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Topic: Giovanni Sforza

	The Borgias
		Lucrezia, informed by her brother Cesare that Giovanni was to be murdered, warned her husband, and he fled Rome.
		Giovanni Sforza gave sworn testimony to this fact, and the divorce was pronounced "final."
		Giovanni was passed from guardian to guardian, eventually ending up with Lucrezia in Ferrara as "her half brother." The unfortunate Giovanni never inherited his titles, and, after a lifetime of serving as a minor functionary in the courts of the Vatican and France, died relatively unknown in 1548.
	www.crimelibrary.com /serial_killers/history/borgias/4.html (1966 words)

	House of Sforza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sforza was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan.
		The dynasty was founded by Muzio Attendolo, called Sforza ("Strong") (Cotignola, 1369 - near Pescara, 1424) a condottiere from the Romagna serving the Angevin kings of Naples.
		His son Francesco Sforza ruled Milan for the first half of the Renaissance era, acquiring the title of Duke of Milan from the extinct Visconti family in 1447.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sforza (337 words)

	Lucrezia Borgia
		But Giovanni continued to refuse and even widely accused Lucrezia of incest with her father and two brothers after his family suggested that he prove his 'manhood' by sleeping with Lucrezia in front of the Borgias and the Sforzas.
		Giovanni was stubborn and with their eye on the papal monies, the Sforza family threatened Giovanni with the withdrawal of their protection of him if he did not agree to a divorce.
		Giovanni was passed from household to household, eventually ending up with Lucrezia and her third husband in Ferrarra.
	royalwomen.tripod.com /id30.html (2200 words)

	Lucrezia Borgia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lucrezia was married to Giovanni Sforza (Lord of Pesaro), Alfonso V of Aragon (Duke of Bisceglie), and Alphonso d'Este (Prince of Ferrara).
		Before long, the Borgia family no longer needed the Sforzas, and the presence of Giovanni Sforza in the papal court was superfluous.
		The child, named Giovanni Borgia but who is known to historians as the Roman Infante, was born in secret before Lucrezia's marriage to the 17-year-old Alfonso V of Aragon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia (1669 words)

	S - T (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		(Florence 1537- Rome 1602), nephew of Giovanni and Bernardo Slaviati, pope's ambassador, cardinal (1583), legate in Bologna (1585).
		(Florence 1490-Ravenna 1553) His uncle Leo X elected Giovanni a cardinal in 1517; he was legate in France and in 1526 signed the Holy Lega with Francis I and in 1529 conducted difficult negotiation of peace between the pope Clement VII and emperor Charles V; he was elected bishop of Albano in 1543.
		Sforza, Francesco II (1492/1495-1535), duke of Milan in 1521-1524, 1525-1526, 1529-1535; prince of Pavia in 1530
	www.italycyberguide.com /History/factspersons/s.htm (1128 words)

	Histories/ Lucrezia Borgia
		Giovanni Sforza was pressed on all sides to grant the divorce but it could only be achieved by his signing a paper attesting to his impotence.
		Giovanni was a man filled with bitterness and damaged pride, and he struck back with an awful accusation that would haunt the Borgias forever.
		When news of the divorce proceedings instigated by Pope Alexander VI against Giovanni Sforza were made known to Lucrezia she fled to the convent of San Sisto in Rome.
	www.dragonrest.net /histories/lucrezia.html (5076 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Sforza @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		SFORZA [Sforza], Italian family that ruled the duchy of Milan from 1450 to 1535.
		Francesco was succeeded by his eldest son, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 1444-76, a highly educated but dissolute and cruel man; he was a patron of the arts and employed the architect Bramante.
		Galeazzo's daughter Bianca Maria married Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and his illegitimate daughter Caterina Sforza, 1463?-1509, became the wife of Gerolamo Riario, lord of the cities of Imola and Forlì and a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:Sforza&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (652 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections - XV Century
		Giovanni Battista Orsini and, to a lesser extent, Giovanni Conti, would have been vehement in their opposition to the candidature of either Colonna or Savelli for dynastic reasons, just as Giuliano would have opposed either for personal reasons.
		Sforza was interested in the acquisition of power, certainly, but his interest was actuated mainly by his desire to insure the continued power and influence of his family in Milan.
		Giovanni de' Medici had no need to accept a bribe, since he had been surrounded by wealth and power from the moment of his birth, and, moreover, Borgia was not high among the cardinals favored by the Florentine government.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/election-alexandervi.htm (21695 words)

