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| | AZOpera Umberto Giordano Biography |
 | | Andrea Chénier, Fedora, and Siberia also demonstrate many of the characteristics of works by the giovane scuola, or "young school, " which referred to a group of Italian opera composers born after 1850, including Catalani, Franchetti, Puccini, and Mascagni. |
 | | With its roots in verismo, the giovane scuolo strove for overt emotionalism in settings that combined local and historical color, such as the French Revolutionary songs in Andrea Chénier and the Russian rhythms and songs of Fedora. |
 | | New Groves Dictionary of Opera, Stanley Sadie, ed., "Andrea Chénier," "Fedora," "Giovane scuola," and "Umberto Giordano," all by Julian Budden / $39.95 |
| www.evermore.com /azo/c_bios/giordano.php3 (522 words) |
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