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	Missoula Floods - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glacial Lake Columbia (west) and Glacial Lake Missoula (east) are shown south of Cordilleran Ice Sheet.
		The Missoula Floods (also known as the Spokane Floods or the Bretz Floods) refer to the cataclysmic floods that swept periodically across eastern Washington and down the Columbia River Gorge at the end of the last ice age.
		Bretz, however was not able to explain the source of the huge volume of water and his hypothesis was controversial, partly due to the popularity at that time of the principle of uniformitarianism in geologic processes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Missoula_Floods (715 words)

	Glacial Lake Missoula and the Ice Age Floods
		Glaciers did not continually cover the earth during this time; there have been interglacial periods where temperatures warm slightly and the glaciers melt and retreat.
		It was during this glacial advance that a finger from the glacial ice sheet moved south through the Purcell Trench in northern Idaho, near present day Lake Pend Oreille, damming the Clark Fork River creating Glacial Lake Missoula.
		Pardee attributed this phenomenon to the sudden failure of the ice dam that impounded Glacial Lake Missoula.
	www.glaciallakemissoula.org /story.html (978 words)

	Glacial Lake Missoula - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glacial Lake Missoula was a prehistoric proglacial lake in western Montana that existed periodically at the end of the last ice age between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago.
		The lake was the result of an ice dam on the Clark Fork River caused by the southern encroachment of a finger of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet into the Idaho Panhandle (at the present day location of Lake Pend Oreille).
		The periodic rupturing of the ice dam resulted in the Missoula Floods, which swept across Eastern Washington and down the Columbia River Gorge approximately 40 times during a 2,000 year period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glacial_Lake_Missoula (277 words)

	CVO Website - Glacial Lake Missoula
		Glacial Lake Missoula, an immense water body dammed in the upper Clark Fork valley by the Purcell Trench lobe, was the source of floodwater that catastrophically swept across the Channeled Scabland (Bretz, et.al., 1956; see also Baker, 1982).
		Lake Missoula shorelines etched across the sharp Fraser-age terminal moraines of alpine glaciers that flowed from mountains on the east side of the lake (Alden, 1953; 197-13) similarly indicate that the alpine-glacial maximum there occurred before or during the higher stands of the lake.
		Because the lake was ponded near the terminus of the Purcell Trench lobe, the long interval of ponding implies that the lobe maintained its near-maximal position for millennia.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Glossary/Glaciers/IceSheets/description_lake_missoula.html (4100 words)

	Field Trip to Mars - Kids - Glacial Lake Missoula
		In the rugged terrain outside of Missoula, Montana, are clues indicating that sometime in the last 10,000 years or so an enormous lake filled the valleys of western Montana.
		On the hills around Missoula are numerous straight, horizontal ledges called "lap marks" that mark the shorelines as the level of the lake filled to different heights and drained.
		Glacial Lake Spokane and Glacial Lake Missoula are indicated on the map (above) in medium blue.
	www.kidscosmos.org /kid-stuff/kids-lk-missoula.html (787 words)

	NOVA \| Mystery of the Megaflood \| Ice Age Lake \| PBS
		Glacial Lake Missoula surely became a splendid and brilliant greenish blue as the last of the summer rock flour settled and the larch trees blazed yellow in the deepening chill of the coming winter.
		They could have existed only when the lake was at its higher fillings, deep enough to float the lower ends of glaciers that emerged from valleys in the Mission Mountains, the Bitterroot Mountains, and possibly the Rattlesnake Mountains.
		David Alt, a geology professor emeritus at the University of Montana in Missoula, is author of Glacial Lake Missoula and Its Humongous Floods (Mountain Press Publishing Co., 2001), from which this article was excerpted with kind permission of the author and the publisher.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/megaflood/lake.html (1388 words)

	Ice Age Floods cause mass extinctions?
		Glacial Lake Missoula was a body of water as large as some of the USA's Great Lakes.
		This lake formed from glacial meltwater that was dammed by a lobe of the Canadian ice sheet.
		The lake was filled by glacial runoff, but as worldwide sea level continued rising, saltwater again breached the sill about 8000 ybp, forming a marine Littorina Sea which was followed by another freshwater phase before the present brackish marine system was established.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=127303 (2821 words)

