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Topic: Glacial Lake Tonawanda

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	Niagara Falls
		The northern shore of this lake was the southern edge of the retreating glacier.
		This caused the draining of the Lake Erie basin and Lake Tonawanda.
		It was the pro-glacial delta of glacial Lake Warren.
	www.wonderclub.com /WorldWonders/NiagaraHistory.html (7152 words)

	Tonawanda, New York - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The City of Tonawanda is on the northern edge of Erie County, New York, across Tonawanda Creek from Niagara County.
		The Town of Tonawanda is also within Erie County and borders the Niagara River, Niagara County, and the City of Tonawanda.
		The City of North Tonawanda is in the southern part of Niagara County along the Niagara River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tonawanda,_New_York (220 words)

	Niagara Falls Origins - a Geological History
		The northern shore of this lake was the southern edge of the retreating glacier.
		This caused the draining of the Lake Erie basin and Lake Tonawanda.
		The gentler southern slope is the lake ward slope of this glacial delta.
	www.iaw.com /~falls/origins.html (7391 words)

	North Tonawanda History Museum © Tonawanda Island
		Lake Tonawanda, a shallow extension of the Niagara River, once occupied this 16-24 km (10-15 mi) wide trough between the Niagara Escarpment to the north and the Onondaga Escarpment to the south.
		Lake Tonawanda was formed in post glacial times before the drainage patterns of the Niagara River had sufficiently matured to empty the water flowing into it.
		In 1825, Tonawanda Island was purchased from the State of New York by Samuel Leggett for the sum of $175 down with a balance due of $1,225 payable over four years in equal installments with 6% interest.
	www.nthistorymuseum.org /Collections/tonawandaisland.html (1940 words)

	The Creation Concept
		Conventional theory says these outlets were associated with an ancient lake called Lake Tonawanda; this lake probably existed for only a brief period during the drainage of a former much larger Lake Erie, as the land was uplifted.
		The drainage from the Lake Erie basin became confined to its most westerly outlet as the Niagara gorge was excavated.
		This unconsolidated drift sand and gravel of the Niagara Gorge was excavated by retreating flood waters that drained the Lake Erie basin.
	www.sentex.net /~tcc (1383 words)

	Niagara Falls
		During the period of glaciation and shortly afterwards, the climate in Niagara was arctic.
		The waters of glacial Lake Iroquois were held back by the ice of the giant glacier which lay across the St. Lawrence valley to the east.
		The retreating glacier was the cause of the reduction in size of this much wider and much deeper glacial river known as the St. David's River into what is now a smaller and shallower river known as the Niagara River.
	wonderclub.com /WorldWonders/NiagaraHistory.html (7152 words)

	NEW YORK - Online Information article about NEW YORK
		GLACIER (adopted from the French; from glace, ice, Lat.
		The largest lake apart from Erie and Ontario is the beautiful Lake Champlain, which lies on the eastern boundary, partly in Vermont, and with the N. end in Canada.
		The temperature of the larger valleys is notably higher than that of the uplands; and the temperature along the lake shores is decidedly influenced by the large bodies of water.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /NAN_NEW/NEW_YORK.html (5095 words)

	Niagara Falls Origins - a Geological History
		During the period of glaciations and shortly afterwards, the climate in Niagara was arctic.
		The surface area of Lake Erie is 9,910 square miles (25,655 square kilometers).
		The gentler southern slope is the lake ward slope of this glacial delta.
	www.iaw.on.ca /~falls/origins.html (7391 words)

	Glacial Lake Iroquois -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Glacial Lake Iroquois was a prehistoric (Click link for more info and facts about proglacial lake) proglacial lake that existed at the end of the last (Any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface) ice age approximately 13,000 years ago.
		The lake was essentially an enlargement of the present (The smallest of the Great Lakes) Lake Ontario that formed because the (A North American river; flows into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the North Atlantic) St.
		The level of the lake was approximately 100 ft (30 m) above the present level of Lake Ontario.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/G/Gl/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois.htm (263 words)

	STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF MOLLUSCA FROM GLACIAL LAKE TONAWANDA, WESTERN NEW YORK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Recent coring of eastern Glacial Lake Tonawanda indicates possible isolation from the Tonawanda basin-center after detachment from the Glacial Lake Warren basin, and a regional drop in water level.
		Core depths extend from 2 to 8 meters, and grade upward from a basal till and diamicton to several meters of lacustrine clays, overlain by 2 meters of peat.
		Cores were sampled at 10 centimeter intervals from strategic locations of the Holley Embayment of Glacial Lake Tonawanda.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_40903.htm (400 words)

	HA 730-M Carbonate-rock aquifers text
		The aquifers in the Lake Erie-Niagara River Basin are an example of carbonate-rock aquifers that are characteristic of the Central Lowland Province of western New York.
		The Lake Erie-Niagara River Basin in western New York is bordered by Lake Erie and the Niagara River on the west and extends eastward to about the middle of Genesee County (fig.
		The basin has been glaciated, a process that scoured the bedrock surface and left a veneer of till in the upland areas and thick, complex valley-fill deposits that consist of ice-contact, outwash, and glacial-lake deposits in the deeply eroded bedrock valleys.
	capp.water.usgs.gov /gwa/ch_m/M-text4.html (4574 words)

