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Topic: Glass cockpit

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	Definition:
		The term “glass cockpit” is defined as a system of cathode ray tubes or LCD flat-panels that display key critical information about an aircraft’s flight, situation, position, and progress.
		From a performance standpoint, whether it is a turbine (jet) or reciprocal (piston) power plant, information such as power output and all the various attributes associated with it are displayed.
		Glass cockpits have been available in commercial large-scale passenger and cargo aircraft since the early 80s and the space shuttle since its inception.
	www.emory.edu /BUSINESS/et/552fall2004/glasscockpits/glass1.htm (148 words)

	Watching and Waning
		Cockpit automation promised many things, including increasing the capacity of the national airspace system because the boxes would make navigation more precise, reduce manual workload, relieve humans from routine operations, enhance the management of their aircraft and reduce human errors.
		By contrast, in their post-simulator interviews the glass cockpit crews expressed the common view that their flight director was quite "tight" and that they always relied on it whether they were hand-flying or letting the autopilot do the flying.
		By contrast, SOP among glass cockpit operations at the time was to use the flight director during a V1 cut, so when those crews had their flight directors disabled, their eye scan again began a more erratic searching pattern and their hand flying subsequently suffered.
	www.aviationweek.com /aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=bca&id=news/glass_0206.xml (2408 words)

	How does the glass cockpit work
		The electronics replace the legacy environment’s use of vacuum-driven pumps and mechanical gyroscopes that provide critical situational and directional information to the pilot through the use of analog gauges – also known as “steam gauges” as they replicate the round dial-type gauges that originated with steam-engine powered trains many years ago.
		All the displays/ LCDs (see example below) used in the glass cockpit environment utilize an architecture that applies data bus technology which implements line-replaceable units (LRUs) that are integrated with sensors throughout the aircraft.
		– A brief explanation of the glass cockpit components
	www.emory.edu /BUSINESS/et/552fall2004/glasscockpits/glass4.htm (451 words)

	Glass Cockpit Fact Sheet
		Modern "glass cockpits" like those in the Boeing 777, the F-117 stealth fighter and Shuttle Atlantis represent a revolution in the way cockpits for aircraft and spacecraft are designed and built today.
		She added that the average transport aircraft in the mid-1970s had more than 100 cockpit instruments and controls, and the primary flight instruments were already crowded with indicators, crossbars, and symbols.
		The result: A glass cockpit system with an autopilot that increased safety by reducing pilot workload at peak times, yet kept the pilot "in the loop" at all times to maintain situational awareness.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /PAIS/Glasscockpit.html (1011 words)

	Glass cockpit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Early glass cockpits, found in the Boeing 737-400, 757 and 767, and in the Airbus A300-600 and A310, used EFIS to display attitude and navigational information only, with traditional mechanical gauges retained for airspeed, altitude and vertical speed.
		Later glass cockpits, found in the Boeing 747-400 and 777, and in the A320 and later Airbuses, have replaced completely the numerous mechanical gauges and warning lights present in previous generation aircraft.
		Since then, the glass cockpit has become standard equipment in airliners, business jets, and military aircraft, and was even fitted into NASA's Space Shuttle orbiters Atlantis, Columbia, Discovery, and Endeavour, and the current Russian Soyuz TMA model spacecraft that was launched in 2002.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glass_cockpit (921 words)

	AVSIM Commercial Review: PFD Glass Cockpit
		The Glass Cockpit components do not mess with the registry one bit as they settle into their new home.
		As for the advanced, network-ready, and savvy users and home cockpit builders, this review of PFD is like preaching to the choir; we are sure most of that crowd are already aware of the benefits of PFD and are working it into their rig somehow.
		These home cockpit types are used to stringing together various technologies, mostly hooking back up with FS98/FS2000, to accomplish their dream cockpit form which they can explore the heavens from within their garage.
	www.avsim.com /pages/1299/pfd/pfd.shtml (2905 words)

	NASA - Glass Cockpit Fact Sheet
		Modern "glass cockpits" like those in the Boeing 777, the F-117 stealth fighter and Shuttle Atlantis represent a revolution in the way cockpits for aircraft and spacecraft are designed and built today.
		She added that the average transport aircraft in the mid-1970s had more than 100 cockpit instruments and controls, and the primary flight instruments were already crowded with indicators, crossbars, and symbols.
		The result: A glass cockpit system with an autopilot that increased safety by reducing pilot workload at peak times, yet kept the pilot "in the loop" at all times to maintain situational awareness.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/langley/news/factsheets/Glasscockpit.html (1034 words)

