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Topic: Glacial Lake Passaic

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	Somerset County Park Commission
		With the Short Hills gap closed by ice, the water before the glacier filled the basin to a depth of approximately 160 to 200 feet until a new outlet was reached at Moggy Hollow.
		As the glacier retreated, it plugged the pre-glacial outlet at Short Hills with drift, and Moggy Hollow remained the outlet of the lake.
		The elevation of this lake at the outset was about 320 feet above sea level, but as the outlet was slowly cut down to its present level of 221 feet, the lake was drained.
	www.somersetcountyparks.org /activities/gardens/moggy_hollow.htm (497 words)

	Passaic, formed, north, course, Great, years, through, retreated, outflow, Watchungs, Glacial, County - Glacial Lake ...
		Glacial Lake Passaic was a prehistoric proglacial lake that existed in northern New Jersey in the United States at the end of the last ice age approximately 13,000 years ago.
		The lake was formed on the western side of the Watchung Mountains by a blockage of the Passaic River from a moraine left by the retreat of the glacier.
		The remnants of the Glacial Lake Passaic lake bed are found in several swamps along the course of the Passaic River in northern New Jersey, most notably the Great Swamp south of Morristown in northwestern Somerset County and extreme southern Morris County.
	www.alphasearch.org /Glacial-Lake-Passaic.html (373 words)

	Glacial Lake Passaic
		Glacial Lake Passaic was prehistoric proglacial lake that existed in northern New Jersey in the United States at the end of the last ice age approximately 13,000 years ago.
		The lake was formed on the western side of the Watchung Mountains by a blockage of the Passaic River from a moraine left by the retreat of the glacier.
		The remnants of the lake bed are found in several swamps along the course of the Passaic in central New Jersey, most notably the Great Swamp south of Morristown in northwestern Somerset County.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/glacial_lake_passaic (237 words)

	DEP: Text for Quaternary Geologic Map of Connecticut
		Glacial Lake Danbury, first described by Thompson (1976) was the most extensive lake in the Western Highlands; it existed in the Still River valley and is recorded by deposits (units lds, ldp and ldh) graded to three successively lower stages and by extensive lake-bottom deposits.
		Glacial Lake Pomperaug (unit lpt) formed as a sediment dammed lake (SL) in the Pomperaug valley, a southerly draining tributary valley to the Housatonic River; it was dammed by sediment in the Housatonic valley and coexisted with the Pumpkin Hill stage of glacial Lake Danbury.
		Lake Middletown occupied the Middletown basin in the lower Mattabessett valley and extended into the Berlin basin in the upper Mattabessett valley, as is indicated by accordant delta levels, by basin geometry resulting in ice-margin positions that trend NW-SE, and by the extent of the Berlin clays.
	www.ct.gov /dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2698&q=323272&depNav_GID=1707 (17281 words)

	Glacial Lake Iroquois - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Glacial Lake Iroquois (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Glacial Lake Iroquois was a prehistoric proglacial lake that existed at the end of the last ice age approximately 13,000 years ago.
		The lake was essentially an enlargement of the present Lake Ontario that formed because the St. Lawrence River downstream from the lake was blocked by the ice sheet near the present Thousand Islands.
		The lake was fed by Early Lake Erie, as well as Glacial Lake Algonquin, an early partial manifestation of Lake Huron, that drained directly to Lake Iroquois across southern Ontario, along the southern edge of the ice sheet, bypassing Early Lake Erie.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Glacial-Lake-Iroquois.html (274 words)

	Waterwire.net
		The Passaic is joined by seven different tributaries on its 90-mile journey through seven counties and 45 municipalities, ranging in width from a few feet to almost 150 feet in some places.
		The Wisconsin glacier pushed across New Jersey, acting as a dam and trapping the waters of rivers, including the Passaic, causing flooding and the formation of marginal glacial lakes, including Glacial Lake Passaic.
		The lake was, at its greatest, 30 miles long and 8-10 miles wide, filling in what is know today as the valley of the lower Passaic and deposited 80 feet of glacial clay along the lake bottom.
	www.waterwire.net /Resources/archives.cfm?ContID=1308 (951 words)

