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	Ion selective electrode - Wikipedia
		Ion-selective electrodes are used in biochemical and biophysical research, where measurements of ionic concentration in an aqueous solution are required, usually on a real time basis.
		Glass membranes are made from an ion-exchange type of glass (silicate of chalcogenide).
		In use, the electrode wire is connected to one terminal of a galvanometer or pH meter, the other terminal of which is connected to a reference electrode, and both electrodes are immersed in the solution to be tested.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ion_selective_electrode (1045 words)

	Glass electrode - Wikipedia
		Glass electrode is a potentiometric sensor made from glass of a specific composition.
		Because of the ion-exchange nature of glass membrane, it is possible for some other ions concurrently interact with ion-exchange centers of glass and to distort linear dependence of measured electrode potential on pH or other general electrode function.
		The measuring part of the electrode, the glass bulb on the bottom, is coated both inside and out with a ~10nm layer of a hydrated gel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glass_electrode (1067 words)

	PRACTICAL pH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Response of the electrode may be described as the voltage developed between the inside and the outside of the glass membrane.
		The inner electrode of the glass electrode (Ag/AgCl) is the same type and has the same dimensions as the reference electrode and the internal filling solutions are as identical as possible (saturated KCl).
		The electrode cable and the electrode plug must be kept clean and dry if reliable measurements are to be obtained because of the very small electrode currents which pass through the glass electrode.
	www.phoenixelectrode.com /phtheory.htm (4981 words)

	Sci.chem FAQ - Part 6 of 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The glass electrode consists of a glass shaft on which a bulb of a special glass is mounted.
		The potential of the electrode is approximated by the Nernst equation : E = E0 - RT log [H+] = E0 + RT pH Where E is the generated potential, E0 is a constant, R is universal gas constant and T is the temperature in degrees Kelvin.
		The electrode should be immersed in a solution of acidic thiourea until the diaphragm is white, and then replace the internal filling liquid of the reference electrode There is no contact across the diaphragm, due to air bubbles.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/sci/chem-faq/part6/preamble.html (1951 words)

	OMEGA ENGINEERING - Electrode Basics
		The special glass body of the electrode is blown to its configuration by glass blowers.
		If an electrode should become dry, it is best to place it in some tap water for a half hour to condition the glass.
		Electrode demise can usually be characterized by a sluggish response, erratic readings or a reading which will not change.
	www.omega.com /techref/ph-3.html (832 words)

	Acid/Alkaline (pH)
		The liquid junction of the reference electrode is critical because at this point the electrode forms a salt bridge with the sample or buffer and a liquid junction potential is generated that in turn affects the potential produced by the reference electrode.
		The purpose of standardization is to adjust the response of the glass electrode to the instrument.
		Glass electrodes fail because of scratches, deterioration, or accumulation of debris on the glass surface.
	www.norweco.com /html/lab/test_methods/4500hbfp.htm (2501 words)

	Experimental Unit A
		The indicator electrode for measurement of pH potentiometrically is the glass electrode, a specific example of a membrane indicator electrode.
		The glass electrode consists of a special glass sealed to one end of the electrode, an internal solution of about 0.1 M HCl solution saturated with silver chloride and a silver wire in the HCl solution.
		Electrode manufacturers recommend that a new or cleaned electrode be soaked in water, or buffer followed by water, for up to several days to establish the gel layer.
	www.msu.edu /~bchug/bch471/471cpeua.htm (3303 words)

	Electrochemistry P
		This type of electrode is especially useful for removing small traces of impurities from the solution by electrolysis (e.g., waste treatment) because the solution is well stirred and it contacts a large surface of the electrode material.
		It is related to the irreversible phenomena at the electrodes (electrode polarization) or in the electrolytic phase (concentration polarization).
		The simplest example of a measuring electrode is a metal electrode whose potential depends on the concentration of the cation of the electrode metal (see Nernst equation).
	corrosion-doctors.org /Dictionary/Dictionary-P.htm (1837 words)

	pH and its Mesaurement by Consulting Chemist Douglas R. Chrisope
		The glass electrode was developed at a time when the concept of pH was being developed and the limitations of the hydrogen electrode were quite clear.
		Electrodes which appear to have dried out may often be revived by soaking for a day or two in water or buffer.
		A glass electrode is basically a battery whose voltage varies depending on the pH of the solution it is sensing.
	www.chrisopechem.com /pH_article.html (5638 words)