	[No title]
		Glacial Lake Missoula in northwestern Montana was created when a lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet blocked the Clark Fork River.
		Breckenridge (1989) states that Lake Missoula may have existed between 17,000 and 11, 000 years B.P. The lake covered almost 10,000 km² of land (Carrara, Kiver, and Stradling, 1996) and was equal to the volume of both Lakes Ontario and Erie together.
		Lake Missoula emptied when the water behind the dam reached ~600 m or 90% of the thickness of the ice causing the ice to become buoyant and dam failure (Breckenridge, 1989).
	www.emporia.edu /earthsci/student/corley2/missoula.htm (2918 words)

	Only One Lake Missoula Flood
		The Lake Missoula Flood was one of the largest floods in earth history, the Genesis Flood being the largest, by far.
		The Lake Missoula Flood and other melting pulses from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet to the north swept a large area of Washington (after Waitt).
		The Lake Missoula Flood is believed by some geologists to have carved out the Grand Coulee and Dry Falls in north central Washington.
	nwcreation.net /articles/missoulaflood.htm (2154 words)

	About the Coeur d' Alene & Lake Pend Oreille Area of North Idaho and Idaho Outdoor Experience
		Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho's Inland Sea is 65 miles long and 15 miles wide at the widest spot at the North end of the lake and it can create its own weather.
		Glacial Lake Missoula was so far as any one knows, the worlds largest ice dammed lake.
		Glacial Lake Missoula thundered down across the Rathdrum Prairie and the Pend Oreille River, across eastern Washington, finally to the Pacific.
	www.idahooutdoorexperience.com /about_area.htm (427 words)

	The Daily Inter Lake
		The Flathead Lake cores also display regular, even layers of light and dark sediments, called "varves," that are commonly found in glacial lakes.
		There's also evidence that the youngest flood deposits post-date Lake Missoula by several thousand years, based on estimates that the lake existed from about 19,200 to 16,000 years ago, compared to an age range of 19,095 to 13,695 for the various flood deposits.
		However, testing the hypothesis that Glacial Lake Missoula was the sole source of the ice age floods hasn't been the main focus of Hendrix's research, or for his students, whom he credits with doing much of the "heavy lifting" and detailed sediment analysis.
	www.dailyinterlake.com /articles/2004/11/07/news/news01.txt (1246 words)

	Sandpoint.com - Glacial Lake, Sandpoint Idaho
		The lake was growing at all times and covered an area the size of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario combined.
		Nothing, on the surface, gave any indication as to what was going to transpire at the lake over 12,000 years ago, but at the base a small stream of water flowed from the ice.
		The cause of the largest, scientifically proven, flood known to man was due to the rapid drainage of Glacial Lake Missoula.
	www.sandpoint.com /Community/GlacialLake.asp (681 words)

	Glacial Lake Missoula
		When this great glacial lake was at its maximum height and extent it was estimated to have contained more than 500 cubic miles of water.
		When Glacial Lake Missoula was at its maximum capacity a failure in the ice dam would result in a catastrophic event.
		Since a flood with the magnitude of the Lake Missoula flood had not been witnessed in recorded history it was simply just not a rationale explanation in the eyes of most geologists at the time.
	www.emporia.edu /earthsci/student/pepper2/missoula.html (1368 words)

	para&proglacial
		Pluvial lakes are ancient lakes of great size that formed in closed basins (like the bolsons of the American Southwest) as a consequence of glacial climates and the surplus of available moisture over evaporation and transpiration.
		Glaciers have the ability to severely alter the earth's surface.
		The slope of the wall depends on the material through which the glacier cut; in bedrock it is not uncommon to have slope angles of 90 degrees.
	www.homepage.montana.edu /~geol445/hyperglac/propara1 (1146 words)