	Hiking Moggy Hollow
		Moggy Hollow was a major outlet for the lake when outlets at Little Falls and Paterson were blocked by advancing glacial ice.
		Glacial Lake Passaic stretched for many miles and rose until it reached the height of the ledge at Moggy Hollow 331 feet above sea level.
		For thousands of years this ledge was the drainage spillway of Glacial Lake Passaic, which lay to the east and north.
	nynjctbotany.org /njnbtofc/moggyhollw.html (210 words)

	Glaciers Lecture notes
		Glaciers move depending on their thicknesses, the temperature of the surrounding environment and the angle of the rock over which it moves.
		glacial striations: bedload material, material that is plucked by the glacier and carried by the ice may scrape along the surfaces of the bedrock or the ground.
		ground: during a glacier's retreat, the material released from the melting ice is spread onto the surface of the ground as a layer of debris.
	www.ufrsd.net /staffwww/stefanl/Geology/glacier/index.htm (1796 words)

	CT DEP: Text for Quaternary Geologic Map of Connecticut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Glacial Lake Pomperaug (unit lpt) formed as a sediment dammed lake (SL) in the Pomperaug valley, a southerly draining tributary valley to the Housatonic River; it was dammed by sediment in the Housatonic valley and coexisted with the Pumpkin Hill stage of glacial Lake Danbury.
		Glacial Lake Coginchaug was impounded in the north-draining Coginchaug River valley.
		Lake Middletown occupied the Middletown basin in the lower Mattabessett valley and extended into the Berlin basin in the upper Mattabessett valley, as is indicated by accordant delta levels, by basin geometry resulting in ice-margin positions that trend NW-SE, and by the extent of the Berlin clays.
	dep.state.ct.us /gis/dataguides/usgs/layers/support/quatgeol/mapdesc.htm (12530 words)

	Great Falls of the Passaic River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Falls of the Passaic River is a prominent waterfall, 77 ft (23 m) high, on the Passaic River in the city of Paterson in northern New Jersey in the United States.
		As the glacier receded, the river's previous course was blocked a newly-formed moraine.
		As the ice receded, the river found a new circuitous route around the north end of the Watchungs, carving the spectacular falls through the underlying basalt, which was formed approximately 200 million years ago.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Falls_of_the_Passaic_River (669 words)

	Passaic River Info
		Any lake formed would be very small and shallow since the overflow was over the low divide separating the drainage basin which may have had its outlet at Little Falls from that which had its outlet through the Short Hills gap.
		As the glacier retreated, it plugged the pre-glacial outlet at Short Hills with drift and Moggy Hollow remained the outlet of the lake.
		The lake grew in size as the ice retreated and at its maximum size, Lake Passaic was about 30 miles long, 8 to 10 miles wide, 240 feet deep at its maximum and 160 to 200 feet deep over wide areas.
	www.passaicriver.org /passaicriverinfo.htm (1832 words)

	Gl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		'''Glacial Lake Missoula''' was a prehistoric proglacial lake in western Montana that existed periodically at the end of the last ice age between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago.
		'''Glacial Lake Tonawanda''' was a prehistoric lake that existed approximately 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age, in western New York and in the United States.
		'''Glacial Lake Wisconsin''' was a prehistoric proglacial lake that existed approximately 15,000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age, in the central part of present-day Wisconsin in the United States.
	www.gateserver.net /Topicsbycategory.aspx?catid=196&name= (1718 words)

	Glaciation latitude Earth ice Equator ice age glacier Snowball Earth Mountain Sturtian-Varangian carbon dioxide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Glaciation, often called an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form in the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator.
		An ice age is sometimes used to refer to a single glaciation, or to an entire period of repeated glaciations such as the recent 30 million years of the Cenozoic period, especially the Pleistocene glaciations.
		Glaciation : is the modification of the land surface by the action of glaciers.
	en.powerwissen.com /hwgFlUVVuagMQis7ITxktQ==_Glaciation.html (557 words)