	Lab Probes — Standard pH Glass Electrodes
		The standard glass electrode has a specially formulated glass bulb that produces an electrochemical potential as a function of the hydrogen ion concentration on the outer bulb surface.
		Used in conjunction with a reference electrode, this glass bulb is submerged in the sample solution, and changes in the glass bulb potential are proportional to the pH of the sample solution.
		GP bulb glass is recommended for all measurements between 0–12 pH due to its superior response time and mechanical strength.
	www.broadleyjamesprocess.com /lab-ph.html (335 words)

	Chemistry Dictionary & Glossary
		Glass electrode is a hydrogen-ion responsive electrode usually consisting of a bulb, or other suitable form, of special glass attached to a stem of high resistance glass complete with internal reference electrode and internal filling solution system.
		Glass electrode is also available for the measurement of sodium ions.
		When a glass surface is immersed in an aqueous solution then a thin solvated layer (gel layer) is formed on the glass surface in which the glass structure is softer.
	www.ktf-split.hr /glossary/en_o.php?def=glass+electrode (278 words)

	AllRefer.com - Geiger counter (Physics) - Encyclopedia
		Variously designed for different uses, it consists commonly of a gas-filled metal cylinder that acts as one electrode, and a needle or thin taut wire along the axis of the cylinder that acts as the other electrode.
		Glass caps used to seal the ends of the tube serve as insulators.
		The resulting ionized particles of gas are able to carry the current from one electrode to the other, thus completing a circuit.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Geigerco.html (404 words)

	Dissolved Oxygen Electrodes
		The standard dissolved oxygen electrode can be supplied with either a perspex or a glass incubation chamber and has a sample volume of approximately 1ml to 7ml.
		Each Rank Brothers Oxygen Electrode is supplied with a screened lead connected to a DIN plug, 75mm x 300mm of Teflon membrane, 1 stirring bar (flea) and 1 spare Teflon O ring.
		For a working oxygen electrode based measurement system it will be necessary to have an electrode and a controller (some controllers may also require a separate stirrer).
	www.rankbrothers.co.uk /prod1.htm (558 words)

	ph-Wert
		The electrical resistivity is over the glass electrode itself intact, but actual measuring between both electrodes reveals as in previous case a low resistivity.
		This is done by putting the electrode for two minutes in a (plastic!) container containing a mixture of HCl and KF (be careful, do not breath the fumes; wear gloves).
		The electrode should be immersed in a solution of acidic thiourea until the diaphragm is white again.
	ch.eduhi.at /SCI5D.HTM (2128 words)

	Sentek Limited UK - pH Electrode Training Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The measurement is carried out using a pH meter, a pH glass electrode and separate reference electrode or a combination electrode which combines the pH and reference in the same body.
		Electrodes used in laboratories are usually fitted with 16mm diameter caps to suit cantilever arm electrode stands.
		Sentek electrodes are all supplied soaked in a saturated KCl solution with the exception of double junction electrodes which are stored in the appropriate refill electrolyte for their application.
	www.sentek.co.uk /training.htm (968 words)

	CHEM 3325 - EXPERIMENT 1-2 - Part B - Output Resistance of a pH Glass Electrode
		Purpose To measure the output resistance of a glass pH electrode.
		In order to measure the voltage across the electrode, it is necessary to use a voltmeter with a very high input impedance.
		Figure 11 is a diagram detailing the shielded components necessary when measuring the output resistance of the pH glass electrode.
	nobel.scas.bcit.ca /chem3325/expt1-2/1-2_partB_pH_electrode_resistance.htm (469 words)

	The Combination pH Electrode
		Modern pH electrodes are usually of the "combination" type, meaning that a single cylinder contains both the reference electrode, and a glass membrane electrode.
		Silver-silver chloride or SCE reference electrodes may be as used for internal and external reference electrodes.
		The glass can be tailored by varying the amount of alumina (Al and other common constituent to what we call glass, (Na etc.).
	www.chem.usu.edu /~sbialkow/Classes/3600/Overheads/pH/ionselctive.html (557 words)

	Electrophysiology
		Control of the membrane potential is most obviously of value in the study of voltage-gated ion channels, but also aids in characterizing conductance.
		This glass "micropipet" is then filled with a chloride-based salt solution, and a chloride-coated silver wire is inserted to establish an electrochemical junction with the pipet fluid and the tissue or cell into which the pipet is inserted (typically with the aid of a microscope and finely adjustable pipet holders, known as micromanipulators).
		Amperometry is another technique of electrophysiology, which uses a carbon electrode and is typically used to detect and record changes in the chemical composition of the biological solution being studied.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/electrophysiology (365 words)

	Radiation-Based Level Gages
		The working component of this detector is a metal cylinder that acts as one of the electrodes and is filled with an inert gas.
		When the tube is exposed to gamma radiation, the gas ionizes and the ionized particles carry the current from one electrode to the other.
		A small bias voltage is applied to a large electrode inserted down the center of the ion chamber.
	www.tcomega.com /literature/transactions/volume4/T9904-14-RAD.html (4681 words)