	Tonawanda New York (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The City of Tonawanda is onthe northern edge of Erie County, New York, across Tonawanda Creek from Niagara County.
		The Town of Tonawanda is alsowithin Erie County and borders the Niagara River, Niagara County, and theCity of Tonawanda.
		The City of North Tonawanda is inthe southern part of Niagara County along the Niagara River.
	www.elusiveeye.com /side16248-tonawanda-new-york.html (625 words)

	A Brief History of the Town of Amherst - Amherst Museum
		Glaciers were responsible for shaping the landscape of Western New York.
		About 13,000 years ago, after the last ice age, there was a huge glacial lake, called Lake Tonawanda, covered much of what would become Amherst.
		When this lake dried up, the land in Amherst, north of Williamsville, was left a swampy, wetland area.
	www.amherstmuseum.org /history.htm (2026 words)

	Sinking Homes in Amherst, NY
		Lake Tonawanda laid down clays in neighboring North Tonawanda as it did in Amherst.
		Lake Tonawanda pooled in the flat region between those two ridges roughly centered on what is now Tonawanda Creek between North Tonawanda and the Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge.
		Homes in the towns of Amherst and the Tonawandas have been most in the news, with over 500 houses settling into this ooze and a state estimate of almost $5 million in damages so far.
	www.geocities.com /ntgreencitizen/amherst.html (2280 words)

	The Water-Supply (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		On the new Erie canal the descent is downward from Lake Erie to the confluence of Seneca river, which flows from the west, and Oneida river, which comes from the east, where they join to form Oswego river and run north into Lake Ontario.
		Large artificial lakes, built for the supply of navigable canals, are relatively few in number and, if we ignore works like the Indian River lake, partially natural bodies of water, we are not aware of any in existence comparable in size with those constructed at Delta and Hinckley for the use of the Barge canal.
		Seneca and Cayuga lakes, lying at the heads of their respective stretches of the Cayuga and Seneca canal, are natural reservoirs which not only supply all the water this canal needs but also augment the supply of the Erie branch between its junction with the Cayuga and Seneca canal and Three River Point.
	www.history.rochester.edu /canal/bib/whitford/1921/CHAP24.html (3194 words)

	Moraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the case of valley glaciers which have disappeared, their former existence may often be proved by the traces of lateral moraines left along the sides of the valley.
		If a glacier is slowly retreating and makes successive halts farther and farther up the valley, a series of terminal moraines are formed which are spoken of as recessional moraines.
		Interlobate moraine: If large glaciers and continental ice sheets advance irregularly so that their margins are lobate, when the margins retreat by melting the resulting terminal moraines of boulders, clay, and sand simulate the original interlobate shape of the glacier or glaciers, and therefore such moraines are called interlobate.
	www.kiwipedia.com /en/glacial-moraine.html (349 words)

	Lockport's Gulf Wilderness Park
		The glacier was formed during the latest of four glacial periods that covered much of North America and New York State two to three million years ago with ice sheets a mile or so thick.
		Glacial Lake Iroquois, the larger predecessor of Lake Ontario, was one.
		Glacial Lake Tonawanda lay to the south of Lockport between the Niagara Escarpment (goes through and divides Lockport) and the Onondaga Escarpment (which lies generally along Route 5 from the Buffalo city line through Amherst and Clarence ---most dramatically noticed on Transit Road, heading north just past today's Eastern Hills Mall).
	www.lockport-ny.com /Tourism/parks3.htm (1298 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The lakes and rivers were teeming with many species of fish, aquatic birds and mammals.
		Since the archaic people would have had most of their camps on the lake shores, sites dating between the end of the Paleo-Indian and 4,000 years ago would be largely under water today.
		Lake Superior copper is unusually pure and this purity allows it to be worked and shaped at low temperatures and with relatively simple tools.
	www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca /oas/summary/archaic.htm (2728 words)

	Building Your Own Home - Custom Home Design And Residential Construction In The Buffalo Niagara Falls Region Of WNY
		The Buffalo Niagara -Falls Region of WNY is located east of the Niagara River, between Lakes Erie and Ontario.
		The basal level of the Lake Ontario plain is the bed of ancient Lake Iroquois, which ends abruptly at the ~250ft high Niagara scarp of Silurian rock strata.
		Grand Island in the middle of the Niagara River and much of nearby Tonawanda is built on thick clay sediment, with a local moraine crossing the north of the island at the shoreline of ancient Lake Tonawanda.
	www.highviewhome.com /GIP1.asp (2437 words)