	Morris County Park Commission Lee's County Park Marina
		The Lake Hopatcong Breeze reported in June 1979, that Lake Hopatcong, which is the largest freshwater lake in the State of New Jersey, is nine miles long, has forty-five miles of shoreline and lies at an elevation of 926 feet above sea level.
		This glacial lake originally appeared on the Vander Donk Map of 1656, but the first mention in a public record was made in 1714 by John Bull, a civil engineer and land surveyor, employed by James Logan, who purchased the area from the West Jersey Proprietors.
		The first Lake Hopatcong was comprised of two lakes or ponds, known as "Little Pond" on the north and "Great Pond" or "Brooklyn Pond" on the south.
	www.morrisparks.net /aspparks/leesmain.asp (267 words)

	GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE NEW YORK BIGHT
		During each of the glacial advances the Hudson River (and its tributaries) deeply cut into its flood plain carving canyons that extended to the edge of the continental shelf, and beyond where submarine erosion processes carved canyons downward to the deep water sedimentary fans on the abyssal plain.
		The southern margin of the lake was the terminal moraine near Morristown, NJ.
		First, the melting of the glacial ice is allowing the land in the region to "rebound" after the removal of the ice overburden.
	www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu /bight/coast.html (3143 words)

	Passaic Meadows
		BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION: The boundary of the Passaic Meadows habitat complex encloses the wetlands and wetland buffer areas in the Passaic River valley from Basking Ridge northeast to Wayne Township, New Jersey.
		The lake sediments from that glacial lake form the basis of the wetlands found in the valley today.
		Passaic Meadows is surrounded by suburban residential and commercial land use, and much of the area has been impacted directly or indirectly by suburbanization.
	training.fws.gov /library/pubs5/web_link/text/pme_form.htm (2966 words)

	Long Hill Township - General Information
		The end of the glaciers southern movement in New Jersey is marked by the deposition of the terminal moraine.
		This is important because of the superior capacity of the sand and gravel materials in the terminal moraine to permit rain or snow waters to infiltrate down to the underlying aquifers.
		As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, a lake known as "Glacial Lake Passaic" was formed in the Newark Basin between the Second Watchung Mountain and the Highlands.
	www.longhillnj.org /about/generalinfo.html (943 words)

	History of Chatham Township
		The only identifiable land was a long island formed by the top of the hill at Fairmount Avenue.
		When the ice melted in the area, Lake Passaic drained into the sea.
		early settlement -- settlement was on both the north and south sides of the Passaic River.
	nynjctbotany.org /njnbtofc/chathamtwn.html (1305 words)

	Warren Township Historical Society
		With the Watchung Mountains along the eastern and southern flanks and the Ramapo Mountains along the northwestern border, Lake Passaic filled the natural basin south of the terminal moraine in the vicinity of Summit and Morristown....
		At its greatest size, Glacial Lake Passaic was about 30 miles long, 8-10 miles wide and 240 feet deep at its maximum.
		When the Wisconsin glacier finally retreated past the Paterson gap, the Passaic River flowed again to the sea and the lake gradually drained, aided by an uplifting of the land now freed from the weight of the ice.
	www.warrennj.org /wths/pages/geology.htm (1281 words)

	Views of the National Parks
		Formed 25,000 years ago by the Wisconsin Glacier, Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge and Wilderness Area is what remains of a large lake, formed by the scouring action of glacial ice and ultimately drained by a river outlet once the glacier had receded.
		The bed of the lowland area was surrounded by small hills; as the low point in the watershed, it was fed by brooks and tributaries that brought silt.
		The Great Swamp is still the source of the river, now called the Passaic, and is home to more than 244 species of birds, 39 species of reptiles and amphibians, 29 species of fish, 33 species of mammals, and more than 600 species of plants.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /views/KCs/Wilderness/HTML/UC_GrSw02.htm (143 words)

