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Topic: Glacial polish

	Glacier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A glacier is a large, long-lasting river of ice that is formed on landand moves in response to gravity.
		Glacial moraines are formed from the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated.These features usually appear as linear mounds of till, which is a poorly-sorted mixture ofrock, gravel and boulders that are within a matrix of a fine powdery material.
		Glacial erratics are rounded boulders that were left by amelting glacier and are often seen perched precariously on exposed rock faces after glacial retreat.
	www.therfcc.org /glacier-29453.html (854 words)

	Glacier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In general, outlet glaciers are valley glaciers, which are formed by the movement of ice from a polar ice cap, or an ice cap from mountainous regions, to the sea.
		Glacial erratics are rounded boulders that were left by a melting glacier and are often seen perched precariously on exposed rock faces after glacial retreat.
		The idea that the evidence of middle-latitude glaciations is closely related to the displacement of tectonic plates and was confirmed by the absence of glacial traces in the same period for the higher latitudes of North America and Eurasia, which indicates, as obvious, that their locations were very different than today.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glacier (4208 words)

	Glaciers and Glaciation
		A glacier is a permanent (on a human time scale, because nothing on the Earth is really permanent) body of ice, consisting largely of recrystallized snow, that shows evidence of downslope or outward movement due to the pull of gravity.
		Glaciation: is the modification of the land surface by the action of glaciers.
		Glacial striations - long parallel scratches and grooves that are produced at the bottom of temperate glaciers by rocks embedded in the ice scraping against the rock underlying the glacier (see figure 16.17 in your text).
	www.tulane.edu /~sanelson/geol111/glaciers.htm (2777 words)

	Stearns County, Minnesota: Parks - The Quarries of Quarry Park (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Glacial polish is moderately well developed on adjacent outcrops, but the majority of the quarry wall consists of glacial overburden.
		Excellent glacial polish is found on outcrops at the top of the south wall.
		Extensive natural outcrops to the south and east have glacial polish and a variety of shear zones, fractures, and local variations in rock type.
	www.co.stearns.mn.us /departments/parks/quarrypark/quarries2.htm (705 words)

	Glacier Terminology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Glacial drift: is the loose and unsorted rock debris distributed by glaciers and glacial meltwaters.
		Glacial flour: is the fine-grained sediment carried by glacial rivers that results from the abrasion of rock at the glacier bed.
		Glacial polish: is the leveling and smoothing of rock by fine-grained debris at the glacier bed.
	www.digistar.mb.ca /minsci/geology/terms.htm (1137 words)

	An Introduction to Glacial Erosional Processes
		And, like a bulldozer, glaciers are poor at eroding rock unless it is already weakened.
		As a glacier flows down hill there may be an obstruction which causes a high-pressure zone to form on the up-ice side and a low-pressure zone to form on the down-ice side.
		If the glacier is at the pressure melting point, basal ice melts in the high-pressure area and the resulting water infiltrates cracks present in the bedrock.
	www.homepage.montana.edu /~geol445/hyperglac/eroproc1 (471 words)

	Glacier Glossary
		On snowfields and glaciers, if the relative humidity (moisture content) of a packet of air is high enough that the air reaches the dew point as it cools in contact with the snow or ice, condensation occurs, releasing nearly 600 calories/gram of latent heat.
		Proglacial lakes form the angle of the land and the angle of the glacier are opposite or in the superglacial/englacial environment.
		In glaciers, if the relative humidity of a packet of air is high enough that the air reaches the dew point as it cools in contact with the snow or ice, condensation occurs, releasing +AH4- 680 calories/gram of latent heat.
	www.ebeltz.net /glacier/glacglos.html (5695 words)

	Glacier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Geologic features associated with glaciers include end, lateral and medial moraines that form from glacially transported rocks and debris; U-shaped valleyss and cirques (cwms) at their heads.
		The snow from which glaciers form is subject to repeated freezing and thawing, permitting the formation of a form of granular ice called nevé.
		In the summer, the melted ice from the glacier alone may be enough to create a stream and whilst the glacier may be a barren waste of dense ice, fertile land is often nearby.
	www.wikiverse.org /glacier (1069 words)

	Glaciers and Glaciation
		Glaciers are masses of ice on land that move by plastic flow and basal slip.
		Valley glaciers are confined to mountain valleys and flow from higher to lower elevations, whereas continental glaciers cover vast areas and flow outward in all directions from a zone of accumulation.
		Continental glaciers transport most of their sediment in the lower part of the ice, whereas valley glaciers may carry sediment in all parts of the ice.
	geowords.com /p_/chap11glac.htm (934 words)

	Glacier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hence, the glacier is in balance at this zone.
		The most common name for glacial sediment is moraine.
		Tillite is a sedimentary rock formed when glacial till is lithified.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glacier (4208 words)

	Glaciers and Glaciation
		Glaciers are masses of ice that flow under the influence of gravity.
		Glaciers are the largest reservoir of fresh water and contain about 2.15% of the world's water.
		Glacial Erratics - Erratics are pieces of rock carried by a glacier and left stranded on bedrock of different composition.
	www.geo.ua.edu /intro03/ice.html (2571 words)