	Lucrezia Borgia, infamous murderess or political pawn?
		Unfortunately for Sforza, Rodrigo and Cesare Borgia decided they’d sold Lucrezia in haste, that she could be better utilised to gain them entrance into the powerful house of Aragon.
		Sforza was outraged and humiliated, maintained the Borgias were liars, and swore revenge against their house.
		Sforza was forced to sign a confession of impotence, left Rome and eventually annulled his marriage.
	mo.essortment.com /lucreziaborgia_rldl.htm (1058 words)

	Sforza. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		His illegitimate son, Francesco I Sforza (see separate article), became duke of Milan in 1450 through his marriage to Bianca Maria Visconti, daughter of the last Visconti duke of Milan.
		Francesco was succeeded by his eldest son, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 1444–76, a highly educated but dissolute and cruel man; he was a patron of the arts and employed the architect Bramante.
		Galeazzo’s daughter Bianca Maria married Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and his illegitimate daughter Caterina Sforza, 1463?–1509, became the wife of Gerolamo Riario, lord of the cities of Imola and Forlì and a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sf/Sforza.html (646 words)

	Laura Malinverni - scrittrice e poetessa - Il ramo di biancospino, Una storia del Quattrocento, Il sole e la luna in ...
		Non per questo i rapporti tra la famiglia Marliani e gli Sforza si incrinarono: anzi, con il passare degli anni, si rinsaldarono e Ludovico il Moro nel 1497, rimasto vedovo, donò a Lucia un palazzo con giardino a Cusago che in precedenza era stato di sua moglie Beatrice.
		Caterina ebbe otto figli: sei dal Riario (Ottaviano, Cesare, Bianca, Giovanni Livio, Galeazzo, Francesco), uno da Jacopo Feo, che sposò in segreto (Bernardino) e uno da Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de'Medici, cugino del Magnifico, che sposò in terze nozze.
		Bianca Maria Sforza nacque a Pavia il 5 aprile del 1472, secondogenita del duca di Milano Galeazzo Maria Sforza e di Bona di Savoia.
	www.lauramalinverni.net (4336 words)

	CESARE BORGIA - LoveToKnow Article on CESARE BORGIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		He soon began to give proofs of the violence for which he afterwards became notorious; when in 1497 his brother Giovanni, duke of Gandia, was murdered, the deed was attributed, in all probability with reason, to Cesare.
		It was suggested that the motive of the murder was the brothers rivalry in the affection of Donna Sancha, wife of Giuffr, the popes youngest son, while there were yet darker hints at incestuous relations of Cesare and the duke with their sister Lucrezia.
		The Sforzas having expelled the French from Milan, Cesare returned to Rome in February, his schemes checked for the moment; his father rewarded him for his successes by making him gonfaloniere of the church and conferring many honors on him; he remained in Rome and took part in bull fights and other carnival festivities.
	22.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BO/BORGIA_CESARE.htm (1842 words)

	[No title]
		Giovanni Maria, too, is famed for his dogs, which were no longer, however, used for hunting but for tearing human bodies.
		A man of the same class was Giovanni II Bentivoglio of Bologna (1463-1508), whose policy was determined by that of the Este and the Sforza.
		His son-in-law and successor, the fortunate Condottiere Francesco Sforza (1450- 1466), was perhaps of all the Italians of the fifteenth century the man most after the heart of his age.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext00/corii10.txt (17962 words)

	[No title]
		Another contributing factor may be that Sforza, the firstborn in his family, is employer to his six brothers, his father and his wife.
		Sforza is currently conducting an aggressive search to find an agent, who will in turn, hire a sales force for the United States.
		Sforza — who began his upholstery career as a leather cutter at Natuzzi — remains undaunted by the prospect of the United States and well aware of other's missteps.
	www.furnituretoday.com /index.asp?layout=articlePrint&articleID=CA281604 (329 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Lucrezia was far from the lurid and shameless courtesan she was reputed to be, but she was a gay and pleasure-loving girl who enjoyed presiding over the court of the Renaissance Papacy a good deal more than being married to a middle-aged soldier and being hostess in an unimportant social backwater.
		Giovanni denied non-consummation of their marriage as he wanted to protect the dowry of 31,000 ducats.
		However, Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, wanted to retain his good relations with the pope and threatened to withdraw his protection from Pesaro; and so Lucretia was free, by which time she was one of the official hostesses of Vatican society.
	worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/kent/lucreziaborgiabio.html (1184 words)