	Featured Geologists
		He described the prominent strandlines of the lake Fig.1 and the evidence for lake impoundment behind a glacial lobe in the basin of modern Lake Pend Oreille in northern Idaho.
		He thinks that glaciation on the "prairies" may be Wisconsin but 1 am quite sure he does not make allowance for the aridity of this climate and its effect on slowing down weathering.
		His recognition of the giant current ripples of Lake Missoula was followed by the documentation of 15 scabland ripple fields by Bretz et al.
	gsahist.org /gsat2/pardee.htm (2839 words)

	Montana Earth Science Picture of the Week
		When the Lake Missoula was at its highest, the water was about 2,000 feet deep and contained about as much water as Lake Erie.
		The lake extended as far south as Drummond in the Clark Fork Valley and Darby in the Bitterroot Valley.
		Once the front of the glacier was swept away by the water it had impounded, the lobe of ice grew back into the area and re-dammed the river.
	formontana.net /shores.html (485 words)

	[No title]
		Joseph T. Pardee, in the summer of 1909, had surveyed the shorelines visible on the hills around Missoula, identified the likely location of the ice dam that produced the lake, and calculated the volume of Lake Missoula, knowing there had been many such lakes because there were many shorelines.
		With a volume of about 500 cubic miles, half the volume of Lake Michigan, Lake Missoula was the source of water that Bretz needed to strengthen his inference that catastrophic floods had carved the eastern Washington scablands.
		Glacial Lake Missoula was a delightful read devoured in a few days.
	home.att.net /~pfrswr/alt_01.doc (741 words)

	Lake Roosevelt National recreation Area
		For most of its length, the lake is in a deep gorge, so the width of the lake is fairly narrow for so large a body of water.
		Most of the remainder of the shoreline and surface area of the lake lies within the reservation boundaries of the Spokane Tribe and the Colville Confederated Tribes and is not a part of the national recreation area.
		Atwater (1984) counted flood deposits and varves which accumulated in Glacial Lake Columbia and determined that the interval between Missoula floods was 35 to 55 years.
	www.geog.umn.edu /courses/5441/NPLRNRA.htm (3312 words)

	Missoula Floods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Glacial Lake Missoula was formed, numerous times, during the last major ice age between 15,500 and 13,500 years ago.
		Lake Missoula stretched for hundreds of miles across western Montana and contained more water than Lake Erie and Lake Ontario combined.
		It's estimated that at its maximum the elevation of the lake rose to 4,350 feet, with water as deep as 2000 feet at the ice dam.
	imnh.isu.edu /digitalatlas/counties/bonner/misfld.htm (311 words)

	Powell's Books - Glacial Lake Missoula and Its Humongous Floods by David Alt
		Glacial Lake Missoula and Its Humongous Floods tells the gripping tale of a huge Ice Age lake that, when it suddenly drained, unleashed more that ten times the combined flow of all the modern rivers of the world.
		Glacial Lake Missoula and Its Humongous Floods tells the tale of a huge Ice Age lake that, when it suddenly drained, unleashed more than ten times the combined flow of all the modern rivers of the world.
		If the idea of catastrophic glacial floods and their still-visible effects on vast reaches of Eastern Washington's geology and topography fascinates you, I haven't found a better book for building a perspective of the whole process.
	www.powells.com /n/99/biblio/1-0878424156-0 (547 words)

	Glacial Lake Missoula: Book Review of Glacial Lake Missoula and its Humongous Floods
		It took over 10 years for Pardee to connect Lake Missoula with Bretz's floods, but soon the evidence was in place.
		Overall I found Glacial Lake Missoula and its Humongous Floods to be a good read, but it tried to fluctuate between providing a riveting tale of scientific controversy and a detailed guidebook and travel log for geologic features associated with Lake Missoula.
		As the former is seems to fall short as Alt spend most of the book describing the glacial lake and the evidence of its flood and very little time is given to the controversy sparked by J Harlen Bretz and other geologists.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/everyday_geology/94297/2 (547 words)

