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Topic: Glacial Lake Iroquois

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	Glacial Lake Iroquois - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glacial Lake Iroquois was a prehistoric proglacial lake that existed at the end of the last ice age approximately 13,000 years ago.
		The lake was essentially an enlargement of the present Lake Ontario that formed because the St.
		The lake was fed by Early Lake Erie, as well as Glacial Lake Algonquin, an early partial manifestation of Lake Huron, that drained directly to Lake Iroquois across southern Ontario, along the southern edge of the ice sheet, bypassing Early Lake Erie.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois (216 words)

	Glacial Lake Tonawanda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glacial Lake Tonawanda was a prehistoric lake that existed approximately 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age, in western New York and in the United States.
		The lake existed on the southern (upper) side of the Niagara Escarpment east of the present course of the Niagara River between Early Lake Erie to the south and Glacial Lake Iroquois (the ancestor of Lake Ontario) to the north.
		Lake Tonawanda itself was drained into Lake Ontario by a series of falls over the escarpment, including one at present day Lockport, New York.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glacial_Lake_Tonawanda (243 words)

	Encyclopedia: Lake Ontario (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lake Ontario, bounded on the north by Ontario and on the south by Ontario's Niagara Peninsula and by New York State, is one of the five Great Lakes of North America.
		Lake Ontario is the eastern-most and smallest in surface area (19,009 square kilometers) of the Great Lakes; although, it exceeds Lake Erie in volume (1639 kmÂ³).
		By the 1960s and 1970s the lake was dying, with frequent algal blooms during the summer, which killed off large quantities of fish, and left stinking piles of seaweed and dead fish along the shores, at times becoming so thick that waves could not break.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lake-Ontario (3516 words)

	THE GLACIAL LAKE AGASSIZ--Chapter V
		Basins of the Laurentian lakes and of Hudson Bay.--As soon as the border of the retreating ice-sheet was withdrawn across the various parts of the watershed south of the Laurentian lakes, each considerable stream valley and embayment between the height of land and the ice front held a glacial lake.
		Lake Agassiz, the largest of all the glacial lakes of North America, occupying the basin of the Red River of the North and Lake Winnipeg, covered extensive tracts of Minnesota and North Dakota, the greater part of Manitoba, and a considerable area of eastern Saskatchewan and southwestern Keewatin.
		The elevation of the eastern shore-lines of Lake Agassiz, in Minnesota, exceeded that of the western shores, in North Dakota; and the ratio of this eastward ascent of the old lake levels to their doubly greater northward ascent implies that the tilting of this area was from south-southwest to north-northeast.
	www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu /govdocs/text/lakeagassiz/chapter5.html (13068 words)

	Niagara Falls Origins - a Geological History
		The northern shore of this lake was the southern edge of the retreating glacier.
		This caused the draining of the Lake Erie basin and Lake Tonawanda.
		The gentler southern slope is the lake ward slope of this glacial delta.
	www.iaw.on.ca /~falls/origins.html (7391 words)

	WHOI : Media Relations : Press Release : Catastrophic Flooding from Ancient Lake May Have Triggered Cold Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Glacial Lake Candona forms in northern New York and southern Canada as the ice sheet retreats north.
		Glacial Lake Candona drains into the North Atlantic through the St. Lawrence Valley as the ice sheet retreats from the region.
		Glacial Lake Iroquois, in the same location and about three times the size as modern day Lake Ontario, was formed as the Laurentide Ice Sheet receded from its maximum extent along southern Long Island, New York, and northern New Jersey to southern Canada from about 21,000 to 13,000 years ago.
	www.whoi.edu /mr/pr.do?id=2078 (1137 words)

	Lake Iroquois (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lake Iroquois was a lake formed at the end of the glaciation by melting glacial ice in the Lake Ontario basin.
		The shoreline is typified by washed sand and gravel beach bluffs, lying on the flanks of the prehistoric Bowmanville Till plain.
		One result of this complex history of changing lake levels and area extents is that today there are broad marginal zones of lake plains along the shores of the Great Lakes.
	www.netrover.com /~sracansk/lakehist.html (828 words)