	eros noir - femme fatale - lucrezia borgia
		But at the ripe old age of 13, Rodrigo handed her over to be married to a Spanish nobleman named Giovanni Sforza, the Count of Pesare.
		And while Giovanni openly cursed and hated the Borgias for branding him impotent, he was one of the lucky ones that got awayalive.
		When this got out, Rodrigo Borgia announced that the baby, Giovanni, was the result of a liaison between Cesare and "one of his mistresses." This only further fanned the flames of the rumors that Lucrezia had indeed had regular incestuous relations with her father and brother.
	www.eros-noir.com /articles/031103-lucreziaborgia.htm (753 words)

	3 THE ROMAN BARONS
		But his cousin, Giovanni Sforza, Tyrant of Pesaro-the husband of Lucrezia Borgia-continued in the pontifical army at the head of a condotta of 600 lances.
		In addition to being Duke of Gandia, Giovanni Borgia was already Duke of Sessa and Prince of Teano, which further dignities had been conferred upon him on the occasion of his brother Giuffredo’s marriage to Donna Sancia.
		The inference to be drawn from this is that Giovanni had been given to choose in the matter of a divorce, and that he had refused to be a party to it, whence it was resolved to remove him in a still more effective manner.
	books.rakeshv.org /html/lcbga10/lcbga10ch8.html (2246 words)

	Borgias (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Sforza's early support had made him Alexander's most trusted senior advisor, and it was Sforza who appears to have convinced Alexander to use both Cesare and Lucrezia closer to home in Italy.
		In 1493 to cement a military alliance with Milan and Venice, where the Sforzas were powerful, Alexander married Lucrezia, age 13, to Ascanio's cousin, Giovanni Sforza, the Lord of Pesaro.
		Meanwhile, amid great scandal, Lucrezia's marriage to Giovanni Sforza was annulled on the grounds of Sforza's impotence, and she was quickly given as wife to Alfonso Biseglia, an acknowledged illegitimate son of Alfonso II of Naples.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VBorgias.html (3854 words)

	The Romagna campaign of 1494
		Certainly when in late August 1494 the duke of Calabria appealed to Caterina Sforza, he claimed the intention of his army was to restore her half-brother, Giangaleazzo, as ruler of the duchy of Milan.
		He informed her that the king of France was coming to dispossess King Alfonso of the kingdom of Naples by military means, and he sought her assurance that she would allow passage to the French and allied army, through the territories she controlled and sell it provisions.
		Historians of late have tended to put emphasis on the procrastinations and vacillations of both Caterina Sforza and Giovanni Bentivoglio, judging these individuals as the prime cause of the Neapolitan army's failure in the Romagna campaign.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/clough.htm (9239 words)

	Lucrezia Borgia, by Sarah Bradford
		She was married at the age of 13 to Giovanni Sforza, a minor, illegitimate prince and relative of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, to whom Alexander VI was indebted for his simonial election.
		Her first marriage, to the Count of Pesaro, a minor member of the great Sforza family, was made and unmade as a result of the papacy’s diplomatic needs; it was Lightly annulled, for alleged non-consummation, once Giovanni Sforza was no longer useful.
		Eager to defend his sexual prowess, the spurned Sforza was the man responsible for starting the Borgia incest rumors; he insisted that the real motive behind the divorce was the lusty pontiff's desire to keep Lucrezia all to himself.
	www.arlindo-correia.com /100305.html (8123 words)

	MUSL 242: The Musical Court of Lucrezia Borgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This new alliance with the Sforza family of Milan was intended to stand against the Argonese family in Naples.
		When the Sforza family lost its power in the war with France, Alexander VI began looking for another, more profittable alliance with another Italian family.
		Sforza recognised this fact and fled from his brothers-in-law.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /htdocs/Blair/Courses/MUSL242/f98/borgia.htm (1002 words)