	Glacial Landforms and Features - The shape of the land, Forces and changes, Spotlight on famous forms
		A glacier is a large body of ice that formed on land from the compaction and recrystallization of snow, survives year to year, and shows some sign of movement downhill due to gravity.
		Glaciers elsewhere are normally warm enough at their bases to have a layer of water form between their ice and the ground.
		The fastest-recorded glacial surge was that of the Kutiah Glacier in northern Pakistan.
	www.scienceclarified.com /landforms/Faults-to-Mountains/Glacial-Landforms-and-Features.html (4281 words)

	GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF BLACKWOOD CANYON, LAKE TAHOE, CALIFORNIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR LANDSLIDES AND TSUNAMIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		BC and Ward Canyon (WC) to the north are the only two large glacial valleys in the eastern Sierra lacking lateral moraines at their mouths, possibly a result of removal by the McKinney Bay megalandslide during Holocene(?) time.
		These observations clearly indicate that Tahoe and Tioga glaciers occupied the entirety of BC and that ice depth exceeded 70 m at the mouth of the canyon.
		Lindgren’s (1896) inference that granitic erratics near Eagle Rock were carried by ice spill-over from an ice cap southwest of BC is supported by identification of the Rockbound Valley granodiorite (Loomis, 1981), exposed 6-10 km south of the head of BC, as the source of some of the large erratics.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_45768.htm (436 words)

	CVO Menu - Glacier and Related Terminology
		Glacial drift is the loose and unsorted rock debris distributed by glaciers and glacial meltwaters.
		Glacial flour is the fine-grained sediment carried by glacial rivers that results from the abrasion of rock at the glacier bed.
		Glacial polish is the leveling and smoothing of rock by fine-grained debris at the glacier bed.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Glossary/Glaciers/glacier_terminology.html (1473 words)

	Glacier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glaciers can currently be found on every continent except Australia.
		Glaciers are classified according to size and their relationship with local topography.
		[2] These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/glacier (4208 words)

	10(af) Landforms of Glaciation
		Glaciers have played an important role in the shaping of landscapes in the middle and high latitudes and in alpine environments.
		The flow of an alpine glacier into a valley, causes the glacier to rapidly advance producing a swollen tongue of ice at the glacier's snout, known as a lobe.
		Glacial erratics are large pieces of rock that have been transported away from their source areas by moving glacial ice sheets.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/10af.html (1793 words)

	ES 331/767 Lecture 3
		In order to interpret ancient glaciation, the uniformitarian approach is crucial: modern glaciers and their erosional and depositional features are used as analogs for understanding similar features of older glaciations.
		Glacial polish on granite surface, island of Bornholm, Denmark.
		Glaciated crystalline bedrock of the Fennoscandian shield, Stockholm, Sweden.
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/ice/lec03/lec3.htm (1937 words)

	Glacial terms
		Glacier: is a body of ice showing evidence of movement as reported by the presence of ice flowline, crevasses, and recent geologic evidence.
		Glacier outburst flood: A sudden release of melt water from a glacier or glacier-dammed lake sometimes resulting in a catastrophic flood, formed by melting of a channel or by subglacial volcanic activity.
		Trimlines: are the sharp vegetative boundaries delimiting the upper margin of a former glaciation.
	www.ux1.eiu.edu /~cfjps/1300/glacialterms.html (1250 words)

	Mount Rainier National Park (Nature Notes) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This glacier has been receding extremely rapidly of late, and there is no reason to doubt that the andesite outcrop in question was ice-covered a few score years ago.
		The same rocks are striated in the line of glacial flow, and it is the surfaces upon which the ice impinged that are polished.
		Perhaps the reason that rocks highly polished by glaciers are unusual is because the polish wears off after a few centuries.
	www.nps.gov /mora/notes/vol5-11c.htm (456 words)

	Glaciers and glacial features
		The glacier surface had many such streams, though this is one of the largest at this elevation.
		The light grayish-brown loose material to the left of the glacier against the red-brown rock is a lateral moraine produced when the glacial ice was somewhat thicker.
		Notice how dirty the glacial ice is. This is caused by the fact that, as the ice melts, much of the entrained rock, gravel, sand, and mud remain in place to accumulate on the surface.
	www.union.edu /PUBLIC/GEODEPT/hollocher/skaergaard/landscape/glaciers.htm (1441 words)

	Agates-R-Us.Com - Lake Superior Agates & More
		Any rock material, such as boulders, till, gravel, sand or clay, transported by a glacier and deposited by or from the ice, or in water derived from the melting of the ice.
		Glacially deposited gravel and rock exposed at the surface.
		A small cavity in an igneous rock, formed by the expansion of a bubble of gas or steam during the solidification of the rock.
	www.agates-r-us.com /definitions.html (1434 words)