	Atlantis' Command Cabin Gets a 21st-Century Makeover
		The MEDS cockpit is an interim step to what NASA calls the "smart cockpit." To be installed by 2005, it is designed to reduce the crew's work load during critical events such as ascent and entry.
		At present the "glass cockpit" displays the information in a friendlier manner with colors, graphics and the ability to move instruments to different screens to suit the needs and tastes of the crew.
		Before the cockpit upgrade, the control panel held three monochrome, green-tinted cathode ray tubes displaying lines of text and surrounded by analog gauges.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/sts101_new_cockpit.html (666 words)

	FlightSim.Com How To: Fly Using A Glass Cockpit
		The standby instruments in a glass cockpit must have their own power sources and reference points, because in this day of electronic information, they may be the only instruments left to fly off of in the event of a complete loss of the electrical system.
		In a glass cockpit, the functions of the many of the six primary instruments are combined into one display, the Primary Flight Display.
		The MCP is a key part of any glass cockpit, to the extent that it is usually the only way to adjust the state of the major displays.
	www.flightsim.com /cgi/kds/main/howto/glass/glass.htm (3337 words)

	Home
		Glass Cockpits featuring electronic instrument displays are a relatively recent development yet have been so successful that few planes these days are sold without them.
		No longer does one need to spend tens of thousands of dollars on an ‘original’ Garmin glass cockpit, but can get most of the benefits for a fraction of that price.
		This should be particularly interesting for flight schools where such a device could be used all day, with or without flight instructor, giving rise to a rapid amortization of purchase costs.
	www.glass-cockpit.org (348 words)

	Glass Cockpit Image Library
		The new "glass cockpit" is 75 pounds lighter and uses less power then the older model, and its color displays provide easier pilot recognition of key shuttle functions.
		The new cockpit is expected to be installed on all shuttles in the NASA fleet by 2002, and it sets the stage for the next cockpit improvement planned to fly in 2005: a "smart cockpit" that reduces the pilot's workload during critical periods.
		Description: The cockpit of the orbiter Atlantis is revealed with its new, full-color, flat-panel Multifunction Electronic Display System (MEDS), also called the "glass cockpit." The recently-installed MEDS upgrade improves crew/orbiter interaction with its easy-to-read, graphic portrayals of key flight indicators, such as attitude display and mach speed.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /news_rels/2000/GCTHUMBNAILS.HTML (884 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Copyright (C) 1995 by Thomas Lapp THE GLASS COCKPIT "After years of using simple word-processing software, you are switching to a windows system and, while you see some advantages, all those boxes can be confusing.
		Today as you are finishing a long document that you have not saved, filed, or even bothered to name, since you are unclear how to do that, you brush a key and the screen goes blank.
		"Now put yourself in the "glass cockpit" of a modern air transport, where, after years of flying planes with those old-fashioned electromechanical gauges and a simple autopilot, you confront a flight deck not only equipped with electronic displays that consolidate information from many sources, but also with a complex array of automated systems.
	www.nd.edu /~rbarger/glass-cockpit-cse (381 words)

	Nuova pagina
		The new "glass cockpit" is 75 pounds lighter and uses less power than before, and its color displays provide easier pilot recognition of key functions.
		The new cockpit is expected to be installed on all shuttles in the NASA fleet by 2002, and it sets the stage for the next cockpit improvement planned to fly by 2005: a "smart cockpit" that reduces the pilot's workload during critical periods.
		All of the Orbiters will eventually be outfitted with the new system, which enhances safety on the Orbiter by providing multiple backup display functions and brings the Space Shuttle cockpit displays up to date with technology that is now common in many commercial airliners.
	www.spaceonline.tv /glass_cockpit.htm (277 words)

	Human factors interaction within an aircraft cockpit
		To attain improvement the cockpit has to be centered and designed around the pilot, which refers to the user-centered design.
		Also worth mentioning is that the basic setup of the cockpit design does not show remarkable differences unlike the assumption that an improvement in display technology also implies an improvement in cockpit design.
		To facilitate the work of a pilot, in his responsibility over the passengers, the use of technology and an improvement of cockpit design are important to close the gap between the technological complexity and the cognitive capabilities of the pilot.
	www.eas.asu.edu /~humanfac/ringo.html (3167 words)

	STS-101 Detail Page for Reference: Orbiter Upgrades
		From a new "glass cockpit" to main engines estimated to be three times safer, Atlantis is a far different vehicle from the one that first flew in 1985.
		This new "glass cockpit," technically labeled the Multifunction Electronic Display Subsystem (MEDS), is 75 pounds lighter and uses less power than before; and its color displays facilitate pilot recognition of key functions.
		The new cockpit will be installed in all shuttles by 2002, setting the stage for the next cockpit improvement planned for 2005: a "smart cockpit" that reduces pilot workload during critical periods.
	www.shuttlepresskit.com /sts-101/REF125.htm (1479 words)

