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Topic: Glacial valley

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	Glaciers and Glaciation
		While glaciers are of relatively minor importance today, evidence exists that the Earth's climate has undergone fluctuations in the past, and that the amount of the Earth's surface covered by glaciers has been much larger in the past than in the present.
		Glaciation : is the modification of the land surface by the action of glaciers.
		Glacial striations - long parallel scratches and grooves that are produced at the bottom of temperate glaciers by rocks embedded in the ice scraping against the rock underlying the glacier (see figure 16.17 in your text).
	www.tulane.edu /~sanelson/geol111/glaciers.htm (2781 words)

	HA 730-M Surficial aquifer system, valley-fill glacial aquifers text
		The glacial material was deposited contemporaneously with and partly atop marine silt and clay in the southern one-half of the bedrock valley.
		As the glacier melted, northward drainage was blocked by the retreating ice; thus, ponding of meltwater occurred in the area with accompanying deposition of fine-grained glacial-lake sediments.
		The Irondogenesee aquifer is in the Irondogenesee buried valley in eastern Monroe County, N.Y. fig.
	capp.water.usgs.gov /gwa/ch_m/M-text1.html (5261 words)

	10(ae) Glacial Processes
		As the glacier proceeds to move downslope, the flow lines of the ice begin to converge because of the narrowing of the valley.
		The mass balance of a glacier involves two main components: accumulation of snow in the glacier's zone of accumulation and the ablation of ice in the zone of ablation ( Figure 10ae-4).
		Eventually, all glacier ice is lost in the zone of ablation by the processes of melting, evaporation, and sublimation.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/10ae.html (1524 words)

	Chapter 19: Glacial Modification of Terrain
		Glacier occurs when there is a net year-to-year accumulation of snow over a period of years.
		Glacial trough — a valley reshaped by an alpine glacier, usually with a relatively straight course with a fluctuating gradient.
		Hanging valley — a tributary glacial trough, the bottom of which is considerably higher than the bottom of the principal trough that it joins.
	www.valdosta.edu /~cdenizma/personal/course2_files/glaciers.htm (2162 words)

	10(af) Landforms of Glaciation
		Glaciers have played an important role in the shaping of landscapes in the middle and high latitudes and in alpine environments.
		The flow of an alpine glacier into a valley, causes the glacier to rapidly advance producing a swollen tongue of ice at the glacier's snout, known as a lobe.
		Glacial erratics are large pieces of rock that have been transported away from their source areas by moving glacial ice sheets.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/10af.html (1850 words)

	Library: Glaciers In RMNP
		As a glacier moves downhill, the areas at the top (that is, the source) of the glacier continue to replenish.
		As a glacier moves, it pushes debris, and when the debris reaches the end of the glacier, it piles up into a ridgeline of till along the front edge of the glacier.
		These glaciers were the largest in the area, and they formed the basis for what would later become the major valleys in the Park.
	estes.on-line.com /rmnp/articles/glac.html (1802 words)

	Glaciers and Glaciation - Practice Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Glacier ice moves or flows easily because the ice crystals are all aligned or foliated as in a foliated metamorphic rock.
		When a valley glacier is retreating, the ice front of toe of the glacier is melting up the valley while the ice is moving down the valley.
		Glacial valleys are "V" shaped in cross section because most of the glacial load is carried at the bottom of the glacier.
	motted.hawaii.edu /~quizuser/quizzes/kev/300glacier.html (1036 words)

	THE GLACIAL LAKE AGASSIZ--Chapter II
		The valleys of the Pomme de Terre and Chippewa rivers, 75 to 100 feet deep along most of their course and one-fourth of a mile to 1 mile in width, were probably avenues of drainage from the melting ice fields in their northward retreat.
		The Qu'Appelle Valley was eroded by the outlet of a glacial lake in the basin of the South Saskatchewan River.
		The outflow of the Saskatchewan glacial lake, fed by the melting ice fields of an immense area reaching west to the Rocky Mountains, took its course east by this trough-like channel or valley, entering the Assiniboine at Fort Ellice and reaching the border of Lake Agassiz at Brandon.
	www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu /govdocs/text/lakeagassiz/chapter2.html (16017 words)

	Tully Valley landslide study
		As a consequence of a large landslide in the Tully Valley, Onondaga County, New York, an investigation was undertaken to determine the factors responsible for the landslide in order to develop a model for regional landslide susceptibility.
		The Tully Valley is located in the northern end of the Allegheny Plateau at the drainage divide of the Susquehanna and the St.
		A study of the glacial geology is important for the recognition of glacial landforms and distinction of landslides.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/1994/ofr-94-0615/tvstudy.htm (5053 words)