	Glacial Lakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is also believed that some sort of system of large lakes existed in conjunction with the earlier glacial and interglacial episodes, but the character and configuration of the present Great Lakes are the products of the final deglaciation of their drainage basin that began around 14,800 years before the present (14,800 BP).
		They were once lake beds; the ridges of gravel were beaches; the flat stratified sand and gravel plains and clay plains with a veneer of sand or gravel were fillings of old bays of ancient long-departed lakes and the deltas of rivers flowing into them.
		Glacial Lake Chicago continued to drain southward, but its level and that of Lake Saginaw were somewhat lower because of downcutting and erosion by their outlet streams.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/glacial.html (1356 words)

	Chapter2part1
		A glacial lake in what is now the upper Mohawk Valley was so big and deep that it filled the entire valley west of Little Falls and most of West Canada Valley.
		When the glacial lake to the north drained through this area, the glacial river was as high as these hills.
		Glacial meltwater and debris that plummeted down waterfalls and through crevices in the Adirondack rock, dug small lakes, ponds and potholes in solid rock.
	www.paulkeeslerbooks.com /Chap3CreatedMV.html (2477 words)

	Geoscape Toronto - Lakeshores
		Distinctive features of the Lake Iroquois shoreline are its prominent shorebluff, and large sand and gravel bars deposited in the Don and Humber river valleys.
		Sand and gravel deposited along the shore of Lake Iroquois were mined for construction and clay from the former lake bottom was used to make bricks.
		At the bottom, waves and storm surges from Lake Ontario have also caused erosion leading to the construction of low stone barriers at the base of the bluffs and the building of groynes at right angles to the shore to trap sediment and create small, protective beaches.
	geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca /toronto/lakeshores_e.php (369 words)

	Photo Gallery: Rochester Committee for Scientific Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The southern shoreline of Lake Ontario near Rochester is a good example of a drowned coastline, due to the postglacial rise of Lake Ontario, in part caused by postglacial uplift of the land, which increases to the northeast.
		The lake waters continue to rise at a rate that is nearly 1 foot per century.
		Excavated into glacial till, the landfill was designed with an underlying plastic and clay barrier with leachate collection pipes set in a layer of permeable crushed rock.
	www.rcsiweb.org /gallery.html (942 words)

	Glacial Lake Iroquois -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Glacial Lake Iroquois was a prehistoric (Click link for more info and facts about proglacial lake) proglacial lake that existed at the end of the last (Any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface) ice age approximately 13,000 years ago.
		The lake was essentially an enlargement of the present (The smallest of the Great Lakes) Lake Ontario that formed because the (A North American river; flows into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the North Atlantic) St.
		Lawrence River downstream from the lake was blocked by the ice sheet near the present (Click link for more info and facts about Thousand Islands) Thousand Islands.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gl/glacial_lake_iroquois.htm (263 words)

	DeltaLake
		When the lake freezes over---3-inch ice is considered safe to walk on---fishermen move onto the lake.
		With the wind up, it was too rough to fish or canoe safely on the north side of the lake, so we opted to paddle along the south shore where it's protected from the wind by peninsulas and a large island.
		At times Delta Lake is as smooth as glass, but a strong west wind can create waves that make canoeing in the main part of the lake difficult if not down right dangerous.
	www.paulkeeslerbooks.com /DeltaLake.html (2317 words)

	A LARGE LATE GLACIAL BREAKOUT FLOOD THROUGH THE CHAMPLAIN AND HUDSON LOWLANDS, NEW YORK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Glacial Lake Iroquois formed in the Lake Ontario/St. Lawrence Lowlands on the western side of the Adirondack Uplands, and drained out the Mohawk Valley through the Hudson Valley and into the North Atlantic.
		Glacial Lakes Albany and Vermont formed in the Hudson and Champlain Valleys and drained through the Hudson Valley into the North Atlantic.
		We hypothesize that the throughflow from the catastrophic breakout of Lake Iroquois caused the failure of the Coveville level Lake Vermont threshold.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_42175.htm (510 words)