	CNN.com - Space - Shuttle set for liftoff with 'glass cockpit' - April 21, 2000
		The new cockpit replaces dozens of conventional gauges and cathode-ray tube displays with 11 flat-panel color screens that provide easier pilot recognition of key functions, NASA said.
		The cockpit is 75 pounds lighter and uses less power than its predecessor and is expected to become standard on all shuttles by 2002.
		The shuttle Columbia is receiving many of the same upgrades, including the glass cockpit, at the Boeing shuttle factory in Palmdale, California.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/TECH/space/04/21/shuttle.cockpit/index.html (516 words)

	All India Ophthalmological Society - India's Biggest Ophthalmic Organisation
		In the cockpit, pilots reported that cyan, white and green were the best of all the colours, as they provide sharp, easily distinguishable images.
		The aim of the study was to identify the effects if any of viewing of the CRT displays of glass cockpit on vision with respect to both visual acuity, refractive status and presence of various phenomena related to colours of display.
		To prevent eye strain due to glare from the displays, the subjects felt that the dome light within the cockpit should be kept switched on during flight and could be switched off only during dusk to facilitate viewing of the runway lights.
	www.aios.org /proceed.cfm?pid=460&show=y (1732 words)

	Pilot behavior in glass cockpits
		The transition from conventional dial cockpits to glass cockpits has not caused any major turmoil in the pilots’ community, as compared to other evolutions such as a more extensive use of computers or of automation.
		In glass cockpits the situational awareness of the pilot is therefore continuously updated by very realistic displays, by many synthetic information which he can directly use without any additional process.
		The major design objective of glass cockpits is to provide the crew with the most realistic picture of the in flight situation and with the most comprehensive displays of the aircraft systems: indeed, realism and comprehension are the two key elements necessary for the pilot to properly update his situational awareness.
	www.pilotosdeiberia.com /areatec/airbus_sfo/16pil_beh_glass_c.htm (3009 words)

	libGC - Glass Cockpit Library
		The Glass Cockpit Library - libGC is free software; you can redistribute it and / or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or any later version.
		The Glass Cockpit Library (hereafter only referred to as libGC) is created for the Airbus A340 Glass Cockpit (a340gc) which is an Open Source project.
		Whenever the glass cockpit program asks the DIOM for a current value or to alter the correct value these functions are called.
	a340gc.iradis.org /documentation/libGC/libgc.html (5004 words)

	Flight Simulation - Glass Cockpit #2
		I designed and oversaw the construction of a generic cockpit mockup to showcase the SEFIS technology.
		The cockpit had to be modular to allow for changes in the physical configuration, had to break down and assemble easily for transportation, allow for practical ingress/egress (i.e.
		The cockpit and back projection screen were fabricated by B.J. Clark in Azle, TX.
	www.habu2.net /sims/glass_2.htm (105 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Boeing, Honeywell awarded for new shuttle glass cockpit
		The new MEDS cockpit is fully lit during a demonstration aboard Atlantis.
		The performance of the "glass cockpit," the latest safety upgrade to the Space Shuttle fleet, was an outstanding success on the recent mission to the International Space Station, according to USA Program Manager Howard DeCastro.
		The new "glass cockpit" is 75 pounds lighter and uses less power than before, and its color displays provide easier pilot recognition of key Orbiter performance functions.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0006/21usameds/index.html (510 words)

	Embry-Riddle Acquires High-Tech Cessnas
		“We believe the Cessna 172 equipped with both the glass cockpit and ADS-B is the safest, most reliable, and most economical way to teach advanced flight technology,” says Frank Ayers, chair of the flight department at the university’s Daytona Beach, Fla., campus.
		The university is also adding the Garmin G-1000 glass cockpit to its fleet of Frasca level-6 flight training devices to allow for a more seamless transition between flight simulation and flight training in its aircraft.
		“This combination of glass cockpit simulation, on-board collision avoidance, and technically advanced aircraft sets the standard for collegiate aviation,” says Tim Brady, dean of the College of Aviation at the campus.
	www.erau.edu /er/newsmedia/newsreleases/2006/cessnas.html (482 words)

	Garmin G1000 versus Avidyne Entegra
		Both glass cockpits are MUCH better than traditional cockpits, and both have the potential to greatly enhance safety and improve the general aviation accident rate.
		The more you know about glass cockpit technology, the more you're going to like the technology (according to a FSU study).
		Glass cockpit systems are truly the superior way to fly an airplane, which is why the airlines have used them for more than a decade.
	www.glasscockpitbooks.com /G1000versusAvidyne.htm (1730 words)

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