	St. Lawrence University Geology Club (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The bedrock is striated parallel to direction of glacial flow and erratics dot the landscape.
		Lake Tonawanda (Figure), a glacial lake, spanned 93 km from East of Niagara Falls to Holley, New York.
		This rate depends on the amount of available water; after the melting of the glacial lakes a large volume of water caused rapid erosion.
	it.stlawu.edu /~geoclub/niagara.html (472 words)

	PALEOENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATIONS BASED ON MOLLUSK SHELL MORPHOLOGY ALONG THE SOUTHERN MARGIN OF THE LAURENTIDE ICE ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Glacial Lake Tonawanda basin lies between the Lockport and Onondaga escarpments in Western New York, spanning a region nearly 60 miles across, and draining westward into the Niagara River.
		Tonawanda sources are interpreted as being from proglacial and periglacial tributaries from the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet sheet.
		Lacustrine sediments consist of a basal till, overlain by approximately one to three meters of clay, grading into a marl that is overlain by up to 8 meters of peat.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003SC/finalprogram/abstract_49817.htm (413 words)

	Building Your Own Home - Custom Home Design And Residential Construction In The Buffalo Niagara Falls Region Of WNY
		The Buffalo Niagara -Falls Region of WNY is located east of the Niagara River, between Lakes Erie and Ontario.
		The basal level of the Lake Ontario plain is the bed of ancient Lake Iroquois, which ends abruptly at the ~250ft high Niagara scarp of Silurian rock strata.
		Grand Island in the middle of the Niagara River and much of nearby Tonawanda is built on thick clay sediment, with a local moraine crossing the north of the island at the shoreline of ancient Lake Tonawanda.
	highviewhome.com /GIP1.asp (2437 words)

	buenosaires.ca - Niagara on the lake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Niagara On The Lake Hotels at rates that are disco...
		Marriott Fallsview, Niagara on the lake next to new Fallsview Casino has 23 floors of luxury rooms, full service spa, dinning, romance packages and more.
		Buckeye Lake (Fairfield, Licking, and Perry counties) - For channel catfish, use chicken livers...
	buenosaires.ca /Niagara-on-the-lake/reference/search (310 words)

	Tonawanda, New York - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Tonawanda, New York - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
		This page was last modified 22:27, 8 Dec 2004.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Tonawanda (236 words)

	Tonawanda, NY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Tonawanda New York (NY) Florist- Huge selection of beautiful flowers starting at $24.95.
		Tonawanda New York NY Hotels, Motels, and Inns
		Tonawanda New York has wonderful hotels, motels and lodging.
	realdating-newyork.info /city/Tonawanda (295 words)

	Facts about Niagara Falls
		The Niagara River, as is the entire Great Lakes Basin of which the river is an integral part, is a legacy of the last Ice Age.
		However, about 10,500 years ago, through an interplay of geological effects including alternating retreats and re-advances of the ice, and rebounding of the land when released from the intense pressure of the ice (isostatic rebound), this process was interrupted.
		For the next 5,000 years Lake Erie remained only half the size of today, the Niagara River was reduced to about 10% of its current flow, and a much-reduced Falls stalled in the area of the Niagara Glen.
	www.niagarafallslive.com /Facts_about_Niagara_Falls.htm (1468 words)

	GORP - Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge, New York
		Historically, the refuge was very wet, covered by glacial Lake Tonawanda that slowly drained, leaving Alabama Swamp and Oak Orchard Creek behind.
		Oak Orchard was the name that European settlers gave to Alabama Swamp when they saw the groves of oak trees left by the earlier Seneca Indian settlers (one of the six nations in the Iroquois Confederacy) who had opened plots in the forest for their gardens.
		The refuge was called Oak Orchard NWR when it was established in 1958, but it, too, was renamed to avoid confusion with the Oak Orchard Wildlife Management Area, one of two adjacent state-owned areas.
	gorp.away.com /gorp/resource/us_nwr/ny_iroqu.htm (1564 words)

	Wyoming County, New York Genealogical Records Information
		The land is fertile, but varies greatly, for it is for the most part made up of glacial drift, which in turn has made many natural dams forming lakes and low lands where there is a muck soil or marl.
		At the time of the erection of the County, horse drawn vehicles were still the only means of transportation, but the Tonawanda and Rochester Railroad was completed to Attica in 1843, and, although there were no more railroads built until nearly ten years later, there was a marked boom in the growth of the County.
		Many other roads were built in later years, but these years on each side of the date of the organization of the County seem to have been those of the most rapid growth and the coming of the district to maturity.
	www.mynewyorkgenealogy.com /ny_county/wy.htm (1095 words)

	Buffalo's Best Fiend
		Many thousands of years ago Amherst was the flat bottom of ancient Lake Tonawanda, a product of the Ice Age, when glaciers covered the area.
		Centuries of glacial freeze and thaw produced a lake which slowly built up layer upon hardened layer of silt to a depth of sixty feet or more in some places.
		With the help of evaporation and runoff, the slow draining and drying process over time left a muck of ancient clay on a flat flood plain with less than one foot elevation shift per mile.
	www.buffalobeast.com /45/swampherst.html (1616 words)

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