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Topic: Giovanni Batista Hodierna

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	Auckland Astronomical Society
		Hodierna's catalogue was the first to treat them as individual unusual objects, fixed amongst the stars, unlike the transient comets that they resembled.
		Hodierna separated these observations into three classes: the first called “Luminosae” which appeared as stars to the naked eye; the second “Nebulosae” which were nebulous to the naked eye but were transformed into stars with the telescope; thirdly, “Occultae” which remained unresolved in telescopes therefore strange and unknown.
		Hodierna made two woodcuts, the first depicting a naked eye appearance of this dazzling cluster and the second a telescopic one of 33 stars, the seven brightest plotted by latitude and longitude.
	www.astronomy.org.nz /aas/Journal/Mar2005/Giovanni.asp (1761 words)

	Giovanni Battista Hodierna (1597-1660)
		Giovanni Battista Hodierna was born on April 13, 1597 in Ragusa, Sicily as the son of Art Vita Dierna, who was either a mason or a shoemaker, according to different sources, and Serafina Rizo.
		Hodierna's contributions to astronomy, though interesting and remarkable in particular if one takes his isolated life into account, have been of at best little impact, because his publications had only little circulation and were hardly known outside Sicily.
		Hodierna thought there were profound differences between comets and nebulae: Because of the motion and changing appearance of comets, he thought them to be made up of a more terrestrial matter, while nebulae should be made up of stars, and thus "Lux Primogenita".
	www.obspm.fr /messier/xtra/Bios/hodierna.html (775 words)

	Hodierna's Deep Sky Observations
		Longly forgotten or neglected, Giovanni Batista Hodierna (1597-1660), astronomer at the court of the Duke of Montechiaro, compiled a catalog of some 40 entries, including at least 19 real and verifyable nebulous objects, found with a simple Galilean refractor of magnification 20, and printed in Palermo in 1654 (Hodierna 1654).
		Hodierna classified his objects according to what he thought they were resolvable into stars; he believed that all nebulous objects were actually cluster, which was a common view at that time, since Galilei had resolved the Milky Way, and e.g.
		Hodierna's observations include an independent rediscovery of the Andromeda Nebula (M31) and the Orion Nebula (M42), and at least 9 (probably 10) own true discoveries, as listed by Kenneth Glyn Jones: M6, M36, M37, M38, M41, M47, NGC 2362, NGC 6231, NGC 6530 (the cluster associated with the Lagoon Nebula M8) and (possibly) NGC 2451.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/similar/hodierna.html (506 words)

	M 36 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This is the first of three bright open clusters in the southern part of constellation Auriga, included in Messier's catalog (the other two are M37 and M38).
		All 3 have been first recorded by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654, as pointed out by Kenneth Glyn Jones; however these discoveries came to light as late as 1984, so that Le Gentil has independently rediscovered it.
		M36 is about 4,100 light years distant (only Kenneth Glyn Jones disagrees and has 3,700), so that its angular diameter of 12' corresponds to about 14 light years (Wallenquist gives an apparent diameter of 19', corresponding to over 20 light years).
	www.messiermarathon.com /new_page_42.htm (275 words)

	The first drawing of M42 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The first known drawing of the Orion Nebula, created by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654 from Palma di Montechiaro, Sicily (Hodierna 1654).
		The three stars shown within the nebula are probably Theta1, Theta2 A, and Theta2 B Orionis.
		(1985) have proposed, first because the stars depicted better match the location of those listed, and second because Hodierna's instruments could have hardly resolved the Trapezium, which he probably saw as one star, Theta1.
	www.seds.org /messier/more/m042_hodierna.html (132 words)

	Hodierna's Deep Sky Observations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		50 (August 1986)), Giovanni Batista Hodierna (1597-1660), astronomer at the court of the Duke of Montechiaro, compiled a catalog of some 40 entries, including 19 real nebulous objects, found with a simple Galilean refractor of magnification 20, and printed in Palermo in 1654.
		Thanks to Fredi De Maria of the ORSA, Palermo, Italy, Hodierna's book "De Admirandi Coeli Caracteribus", which contains his observations of nebulous objects, can now be found online.
		Hodierna was also the first who made a still preserved drawing of the Orion Nebula M42, where he resolved 3 of the Trapezium stars.
	astronomy.nju.edu.cn /astron/Messier/hodierna.html (404 words)

	M 42 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It was independently rediscovered in 1611 by the Jesuit astronomer J.-B. Cysatus (1588-1657) who compared it with a comet he had observed in the same year.
		The first known drawing of the Orion nebula was created by Giovanni Batista Hodierna.
		All these discoveries apparently got lost for some time, so that eventually Christian Huygens was longly credited for his independent rediscovery in 1656, e.g.
	www.messiermarathon.com /new_page_48.htm (683 words)

