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Topic: Glacial striations

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	Glacier Glossary
		Striations or marks left on the postglacial exposed bedrock caused by the striking of englacial debris against the bedrock surface during glacial movement.
		On snowfields and glaciers, if the relative humidity (moisture content) of a packet of air is high enough that the air reaches the dew point as it cools in contact with the snow or ice, condensation occurs, releasing nearly 600 calories/gram of latent heat.
		Proglacial lakes form the angle of the land and the angle of the glacier are opposite or in the superglacial/englacial environment.
	ebeltz.net /glacier/glacglos.html (6055 words)

	Striation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In bodybuilding, striations are the tiny grooves of muscle across major muscle groups characteristic of a well-developed body.
		In geology, glacial striations are grooves or lines inscribed on the surface of a rock, produced by a geological process such as glacial flow.
		In mineralogy striations are thin parallel lines (often microscopic) present in a mineral due to crystal twinning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Striation (237 words)

	Boulders
		In Iowa, glacial erratics are commonly observed where glacial deposits occur at the land surface, primarily in the north-central and northeastern parts of the state.
		Glacial erratics in Iowa are not difficult to identify.
		Glacial grooves and striations (lower left) inscribe the limestone bedrock exposed in a Des Moines County quarry.
	www.igsb.uiowa.edu /browse/boulders/boulders.htm (1630 words)

	Glacial striations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glacial grooves caused by the Wisconsin glaciation at Kelleys Island, Ohio
		Glacial striations or glacial grooves are gouges or grooves cut into the bedrock by glacial ice and meltwater as it slowly ground its way along during one of the Earth's Ice Ages or by mountain glaciers.
		Striations usually occur as multiple, straight parallel lines representing the movement of the sediment loaded base of the glacier.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glacial_striations (226 words)

	10(af) Landforms of Glaciation
		Glaciers have played an important role in the shaping of landscapes in the middle and high latitudes and in alpine environments.
		The flow of an alpine glacier into a valley, causes the glacier to rapidly advance producing a swollen tongue of ice at the glacier's snout, known as a lobe.
		Glacial erratics are large pieces of rock that have been transported away from their source areas by moving glacial ice sheets.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/10af.html (1829 words)

	Montana Earth Science Picture of the Week
		Striations help determine which direction the ice was flowing as it moved across an area.
		However, with the much larger continental glacier that grew southward from Canada during the last ice age, striations help geologists locate “centers” where the ice started to grow from before it merged to form the single ice sheet that covered Canada.
		In fact, striations found in various parts of Canada indicate that there were three places in northern Canada where snowfall accumulations contributed to the ice sheet that eventually reached Montana.
	formontana.net /striations.html (312 words)

	Geology and Mineral Resources
		The stones in the brook bed to the left of the mattock head are glacially transported pebbles and cobbles which are actually part of the glacial till.
		Glacial striations are caused by the larger stones, which gouge out grooves as they are scraped over the rock by the moving ice.
		After the retreat of the glacier, this particular surface was protected by a covering of glacial till, which was removed when the highway was constructed.
	www.anr.state.vt.us /dec/geo/stjedu2.htm (2129 words)

	Glacial Striations
		The ice at the bottom of a glacier is usually loaded with debris, including large rocks.
		As the ice moves forward, chunks of rock are plucked from the bedrock and dragged along on the bottom of the ice.
		Striations are grooves or scratches left behind in the bedrock (picture) after a glacier has passed over it, and geologists use these markings to determine the direction that the ice took.
	www.athropolis.com /arctic-facts/fact-striations.htm (258 words)

	Glaciers and associated features
		Glacial striations, or scratches cut into granite bedrock by debris transported in the ice at the base of a glacier.
		Glacial plucking, or removal of bedrock from the down-slope side of a small bedrock hill or knob.
		The sharp ridge in the foreground is an arete.
	www.ship.edu /~cjwolt/geology/slides/gl-sum.htm (757 words)

	Wisconsin's Glacial Legacy
		The flat bed of glacial Lake Wisconsin, one these lakes, is a marked contrast to the unglaciated hills of the Driftless Area that bound its western side.
		The region of recent glaciation is dotted with over 14,000 glacial lakes; numerous bogs, marshes, and fens; and many streams whose courses are determined by the young glacial deposits.
		In the areas of Wisconsin that were glaciated prior to the most recent glaciation, erosion has had time to modify the landscape and, as a result, glacial landforms are subdued or unrecognizable.
	www.nps.gov /iatr/expanded/history.htm (1343 words)

	Striations - Maine Geological Survey
		Striations are scratches or grooves on a rock surface made by debris at the base of the ice as it is dragged over the rock by the flowing glacier.
		The striations and grooves are generally smaller scale features in the family of erosional marks left by the glacier.
		The striations on this outcrop include a strong set, the most robust and deeply eroded, with a trend range of 135 - 145 degrees (the 135 trend appears younger by cross-cutting the 145 trend, and may be a later shift from the 145 trend).
	www.state.me.us /doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/surficial/sites/aug02.htm (1229 words)