	ONTARIO - Online Information article about ONTARIO
		Gold has been found at many points across the whole province, from the mines of the Lakeof-the-Woods on the west to the discoveries at Larder Lake on the east; but in most cases the returns have been unsatisfactory, and only a few of the gold mines are working.
		All the other rivers in southern Ontario are tributaries of the lakes or of the St Lawrence, the Ottawa, navigable in many parts, being the largest, and the Trent next in importance.
		In northern Ontario lakes are innumerable and often very picturesque, forming favourite summer resorts, such as Lake Temagami, the Muskoka Lakes and Lake-of-the-Woods.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /NUM_ORC/ONTARIO.html (4706 words)

	Binghamton Symposium 2003 Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Reconstructions of paleo lakes have allowed us to estimate volumes and discharges of meltwater discharge events that coursed through the Champlain Basin during deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
		Glacial Lake Iroquois was dammed along the northwestern side of the Adirondack Uplands, and drained into the North Atlantic through the Mohawk and Hudson Valleys, while Lake Vermont drained into the North Atlantic directly through the Hudson Valley.
		In turn this caused Lake Vermont to erode its threshold and drop from the Coveville level to the Upper Fort Ann level.
	www.geol.binghamton.edu /grads/rayburn/BingSym.html (409 words)

	Glacial Lake Iroquois - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Glacial Lake Iroquois (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Glacial Lake Iroquois - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Glacial Lake Iroquois.
		Here you will find more informations about Glacial Lake Iroquois.
		The lake was essentially an enlargement of the present Lake Ontario that formed because the St. Lawrence River downstream from the lake was blocked by the ice sheet near the present Thousand Islands.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Glacial-Lake-Iroquois.html (274 words)

	Lake Iroquois (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The western end of the lake was freed from the ice several thousand years earlier than the eastern end, and probably had only been under the ice sheet for a small part of the Wisconsinan iceage.
		The eastern end of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence valley, having been depressed more, have rebounded more; thus the present in level of the Lake Iroquois shoreline varies from 55 metres above sea level near the Humber to 68 metres at the east end of Scarborough.
		Into that cold glacial lake flowed a number of streams which are now tributaries of the Don River, including Castle Frank Brook, Yellow Creek and Mud Creek.
	www.lostrivers.ca /points/Lake_Iroquois.htm (445 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When the ice marginal retreat exposed a low elevation threshold at Covey Hill, Quebec on the northern flank of the Adirondacks, Lake Iroquois meltwater catastrophically discharged along the ice margin and into Lake Vermont at Altona, New York.
		First, the level of Lake Iroquois dropped, abandoning the Mohawk Valley threshold.
		Third, while these boulder bars were being deposited, the level of Lake Vermont dropped rapidly, probably from a breach of its threshold in the Hudson Valley.
	www.geol.binghamton.edu /grads/rayburn/INQUA2003.html (299 words)

	Yarrow: Dragon & Ice Castle
		Because this area south of Onondaga Lake is the Town of Salina, and because salt is the major mineral in the region's geology, I've chosen to call these the Salina Dragons.
		At Onondaga Lake this is an area in the southeast corner where Onondaga Creek originally entered Onondaga Lake at the time of the 1788 Salt Treaty.
		If allowed to persist, or grow unchecked, or released into the lake, this industrial mess may to trigger a great imbalance in the Earth energies of the Onondaga region, which is the eastern anchor of the Finger Lakes.
	www.championtrees.org /Dragon/chptr30.htm (1177 words)

	February Geology and GSA Today media highlights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Glacial freshwater discharge to the Atlantic Ocean has often been postulated to drive climatic fluctuations during deglaciation because it may inhibit oceanic thermohaline circulation.
		Controversy surrounds the relict glacier ice in Antartica's Beacon Valley, purported to be of Miocene vintage because overlying debris contains undisturbed volcanic ash dated at 8.1 Ma.
		The lake deposits behind the former landslide dams contain organic material that can be dated using the radiocarbon method.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-02/gsoa-fga020105.php (2907 words)