	M37 Globular Cluster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		From SEDS - Discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654.
		Although M37 is the brightest of the 3 open clusters in southern Auriga, this cluster was missed by Le Gentil when he rediscovered M36 and M38 in 1749, so that it was to Charles Messier to find this one independently on September 2, 1764.
		Generally unknown until 1984, all three clusters had been previously recorded by Hodierna before 1654.
	www.tpo.ca /M37.htm (251 words)

	Messier 37 - Medbib.com, the modern encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Open Cluster M37 (also known as Messier Object 37, Messier 37, M37, or NGC 2099) is the richest open cluster in the Auriga constellation.
		It was discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654.
		With an average telescope about 150 stars can be identified in it.
	www.medbib.com.cob-web.org:8888 /M37 (55 words)

	Universe Today - What's Up This Week - February 27 - March 5, 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Of historical interest, M47 was "discovered" three times: first by Giovanni Batista Hodierna in the mid-17th century, then by Charles Messier some 17 years later, and finally by William Herschel 14 years after that.
		How is it possible that such a bright and well-placed cluster needed "re-discovery?" Hodierna's book of observations didn't surface until 1984, and Messier gave the cluster's declination the wrong sign, making its identification an enigma to later observers - because no such cluster could be found where Messier said it was!
		As director of Milan Observatory in 1877, Schiaparelli first described fine, faint features on the surface of Mars as "canali." Perhaps one of Schiaparelli's most important contributions was making the connection between meteor streams and the comets that produced them.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/whatsup_feb27_2006.html?2622006 (2180 words)

	Messier 34 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		M34 is an open cluster in the constellation Perseus.
		It was discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna some time before 1660, and rediscovered by Messier in August 1764.
		It is a young cluster, with an age of around 200 million years.
	www.russellstreetobservatory.co.uk /messier/m34.html (80 words)

	CANOPUS 02/01 - Turn Left at Orion* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Upon closer inspection and depending on the seeing, you should be able to see that Tau in the centre of this jewel box is itself also a fine triple star!
		The discovery of NGC 2362 has also been accredited to William Herschel, but interestingly was first discovered by Hodierna in a catalogue published in 1654 (for more information - www.seds.org).
		Giovanni Batista Hodierna (1597-1660), astronomer at the court of the Duke of Montechiaro, compiled a catalogue of some 40 objects.
	www.aqua.co.za /assa_jhb/Canopus/Can2002/c021Orio.htm (930 words)

	Hodierna - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna ("Ancient and Modern Sweden"), a work of engravings collected by Erik Dahlberg in the middle of the 17th century.
		Hodierna of Scotland, daughter of David I of Scotland
		This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hodierna (95 words)

	Messier 41 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Open Cluster M41 (also known as Messier Object 41, Messier 41, M41, or NGC 2287) is an open cluster in the Canis Major constellation.
		It was discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654 and was perhaps known to Aristotle about 325 BC.
		M41 is lying about 4 degrees nearly exactly south of Sirius and contains about 100 stars.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Open_Cluster_M41 (154 words)

	M-Theory
		This was the first measurement of the proper motion of any galaxy, and amounts to tens of micro-arcseconds per year.
		The Triangulum Galaxy was probably discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654, who may have grouped it together with open cluster NGC 752.
		It was independently discovered by Charles Messier in 1764, who catalogued it as M33 on August 25.
	www.crystalinks.com /M-Theory.html (2362 words)

	Batista - Cuba Junky - Fulgencio Batista
		Here you can find all the information you need about Dave Batista.
		Giovanni Batista Piazetta [Italian Rococo Era Painter, ca.1683-1754] Guide to pictures of works by Giovanni Batista Piazetta in art museum sites and image
		[Image of Hodierna] Longly forgotten or neglected, Giovanni Batista Hodierna (1597-1660), astronomer at the court of the Duke of Montechiaro,
	listidea.com /?q=batista (213 words)

	M37 - Open Cluster in Auriga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Click on the image below to view at higher resolution.
		M37 Discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654.
		M37 is a dense open cluster located approximately 4,400 light years from the Earth in the constellation Auriga.
	www.waid-observatory.com /m037-2006-03-25.html (137 words)

	Section Three - Clues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The star cluster is four degrees directly south of our constellations brightest star.
		Giovanni Batista Hodierna officially discovered the brightest star of the constellation before 1654.
		However it is thought that Aristotle discovered it about 325 BC.
	education.otago.ac.nz /nzlnet/celestial_trek/section3clues.html (2551 words)

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