere and ionosphere.
		Giotto would be the first to investigate the macroscopic systems of plasma flows resulting from the cometary-solar wind interaction.
		As science suspected, the Giotto mission found the gas to be predominantly water, but it contained carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, various hydrocarbons, as well as a trace of iron and sodium.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/following_dust_trail.html?262005 (2684 words)

	The Sky over Berlin 7''05
		At July 2, 1985 the ESA probe Giotto was launched with an Ariane 1 rocket for its mission to a rendezvous with the comet P/Halley.
		Giotto was equipped to make color images of the cometary core, to analyze the chemical composition of the coma, to find out the physical and chemical reactions withi the cometary atmosphere and ionosphere, to measure the gas and dust production and more.
		The current NASA probe to a comet is STARDUST, which encountered the comet P/Wild 2 and January 2, 2004 and which was also able to take pictures from the comet.
	www.surveyor.in-berlin.de /himmel/sky.05.07.html (874 words)

	Articles - Comet Halley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Giotto space probe found the comet's surface to be rich in carbon.
		The artist Giotto di Bondone would have observed the comet in 1301 and his depiction of the Star of Bethlehem in the Nativity in the Arena Chapel cycle completed in 1305 is a candidate for an early depiction.
		Most spectacularly, the Giotto space probe, launched by the European Space Agency, made a close pass of the comet's nucleus.
	www.beadscenter.com /articles/Comet_Halley (1037 words)

	Probe's comet encounter yields close-ups: Science News Online, Sept. 29, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The probe passed within 2,200 kilometers of Comet Borrelly's frozen nucleus and through the comet's coma of dust and gas.
		The only other probe that's photographed a comet's nucleus is the European Space Agency's probe Giotto, which encountered Comet Halley in 1986.
		The probe completed its primary mission—testing its payload of a dozen experimental technologies, including an ion-propulsion engine—in September 1999.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20010929/fob2.asp (451 words)

	ASP: What Have We Learned About Halley's Comet?
		Photographs taken by the European Giotto probe — which passed closer than any of the other probes — showed that the comet's nucleus was about 15 kilometers long and 8 kilometers wide.
		Giotto's photographs, which are being computer processed to bring out evely possible detail, also show some craters on the nucleus and several features that look like Earth mesas.
		In a brilliant and subtle experiment, a group of astronomers making observations with the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (a converted jet aircraft with a 91-cm telescope on board) were able to estimate the temperature of the solid ice within the comet's core from the characteristics of the different types of ice molecules that eventually emerged.
	www.astrosociety.org /education/publications/tnl/06/06.html (1520 words)

	Giotto mission : Giotto probe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Giotto spacecraft illustration (NASA)larger versionGiotto was an unmanned space mission from the European Space Agency, intended to fly by and study the Comet Halley.
		All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
		We find no notice of her colony to try, in 1612, the planting and raising of tobacco.
	www.termsdefined.net /gi/giotto-probe.html (150 words)

	Imperial College - The RPC Members (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The prime scientific objective of the RPC instruments package is to study, in situ, the plasma and wave environment of a comet and its interaction with the dust and gas materials, from the onset of activity beyond 3.5 AU to magnificence at perihelion.
		One objective of the RPC is to describe and understand the local and temporal effects of the nucleus activity on the coma structure and dynamical behaviour.
		The probes can be held at a fixed bias potential to measure plasma density fluctuations from structures in the plasma, and by a time-of-flight analysis of the signals from the two probes the plasma flow velocity is determined.
	www.sp.ph.ic.ac.uk /Rosetta/members.html (976 words)

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