	The city site (from Toronto) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Its location on the northern shore of Lake Ontario, which forms part of the border between Canada and the United States, and its access to...
		The center of the most populous metropolitan area in Canada and the capital of the province of Ontario, Toronto is located on the north shore of Lake Ontario opposite the Niagara peninsula.
		Lake Tahoe is some 14 miles (23 kilometers) west of the city; Reno is about 30 miles (48 kilometers) north.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-16158 (1026 words)

	SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION INTO THE INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF LACUSTRINE STRANDLINE DEPOSITS, NORTHERN NEW YORK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		B.P. and an ice-blocked outlet near Covey Hill, Quebec led to the development of Glacial Lake Iroquois, in which the water-covered lowlands were continuous with the Lake Ontario basin.
		Ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted across the remnants of several deltas of different lake stages, in an attempt to map their internal architecture, depositional environment, thickness, and indications of minor base level changes.
		Preliminary interpretation suggests that the deltas of Glacial Lake Iroquois may have subject to significant reworking through waves or fluctuating water levels.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_61628.htm (395 words)

	Catastrophic Flooding From Ancient Lake May Have Triggered Cold Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I believe Lake Agassis is responsible for the large shoals/beds of sand and gravel in Minnesota, which produce some of the most beautiful agate in my memory..
		Bigger than Lake Superior, larger than any freshwater body on the earth today, ancient Lake Aggasiz extended from northern Saskatchewan in the west to northeastern Ontario in the east, and from southern Minnesota in the south to northern Manitoba in the north.
		About 8,500 years ago, the southern part of the lake drained for the last time, and about 1,000 years later, it was gone from northern Canada.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1304205/posts (2487 words)

	Main Phase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As Lake Iroquois grew, further migration of the ice sheet created a panhandle along the northern limit of the Adirondack mountains.
		This allowed the waters to advance towards the Champlain valley (Vermont/New York) where glacial Lake Fort Ann already existed.
		This phase is coined "the main phase" of glacial Lake Iroquois, because this is the highest water levels, and maximum extent Lake Iroquois will experience.
	hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca /champlain2/mainp.html (65 words)

	Catastrophic Flooding From Ancient Lake May Have Triggered Cold Period
		Catastrophic Draining Of Huge Lakes Tied To Ancient Global Cooling Event (July 22, 1999) -- The catastrophic draining of two gigantic glacial lakes in Canada's Hudson Bay region some 8,200 years ago appears to have caused the most abrupt, widespread cold spell on Earth during the last...
		Pollen Record From Chilean Lakes Indicates Global "Togetherness" During Last Ice Age (February 15, 2001) -- Northern and Southern Hemisphere climate changes occurred at nearly the same time during the Earth's last ice ages, according to data reported in the Feb. 15 issue of the journal Nature.
		Historic Himalayan Ice Dams Created Huge Lakes, Mammoth Floods (December 27, 2004) -- Ice dams across the deepest gorge on Earth created some of the highest-elevation lakes in history.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/12/041219152011.htm (1287 words)

	CCGE page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Toronto is located on the north shore of Lake Ontario at 43° N, 79 °W. Toronto means “meeting place” and was a fur trading centre in 1750 where trappers would meet to trade.
		The southern part of the city, closest to Lake Ontario, is a plain, which was once covered by the waters of the glacial Lake Iroquois, whose surface was 66 metres higher than the present level of Lake Ontario.
		Toronto's climate is moderated by Lake Ontario and the winters are less severe than those north of the lake.
	www.geog.ubc.ca /~ccgesi/Ontario/Toronto.htm (1857 words)

	H Author Titles
		The biography of James Willard Schultz who arrived in the Montana territory in 1877 from New York and stayed for the remainder of his life, to be adopted by the Blackfoot, marrying a Blackfoot and exploring what is not the Glacial Park area.
		In a near fine dust jacket with dampstaining on the verso of the front panel and with light rubbing at the ends of the spine area but with the price intact on the flap.
		The author presents in admirable fashion the story of a young man who tries to make his way on Lake Champlain ferry boats in the 1870's.
	www.townsendbooks.com /authorh.htm (14774 words)

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