	Glacial Periods
		Glacial tillites, striations, etc., are found on almost all continents.
		Many glacial sediments were apparently deposited at low latitude as shown by the association of carbonate sediments and glacial tills.
		Glaciation in Antarctica began in the mid-Cenozoic as that continent became isolated over the south pole.
	www.columbia.edu /~vjd1/past_ice_ages.htm (811 words)

	Glacial Geology glossary
		Jokulhlaup: (Icelandic) Outburst flooding from a glacial ice dam breakage or intense melt, as by volcanic activity.
		Plucking: A process of glacial erosion by which blocks of rock are loosened, detached, and borne away from bedrock by the freezing of water in fissures.
		Valley Glacier: A subtype of alpine glacier or mountain glacier which is longer than it is wide, and flows along the floor of a mountain valley.
	gemini.oscs.montana.edu /~geol445/hyperglac/glossary.htm (2573 words)

	Pennsylvania Geological Survey: Open-File Reports – Hillsgrove Metadata
		The oldest and farthest glacial limit to the southwest is considered to be of pre-Illinoian-G age (850 Ka) or older.
		The trend of the glacial limits and glacial striations of the older glaciations is similar to that of the late Wisconsinan glacier (Braun, 1994).
		This indicates that the older glaciers moved across the region in about the same direction as the late Wisconsinan ice and the older glaciers should have eroded and deposited in a pattern generally like that of the late Wisconsinan.
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /topogeo/openfile/hillsgmetadata.aspx (3216 words)

	Glaciers and glacial features (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The glacier surface had many such streams, though this is one of the largest at this elevation.
		The light grayish-brown loose material to the left of the glacier against the red-brown rock is a lateral moraine produced when the glacial ice was somewhat thicker.
		Notice how dirty the glacial ice is. This is caused by the fact that, as the ice melts, much of the entrained rock, gravel, sand, and mud remain in place to accumulate on the surface.
	union.edu /PUBLIC/GEODEPT/hollocher/skaergaard/landscape/glaciers.htm (1441 words)

	Glaciers and Icefields
		Ice flows down the valleys and slopes of the mountains to the lower elevations, and glaciers are born.
		As glaciers carve U-shaped valleys, rocks plucked from the bedrock and frozen in the ice etch grooves and striations in the bedrock.
		Glacial recession unmasks trimlines, slightly sloping changes in vegetation or weathered bedrock on the valley walls that indicate a glacier's height at its glacial maximum.
	www.fs.fed.us /r10/tongass/forest_facts/resources/geology/icefields.htm (1923 words)

	Rea, B. 1996 GGG (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The striating contact on the striator was clean, with a deposit of fine comminution debris (rock flour) plastered onto the trailing edge of the clast-bed contact.
		The fact that rock flour is plastered onto the trailing edge of the striator suggests that shearing has occurred under high stress, through the rock flour, with some material being left on the bed as a polished surface and some plastered onto the striator.
		The experimental striations described were undertaken as part of PhD research during which the author was in receipt of a DENI postgraduate studentship.
	boris.qub.ac.uk /ggg/papers/full/1996/tn01/tn01pr.html (2836 words)

	ES 331/767 Lecture 3
		In order to interpret ancient glaciation, the uniformitarian approach is crucial: modern glaciers and their erosional and depositional features are used as analogs for understanding similar features of older glaciations.
		Striations and grooves are often used to establish the direction of ice movement at the time of erosion both locally and regionally--see Fig.
		Glaciated crystalline bedrock of the Fennoscandian shield, Stockholm, Sweden.
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/ice/lec03/lec3.htm (1937 words)

	An Introduction to Glacial Erosional Processes
		Crack growth may be due to pressure release before glaciation, chemical weathering and volume change, or to the expansion of ice when water freezes.
		As a glacier flows down hill there may be an obstruction which causes a high-pressure zone to form on the up-ice side and a low-pressure zone to form on the down-ice side.
		If the glacier is at the pressure melting point, basal ice melts in the high-pressure area and the resulting water infiltrates cracks present in the bedrock.
	www.homepage.montana.edu /~geol445/hyperglac/eroproc1 (471 words)

	Ice Age Module
		When the glacier melts and recedes, any material that is not reworked by water or wind is simply left behind as a chaotic mixture of grain and sizes and composition.
		Older glacial deposits, interglacial river sediments and soils were eroded by the weight of the new advancing ice sheet nd mixed together to form the next layer of glacial deposits.
		Glacial ages can affect the evolution and distribution of life directly by climate change and shifting environments, or indirectly by changing sea level and subsequently affecting animal migration.
	jesse.usra.edu /articles/iceagemodule/iceagemodule-paper.html (6189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Differing ice flow directions were recorded by glacial striations on summit surfaces than polished surfaces at low elevations on valley margins.
		Striations on isolated, 700-800m summit surfaces in the northern Ford Ranges indicate N to NW glacial flow.
		Glacially polished rock outcrops at low elevations (<500m) preserve ~E-W glacial striations, parallel with west-directed ice flow in the present day.
	igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov /wais/pastmeetings/abstracts97/siddoway.html (491 words)