	Glacier Country, Montana - Glacier National Park, tourism and travel in Northwest Montana
		Glacial Lake Missoula formed as the Cordilleran Ice Sheet dammed the Clark Fork River where it entered Idaho.
		Over the course of centuries, Glacial Lake Missoula filled and emptied in repeated cycles, leaving its story embedded in the land.Thundering waves and chunks of ice tore away soils and mountainsides, scoured out the scablands of eastern Washington, and carved the Columbia River Gorge.
		The impact from Glacial Lake Missoula and the Ice Age Floods can be seen in parts of Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon.
	glacier.visitmt.com /iceage.htm (299 words)

	Vision 2003 \| Research and Scholarship at The University of Montana-Missoula
		In Missoula, a glimpse of ancient shoreline on a mountainside is all it takes to yank us out of, say, a traffic-induced coma into the sudden sensation of being at the bottom of a 1,000-foot deep lake.
		Some geologists believe that Lake Missoula existed once and went away slowly and that the channeled scablands were formed by other flood mechanisms larger than what Lake Missoula could have produced.
		They discovered that Glacial Lake Missoula’s volume, estimated at 530 cubic miles, may have been as much as 25 percent short of the amount of water needed to produce the scablands.
	www.umt.edu /urelations/vision/2003/28glacial.htm (1681 words)

	UM News and Events Calendar :: News :: Learn About Glacial Lake Missoula At Discovery Day
		The second annual Glacial Lake Missoula Discovery Day, hosted jointly by the MNHC and the Glacial Lake Missoula Chapter of the Ice Age Floods Institute, will run from 11 a.m.
		The Ice Age Floods Institute is a regional, nonprofit organization of citizens committed to telling the story of the cataclysmic floods that swept across Montana, Idaho, Washington and Oregon.
		Its Glacial Lake Missoula Chapter encompasses Montana, particularly those parts of the state once covered by the ice age lake.
	news.umt.edu /index.asp?sec=1&too=100&eve=8&dat=3/29/2005&npa=697 (493 words)

	Study on super floods may pay off with geologic trail / Congress considers giving public a record of ice age's ...
		The mammoth lake held back by the dam, Glacial Lake Missoula, was drained like a giant bathtub, in perhaps as little as 48 hours.
		But in 1940, a U.S. Geological Survey geologist, Joseph Thomas Pardee, delivered a paper proposing that the Missoula Valley of western Montana had once been part of a giant glacial lake, created by the southern lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet that blocked what is now the Clark Fork River.
		Norman Smyers, a U.S. Forest Service geologist in Missoula, recently pointed to numerous horizontal lines across the face of broad, treeless mountains on the edge of town and explained that Pardee had realized these were the geological record of ancient shorelines.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/09/05/MNGUK8J29A1.DTL (1185 words)

	Selected Bibliography, Washington Fieldtrip
		Atwater, B.F. 1984, Periodic floods from Glacial Lake Missoula in the San Poil arm of the Glacial Lake Columbia, northeastern Washington: Geology, v.
		Bretz, J H. 1969, The Lake Missoula floods and the Channeled Scabland: Journal of Geology, v.
		Smith, L.N., 2003, Glacial Lake Missoula deposits along the Clark Fork River downstream from Missoula, Montana; stratigraphic context of the Ninemile section, in XVI INQUA congress; Shaping the Earth; AQuaternary perspective: Congress of the International Union for Quaternary Research 16, p.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /gex/bibs/washstate.html (6529 words)

	Missoulian - NASA scientists name Mars crater after Glacial Lake Missoula
		Missoula Crater was named after Glacial Lake Missoula, the prehistoric body of water that once covered much of western Montana.
		Missoula, Bonneville and Lahontan are smaller craters within the Gusev Crater the Spirit Rover is exploring.
		Spirit took pictures of Missoula Crater, which is 330 feet wide, plus panoramic pictures of targets the scientists call Gratteri Piazza, Wallula Gap and Clark Fork.
	www.missoulian.com /articles/2004/05/13/news/local/znews03.txt (546 words)

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