	Long Hill Township - General Information
		The end of the glaciers southern movement in New Jersey is marked by the deposition of the terminal moraine.
		This is important because of the superior capacity of the sand and gravel materials in the terminal moraine to permit rain or snow waters to infiltrate down to the underlying aquifers.
		As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, a lake known as "Glacial Lake Passaic" was formed in the Newark Basin between the Second Watchung Mountain and the Highlands.
	www.longhillnj.us /about/generalinfo.html (943 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It is one of the finest remaining examples of bottomland hardwood forests in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain region.
		A 90-foot gorge which formerly was the outlet for ancient glacial Lake Passaic.
		The area is a superlative illustration of a phase of Ice Age glaciation.
	www.gsenet.org /library/09gen/njlndmrk.htm (503 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Great Falls of the Passaic River
		The Great Falls of the Passaic River is a prominent waterfall, 77 ft (23 m) high, on the Passaic River in the city of Paterson in Passaic County in northern New Jersey in the United States.
		As the glacier receded, the river's previous course was blocked by a newly-formed moraine.
		As the ice receded, the river found a new circuitous route around the north end of the Watchungs, carving the spectacular falls through the underlying basalt, which was formed approximately 200 million years ago.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Great_Falls_of_the_Passaic_River (740 words)

	NYC Regional Geology
		During each of the glacial advances the Hudson River (and its tributaries) deeply cut into its flood plain carving valleys that extended to the edge of the continental shelf and beyond.
		In the offshore region submarine erosion processes cut deep canyons into the outer margin of the continental shelf and slope, and sediment was deposited on deep water fans in the Baltimore Canyon Trough region which gradually built upward and eastward onto the distant abyssal plain.
		This was perhaps the largest of several moraine-dammed lakes that existed briefly in the region at the close of the Pleistocene (Figure 144).
	3dparks.wr.usgs.gov /nyc/morraines/rivers.htm (848 words)

	Urban Core
		Overlaying this complex base is the terminal or end moraine of the most recent (Wisconsin) glacial advance, with glacial till and glacial lake sediments occurring north of the moraine and glacial outwash sediments occurring immediately south of the moraine.
		Cunningham Park is a 145-hectare (358-acre) park in northeast Queens containing 102 hectares (253 acres) of forest and woodland, 12 hectares (29 acres) of herbaceous covertypes, 5 hectares (12 acres) of scrub, and 4 hectares (9 acres) of vineland on the knob and kettle topography of the glacial moraine.
		To the west and north of Glacial Lake Passaic, the urban core abuts the New York - New Jersey Highlands.
	training.fws.gov /library/pubs5/web_link/text/urb_core.htm (8438 words)

	[No title]
		Glacier Peak; history and hazards of a Cascade volcano, by L. Mastin and R. Waitt.
		Estimating ground-water exchange with lakes using water-budget and chemical mass-balance approaches for ten lakes in ridge areas of Polk and Highlands counties, Florida, by L. Sacks, Amy Swancar and T. Lee.
		Lake Hickory, North Carolina; analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics, 1993-94, by J. Bales and M. Giorgino.
	pubs.usgs.gov /publications/2000/2000.txt (16495 words)

	Recorder Newspapers - The Chatham Courier - 03/10/2005 - A transcendentalists view for the Chatham resident
		The glacier acted as a bulldozer piling up mounds of debris and when the climate suddenly shifted, the ice began to melt, the land, like a sandcastle at high tide, was eroded by glacial streams and deposited elsewhere.
		The glacier left behind Lake Passaic, 10 miles wide and almost 200 feet deep, which covered most of present day Chatham Borough, excluding the highest point of Fairmont Avenue, which tipped out of the surface.
		The Passaic River Coalition Project is a non-profit environmental organization that protects areas along the river from pollution and controls land-use along the river.
	www.zwire.com /site/news.cfm?newsid=14122597&BRD=1918&PAG=461&dept_id=506415&rfi=6 (1253 words)

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