	il Castello Estense di Ferrara
		Nel 1497 il Papa, alleatosi con il re di Napoli, nemico degli Sforza, scioglieva il secondo matrimonio della figlia sedicenne per darla in sposa al diciottenne Alfonso d'Aragona, figlio naturale del re Alfonso II: da questa unione nacque un figlio, Rodrigo.
		Un accorta politica matrimoniale tessé importanti alleanze per la corte estense: Alfonso sposò prima Anna Sforza poi, rimasto vedovo, Lucrezia Borgia figlia di papa Alessandro VI, Isabella andò sposa a Francesco Gonzaga marchese di Mantova e Beatrice andò in moglie a Ludovico Sforza detto il Moro.
		Così sono giunti dalla Toscana i miniatori Giovanni Falconi e Jacopino da Arezzo e hanno soggiornato a Ferrara artisti quali Pisanello e Brunelleschi che è intervenuto con un suo parere per la costruzione del palazzo di Belriguardo destinato a divenire la Versailles degli Estensi.
	www.castelloestense.it /ita/castello/storia/personaggi.html (5033 words)

	Pope Alexander VI
		Cesare, then a youth of sixteen and a student at Pisa, was made Archbishop of Valencia, his nephew Giovanni received a cardinal's hat, and for the Duke of Gandia and Giuffre the pope proposed to carve fiefs out of the papal states and the Kingdom of Naples.
		Lucrezia had been married to the Spaniard Don Gasparo de Procida, but on her father's elevation to the papacy the union was annulled, and in 1493 she was married to Giovanni Sforza, lord of Pesaro, the ceremony being celebrated at the Vatican with unparalleled magnificence.
		By the autumn Louis was in Italy and expelled Lodovico Sforza from the Milanese.
	www.nndb.com /people/159/000092880 (3470 words)

	4 THE MURDER OF THE DUKE OF GANDIA
		Here Giovanni drew rein, and informed Cesare that he would not be returning to the Vatican just yet, as he was first “going elsewhere to amuse himself.” With that he took his leave of Cesare, and, with one single exception-in addition to the man in the mask-dismissed his servants.
		In the morning it was found that Giovanni had not yet returned, and his uneasy servants informed the Pope of his absence and of the circumstances of it.
		In September of the year 1497, the Pope had dissolved the marriage of his daughter Lucrezia and Giovanni Sforza, and the grounds for the dissolution were that the husband was impotens et frigidus natura-admitted by himself.
	books.rakeshv.org /html/lcbga10/lcbga10ch9.html (4827 words)

	Absolute Write Water Cooler - Script - Dark Renaissance - period/adventure
		Giovanni lays blame for the shooting upon an innocent man who is in turn shot by his Guardsmen.
		Giovanni and Isabella are only on polite hello terms, they don't have a long standing relationship.
		Giovanni is further prized away from the ruthless choices the Conté makes as the story progresses and his personal pursuit of the unknown fiend they call the Shadow accelerates.
	www.absolutewrite.com /forums/showthread.php?p=142021 (2558 words)

	Clan Lamagni - lugg39 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		GIOVANNI SFORZA CONTE COTOGNOLA was born about 1470.
		GIOVANNI married LUCREZIA BORGIA on 2 Feb 1493 in VATICANO,, sciolto, 20.12.1497.
		LUCREZIA married GIOVANNI SFORZA CONTE COTOGNOLA on 2 Feb 1493 in VATICANO,, sciolto, 20.12.1497.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /ulamagni/lamanon/lugg39.htm (232 words)

	LUCREZIA BORGIA - LoveToKnow Article on LUCREZIA BORGIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		But the engagement was broken off almost immediately, and Lucrezia was married by proxy to another Spaniard, Don Gasparo de Procida, son of the count of Aversa.
		The wedding was celebrated in June; but when the popes policy changed and he became friendly to the king of Naples, the enemy of the house of Sforza, he planned the subjugation of the vassal lords of Romagna, and Giovanni, feeling his position insecure, left Rome for Pesaro with his wife.
		But he decided that he had done with Sforza, and annulled the marriage on the ground of the husbands impotence (March 1497).
	24.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BO/BORGIA_LUCREZIA.htm (777 words)

	LUCREZIA NOIN & (somewhere across forever) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		When she became eleven, she was engaged to two Spanish nobles, but Alexander VI broke both engagements and then engaged her to Giovanni Sforza.
		Giovanni eventually fled to Pesaro in disguise, and Lucrezia refused to follow him.
		Alexander VI filed for divorce for her under the reason "non-consummation." Giovanni would later accuse Alexander VI of wanting Lucrezia for himself, which began the fire of rumors.
	merquise.net /noin/main.php?page=name (647 words)

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