	Volcanoes of the Eastern Sierra Nevada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The work of glaciers, especially the part they have played in sculpturing the face of the earth, is as yet but little understood, because they have so few loving observers willing to remain with them long enough to appreciate them.
		The debris is deposited along the ground because as the debris is coming to the end of the glacier, the glacier is receding and the end of the glacier is moving.
		They number five, and may well be called Yosemite glaciers, since they were the agents by which beauty-loving nature created the grand valley, grinding and fashioning it out of the solid flank of the range, block by block, particle by particle, with sublime deliberation and repose.
	www.indiana.edu /~sierra/papers/2004/gray.html (2816 words)

	Cochise College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		-is a scoop-like depression on the side of a mountain formed by a valley glacier eroding the mountain.
		-is glacial ice, a granular form of ice similar to the material in a "slush ball".
		-When two valley glaciers merge to form a larger valley glacier, their area of contact is often marked by a line of glacial debris accumulated from lateral moraines of the two glaciers.
	skywalker.cochise.edu /wellerr/GLGP-12.htm (667 words)

	Soils and Geology of Wisconsin Field Trip, May 2006
		Large rounded granite boulders are not the result of water or glacial action but are the residual cores of former joint blocks.
		Thick accumulations of slate and metagraywacke represent the former continental slope of the Superior craton.
		The smooth polished steep surface could be slickensides due to faulting, but the texture seems to merge seamlessly into the glacial polish on top.
	www.uwgb.edu /dutchs/EnvSci421/EnvSC421S06.HTM (662 words)

	Yosemite National Park Interactive Classroom
		Glacier Point offers a commanding bird’s eye view of Yosemite Valley, Half Dome, the crest of the Sierra Nevada, and some of Yosemite’s famous waterfalls.
		Glacial evidence, such as glacial polish and the U-shape of the area, can be seen from the dome.
		Glacial polish and glacial erratics can be seen along the nature trail.
	www.nps.gov /yose/education/visiting/when_arriv/teaching.htm (769 words)

	Glossary of Terms: G
		The backwards movement of the snout of a glacier.
		Valley that was influenced by the presence of glaciers.
		The cross-section of such valleys tends to be U-shaped because of glacial erosion.
	www.physicalgeography.net /physgeoglos/g.html (1837 words)

	Golden Gate Photo - Tuolumne Gallery, Part 2
		The scenic glacial arête of Cathedral Peak is reflected in Lower Cathedral Lake.
		First, there are glacial striations, parallel grooves carved into the polished granite by large blocks pushed by the glacial ice.
		Second, the large out-of-place blocks resting on the high perches in the distance are known as glacial erratics (particularly if they consist of a rock type that isn't like the bedrock upon which they lie).
	www.goldengatephoto.com /WestUS/tuolumne2.html (611 words)

	Friday Rock Blogging: Glacial Polish
		Glaciers look regal and calm, or at least, that’s the canonical photograph: blue-tinted light refracted around a majestic pile of ice.
		When glaciers retreat, they leave behind a variety of characteristic marks, all of which have funny names: drumlins and eskers and cwms on a large scale, chatter marks and striations and polish* on a smaller scale.
		There’s nothing special about the process that produces glacial polish; it’s simply dust and grit on the bottom of the glacier acting as a piece of sandpaper as the glacier goes wherever it’s going.
	greengabbro.net /2005/06/03/friday-rock-blogging-glacial-polish (493 words)

	Yosemite National Park -- Geology
		Glacial polish and striations: The shiny, flat surface of some rocks is the handiwork of glaciers that polished them centuries ago.
		Sand and other small abrasives that pressed against the granite under the weight of the glaciers cut distinct striations, or scratch marks, on the rocks, which indicate the direction the glaciers were moving.
		Until 250,000 years ago, glaciers filled the V-shaped Yosemite Valley, widening, deepening, and carving it into a U-shape, forming hanging valleys from which waterfalls now cascade.
	www.americanparknetwork.com /parkinfo/yo/geology (417 words)

	Devils Postpile National Monument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Because of its unusual thickness, much of the mass of pooled lava cooled slowly and evenly, which is why the columns are so long and so symmetrical (columnar jointing occurs when certain types of lava cool; the joints develop when the lava contracts during the cooling process).
		A glacier later removed much of this mass of rock and left a nicely polished surface on top of the Postpile with very noticeable glacial striations and glacial polish.
		Devils Postpile was once part of Yosemite National Park, but discovery of gold near Mammoth Lakes, California prompted a boundary change that left the Postpile on adjacent public land.
	www.wikiverse.org /devils-postpile-national-monument (388 words)

	Thredbo \| Things to Do \| Summer \| Activities
		The Europeans were the first to scale the mountain, with Polish explorer Paul Edmund Strzelecki naming the peak after its similarity to the tomb of the Polish patriot Kosciuszko.
		On your journey to the roof top of Australia you’ll cross the spectacular head waters of the Snowy River, discover the amazing and truly unique flora and fauna, and be taken away by the magnificent 360 degree views at the summit.
		During the last ice age, glaciers tore at the granite of the Main Range, leaving lakes and huge boulders in their wake as they slowly moved across the landscape.
	www.thredbo.com.au /thingstodo/summer/activities.asp?ref=10 (1276 words)

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