	Golden Gate Photo - Glossary of Technical Terms
		A dark gray, consolidated, coarse-grained sandstone consisting of poorly sorted angular to subangular grains of quartz, feldspar, and dark rock and mineral fragments embedded in a matrix of compact clay.
		A topographic feature where the mouth of a tributary valley (formed by a stream or a glacier) is notably higher than the floor of the main valley it empties into due to the more rapid deepening of the main valley.
		In glacial valleys, this is due to the greater erosive power of the truck glacier.
	www.goldengatephoto.com /glossary.html (2210 words)

	USGS: Geological Survey Professional Paper 754-A (Direction of Ice Movement) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Glacial striations indicate that the last ice movement on the east half of the island was toward the southwest, parallel to the bedrock ridge and valley topography (pl. 1).
		On the west half, striations and drumlins indicate that the direction of movement was westward, crossing the linear landforms at an angle.
		Southwesterly striations in the Huginnin Cove area presumably reflect the direction of the main Valders advance down the Lake Superior basin prior to retreat to the position of the ice-margin deposits.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/754a/sec2.htm (164 words)

	CT DEP: Geology of Dennis Hill State Park
		Outcrop of schist with glacial striations parallel to the road.
		The striations were caused by frozen rocks at the bottom of the glacial ice that ground across the rock surface as the ice moved south.
		Glacial striations parallel to the fl line were ground into the surface by the glaciers.
	dep.state.ct.us /stateparks/geology/dennishillgeo.htm (880 words)

	Glacial Striations
		Signs of movement could be channels, grooves or striations depending on the size of the sediment contained in the glacier.
		Striations are usually multiple, straight parallel lines which represent the movement of the sediment loaded base of the glacier over.
		Glacial movement prediction is difficult to do based solely upon striations, but it has worked in many cases in the past.
	maps.unomaha.edu /Maher/geo330/kirk1.html (328 words)

	Ancient Ice Ages AND Submarine Landslides, but NO Noah’s Flood: A Review of M
		Glaciers simply can’t develop in the middle of Noah’s Flood and, according to the YEC view of Genesis, the Earth is too young to have multiple waxing and waning ice sheets.
		Glaciations are not mentioned in the Bible, but the evidence for Pleistocene glaciations is so overwhelming that most young-Earth creationists ("YECs") are now forced to somewhat deal with their reality.
		Glacial features or sediments that form in marine environments are now identified as "glacial marine" or "glaciomarine" sediments and rocks.
	chem.tufts.edu /science/Stear-NoAiG/no-AiG/henke_oard1.htm (17620 words)

	acolville - geology
		Glacial erosion near the Grand Hotel, on the south side of the inner harbor.
		Glacial polish, striations and grooves on the coast south of Victoria.Good access is near the SW corner of Beacon Hill Park.
		Has granitic boulder that is a glacial erratic.
	home.earthlink.net /~acolville/geology.html (177 words)

	Glacial Erosion: Striations, Roche Moutonnee and Craig and Tail (Site not responding. Last check: )
		By lightly running a finger along the striation it is possible to discover that when moving one way along it, the rock feels smooth, but when moving the other way it feels more coarse.
		The moving ice leaves the rock grains aligned with the direction of movement, so when the striation feels smooth, your finger is moving in the direction of ice flow.
		Roche Moutonnee are outcrops of resistant bed rock with a gentle abraded slope on what would have been the upstream side of the ice (stoss slope) and a steep rougher slope on the downstream side (lee slope).
	www.geography-site.co.uk /pages/physical/glaciers/stria.html (460 words)

	Schoolyard Geology
		Rocks embedded in the bottom of a massive glacier scratched the rock underneath as the glacier moved along.
		Glaciers are made of ice and rocks that get trapped in the ice.
		Glacial Scratching [Middle School] Students make mini-glaciers and use them to make scratch-marks on a piece of wood.
	education.usgs.gov /schoolyard/glacialstriations.html (394 words)

	[No title]
		Key vocabulary: Striations, UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator), moraines, till, erratics, kettle lakes, Ice Age Theory Materials and set-up: Some set-up is required prior to students coming to class.
		Name:______________________________________________Date:__________Hr:___ Investigation: Glacier Striations “Who wants to be a glaciologist?” Objective: Students will use Global Positioning System (GPS) data and compasses to graph glacier striations and determine the direction of glacier movement.
		Explorer — help group find the where the striations are located Recorder — record all coordinates and directions of striations You may switch roles so that everyone gets a chance doing something different Find the UTM coordinates of the ________________________________, this will be our starting point.
	www.mg.mtu.edu /TESI2005/LESSON_PLANS/Sell.doc (642 words)

	Glaciers
		Glaciers form from: Conversion of snow to glacial ice -
		Glacial erosion and sculpture - due to high viscosity and P of ice
		Louis Agassiz (1837) - hypothesis of continental glaciation - dramatic evidence for
	www.geol.lsu.edu /dutrow/intro/98glaciers.htm (207 words)

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