	Instructions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Let dry electrode or gently dry it with a hair-dryer till the solvent is evaporated.
		Look also on the back side of the glass electrode and check if there are no "air bubbles" visible.
		This is the sign that the sintering process is completed and the cooling rate is chosen to avoid cracking of the glass.
	www.solaronix.com /products/DSC/Instructions.html (1530 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bates [2], is a popular text covering both theory and practise of pH measurement.
		The Fiberfrax mat reacts with most of the remaining free sodium in the generated gas.
		There are apparently also corn starch and talcum powder used as lubricants in the bag, and if the bag explodes these are the powders that contaminate people - not the toxic chemicals in the inflator.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /faq/sci.chem/part6 (6710 words)

	Glass: Electrode monitor detects wear.@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Molybdenum electrode breakage or excessive electrode wear can lead to serious furnace damage if not monitored and acted upon promptly.
		Electrode wear depends on the chemistry of the glass and on electrode temperature, which is in turn affected by the temperature of the surrounding glass and the electrode current density.
		Although electrode geometry, positions, immersions and connection arrangement can significantly influence electrode wear rate in a given glass, progressive wear is inevitable in most glass types and can go unnoticed.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:55094861 (155 words)

	Oxygen Electrode Spares (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		To help identify the replacement parts required, please use the exploded views of the electrodes.
		Consisting of the bottom part of the electrode assembly containing the platinum and silver electrode and connecting lead.
		Glass coated stirring bar for 6ml and larger electrodes
	www.rankbrothers.co.uk /prod1spa.htm (338 words)

	bluemud.org - sci-chem-faq-part6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The glass electrode consists of a glass shaft on which a bulb of a special
		For "combined" electrodes, the glass electrode is surrounded by a concentric
		electrode is approximated by the Nernst equation :
	www.bluemud.org /print/17358 (8031 words)

	Electrochemical Science and Technology Information Resource --- Reviews
		Particular properties of cation-selective glass electrodes containing Al Eisenman, GEHC Ch 9, pp 268-283, 1967.
		G.B.J. Glass, ETMA V 2, Ch 7, pp 311-377, 1967.
		Glass microelectrodes in the study of binding and compartmentalization of intracellular ions
	electrochem.cwru.edu /estir/chap.htm (11676 words)

	METTLER TOLEDO - United States - pH electrode, non-glass (ISFET)
		Recently developed, unbreakable solid-state ISFET pH electrode specially intended for use in the food processing industry, where the possibility and consequences of fractured glass present a highly dangerous threat.
		It complies with 3-A sanitary standards, has been tested to EHEDG requirements and is in compliance with FDA regulations.
		Ideal for applications in processes where the presence of glass presents a potentially high risk.
	www.mt.com /mt/filter_link/pf.jsp?m=t&tr=Y0NTU3MzcwMS1QfDU3NTQ1NzM3MDEtUHw0NzY1NTczNzAxLUN8NTY2NTU3MzcwMS1DfAiiND (257 words)

	Bang: glass and electrode prices
		We've got loads of stuff which has been sitting outside for too long and is really ditry.
		The way our pricing works is we double the cost of the glass.
		This is mostly for replacing glass used, so even acquired glass costs the new [doubled] amount.
	www.burningideas.com /bang/BANG_prices.html (107 words)

	Richard Durst Complete Publications List
		Durst, R. A., Mechanism of the Glass Electrode Response, J. Chem.
		Durst, R. A., Ion-Selective Electrode Analyzer for Sodium and Potassium in Whole Blood, Ion-Selective Electrodes, E. Pungor, ed., Elsevier, NY, 363-368 (1978).
		Durst, R. A., and Blubaugh, E. A., Chemically Modified Electrode Sensors, Fundamentals and Applications of Chemical Sensors, D. Schuetzle and R. Hammerle, eds., ACS Symposium Series #309, Washington, DC, 245-255 (1986).
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /fst/faculty/durst/pub2.html (4848 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
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		ßÿð@À@ðê¢ ð¤ “ð6óp¿¿Àÿð§ä» ¡ ð¨Silver-Silver Chloride Electrode* (Ag/AgCl)¡++ª%ð¿¢ ð¤ “ð6H÷p¿¿ÀÿðÏä¹É ðY¨!Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE)¡""ðñ¢ ð¤ “ð6 ûp¿¿Àÿð äwP ð¨;References Electrodes -maintain a fixed reference potential¡4
	www.nku.edu /~dickinsone/CHE340/Presentations/electrodes.ppt (1671 words)

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