	Crater Lake National Park: Nature Notes (1937) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A sufficient quantity of lava issued to completely fill and overflow the glacial valley which has been carved to a depth of 500 to 600 feet, the maximum thickness of the flow being approximately 1,200 feet.
		The conclusive evidence that the flow buried a glacial valley is as follows: (1) The cross-section of the base of the flow is distinctly U-shaped.
		From the evidence presented it may be concluded that Llao Rock represents a recent lava flow which filled and buried a glacial valley carved to a depth of 500 to 600 feet on the northwest slope of Mount Mazama, and that the flow occurred when the valley was free of ice.
	www.nps.gov /crla/notes/vol10-3b.htm (460 words)

	Glacial Geology
		The typical river valley in solid rock is a v shaped affair, the river carving downward in a directly downward fashion, producing slanted sides.
		This produces a u-shaped valley, and it is one of the biggest signs, even in areas without glaciers anymore, that a glacier has been there in the distant past.
		The former are winding affairs from streams on or under a glacier, the latter are teardrop shaped affairs.
	members.aol.com /scipioiv/glacialgeology.html (984 words)

	Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		: a valley eroded by a small tributary glacier, such that the elevation of the valley floor is higher than the elevation of the valley floor that the hanging valley joins.
		The erosive power of glaciers is dictated by their size: the larger a glacier, the farther down into the landscape it can erode.
		Thus the valley floors of small tributary glaciers will be higher in elevation that the valley floor of the larger glacier that the small tributary glacier joins.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/glossary.html (761 words)

	Glaciers of California: CHAPTER FOUR
		In the 1870s the origin of the valley became the subject of a dispute, sometimes bitter, known as the "Yosemite Problem" or the "Yosemite Controversy." At first, debate centered upon the competing roles of faulting, advocated by Josiah D. Whitney, and glacial erosion, advocated by John Muir.
		The last Yosemite Glacier, of Tioga age, was not as large as that of at least one earlier glaciation and did not erode to bedrock.
		Retreat of this glacier probably left waterfalls and a large, deep, lake that became in-filled with river-transported sediment, burying the lower part of the U-shaped glacial valley.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/8119/8119.ch04.html (6449 words)

	Volcanoes of the Eastern Sierra Nevada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Lateral moraines exist along the sides of valleys while medial moraines are formed when two glaciers come together and their collective debris accumulates in the center of the glacier.
		The debris is deposited along the ground because as the debris is coming to the end of the glacier, the glacier is receding and the end of the glacier is moving.
		The lake that was in the valley was a glacial lake, but as it appears it is not obviously a glacial lake.
	www.indiana.edu /~sierra/papers/2004/gray.html (2818 words)

	MPCA - Glacial Lake Agassiz and the Red River Valley
		About 11,500-11,000 yeas ago, drainage occurred through the Minnesota River valley, until the level dropped to a point where drainage was blocked by a moraine between the Red River and Minnesota River valleys.
		The Red River Valley exists in what was the southwestern portion of Glacial Lake Agassiz, and what is now the center of the Red River Basin.
		The elevation of the Valley in the south is 943 feet mean sea level (msl), while at the northern end, the elevation is 714 msl -- a change in elevation of 229 feet over its 315 mile length.
	www.pca.state.mn.us /water/basins/redriver/agassiz.html (484 words)

	Glacial Lakes and Rivers form the Mississippi River Valley
		Even though the Coulee country escaped the land-leveling effect of the ice mass, the glaciers left their mark by carving the spectacular Mississippi River that cuts through the heart of this area with the torrents of water draining from the melting ice mass.
		With the demise of the glacial lakes, the tremendous flow of water was diminished and the Mississippi River became the most important stream in the area.
		It is likely that the river valley in the upper Mississippi was once 500 feet deeper than it is now, filled as it is with gravel and sand deposited by that melt-water.
	www.greatriver.com /Ice_Age/glacier.htm (1248 words)

	U-shaped valleys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As glacial ice squeezes into V-shaped river valleys from the upper mountains, the grinding rock-filled ice carves out the valley bottom.
		You may also notice that Lake Crescent on the north side of the park is U-shaped.
		Its valley was carved by the Cordilleran Ice sheet as it flowed out from Canada over 13,000 years ago.
	www.nps.gov /olym/uv.htm (85 words)

	Earth Science Picture of the Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It was taken in late June near Tarn Inlet in Glacier Bay, Alaska.
		The valley is on the east side of the inlet - the photographer is looking north.
		When the mass of ice and snow finally melts, what was previously a 'V' shaped valley takes on a more rounded or 'U' shaped appearance.
	epod.usra.edu /archive/epodviewer.php3?oid=69376 (106 words)

	New York State Museum Bulletin
		Physiography of the Hudson and Champlain Valleys in relation to the control of glacial products
		Deltas and shore lines of the Champlain valley
		Larger glacial lakes of the Champlain and Hudson valleys
	www.columbia.edu /dlc/nysmb/mb84/pageindex.html (756 words)

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