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Topic: Glenohumeral joint

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	Effects of anteroinferior capsulolabral incision and resection on glenohumeral joint reaction force
		The glenohumeral joint reaction force was resolved into three orthogonal components: (1) force perpendicular to the glenoid (compression force), (2) force-directed anterior to the glenoid (anterior-directed force), and (3) force-directed superior to the glenoid (superior directed force).
		Additional glenohumeral joints were not tested because post hoc power analysis indicated that a minimum of 20 glenohumeral joints would be required to demonstrate differences in the compression force in comparison of the intact condition and either of the two simulated capsulolabral lesion conditions.
		Because of their orientation to the glenohumeral joint, muscles that move the shoulder contribute to anterior joint stability through "concavity compression." Coined by Lippett and coworkers, this term refers to the component of the joint reaction force that acts perpendicular to the glenoid fossa, compressing the humeral head [20].
	www.rehab.research.va.gov /jour/02/39/4/mcmahon.html (3673 words)

	Memorial Bone and Joint - Adult Joint Reconstruction and MIS
		Glenohumeral (shoulder) arthritis is a common source of pain and disability that affects up to 20% of the older population.
		Damage to the cartilage surfaces of the glenohumeral joint (the shoulder's "ball-and-socket" structure) is the primary cause of shoulder arthritis.
		Glenohumeral joint arthritis is caused by the destruction of the cartilage layer covering the bones in the glenohumeral joint.
	www.adultjointreconstruction.com /index.cfm?fuseaction=ct.overview&content_id_int=71 (474 words)

	Symptoms of Postarthroscopic Glenohumeral Chondrolysis \| PAGCL Symptoms
		Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis is a condition that primarily affects the glenohumeral joint, which is the joint connecting the socket of the shoulder to the ball of the upper arm bone.
		When this joint is affected by the condition, the cartilage within the joint begins to deteriorate, causing a number of symptoms and complications.
		This reduction of cartilage in the shoulder joint is easily seen on x-ray images as the space in the joint becomes more narrow and the socket of the shoulder and the bone of the arm appear closer together until they are touching, which indicates an almost complete loss of cartilage between the two.
	www.schmidtandclark.com /Postarthroscopic-Glenohumeral-Chondrolysis-PAGCL/Symptoms (662 words)

	Shoulder Anatomy
		It is a ball and socket joint (the head of the upper arm is shaped like a ball which sits in a shallow socket at one end of the shoulder blade).
		The ligaments of the shoulder joint (the glenohumeral joint) help limit the amount of movement of the shoulder joints but it is the tendons of the rotator cuff that keep the bones of the shoulder joint in place).
		In the shoulder joint, the subacromial bursa is located between the acromion and joint capsule; the subscapular bursa is located between the subscapularis rotator cuff tendon and the joint capsule.
	www.shoulder-pain-management.com /ShoulderAnatomy.html (694 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone).
		With 120 degrees of unassisted flexion, the glenohumeral joint is the most mobile joint in the body.
		The glenohumeral joint has a loose capsule that is lax inferiorly and therefore is at risk of dislocation inferiorly.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=shoulder_joint (288 words)

	APTA \| Shoulder
		This joint has been compared to a golf ball sitting on a tee: the large, rounded end of the humerus (upper arm bone) moves within the shallow, scooped-out glenoid next to the end of the clavicle (collarbone).
		The third shoulder joint is the scapulothoracic or ST joint, which is the scapula as it lies over the thorax (back of the rib cage).
		Arthritis in the glenohumeral joint usually appears somewhat later, and may be related to trauma earlier in life or rotator cuff problems.
	www.apta.org /AM/Template.cfm?Section=Annual_Conference1&TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=20448 (2373 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Osteoarthritis of the Glenohumeral Joint
		Glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GHOA) results when the articular cartilage between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humerus is damaged by trauma or instability.
		To address selective capsular tightness caused by capsular adhesions and abnormal ROM patterning, posterior glides of the humeral head relative to the glenoid, with varying degrees of internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, are used to mobilize the posterior capsule and address limitations in internal glenohumeral joint rotation.
		Positions with 90° of glenohumeral joint abduction in the coronal plane and 90° of external rotation have been found to increase the joint compressive load and posterior shear forces and may not be indicated for patients with GHOA.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/2002/04_02/carfagno.htm (2996 words)

	Joint Injury : Shoulder
		The glenohumeral joint connecting the head of the humerus to the glenoid fossa of the scapula is notable for its mobility and freedom from constraint.
		The shoulder joint is totally surrounded by a relatively loose-fitting joint capsule (Figure 7B and 7E) whose area is almost twice the surface area of the humoral head (facilitating joint mobility).
		The ligamentous attachments outside the glenohumeral joint that are crucial to shoulder structure and function are also illustrated in Figure 7F and 7G: the coracoclavicular, acromioclavicular and coracoacromial ligaments (Figure 7F), and the coracohumeral ligaments that cross the glenohumeral joint outside of the joint capsule (Figure 7G).
	www.jointinjury.com /shoulder/page3.htm (493 words)

	UpToDate Glenohumeral osteoarthritis
		— Osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral joint, a wear-and-tear of the articular cartilage of the glenoid labrum and humeral head, is a relatively uncommon cause of shoulder complaints [1,2].
		The symptoms of glenohumeral osteoarthritis and RA affecting the glenohumeral joint are identical; single joint involvement in an elderly patient suggests the former, while multiple joint involvement tends to occur in the latter.
		The clinical examination in patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis is identical to that of patients with frozen shoulder, and presenting symptoms may be similar.
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=osteoart/6760 (443 words)

	OmahaOrthoSports.com - Shoulder
		joint capsule - a group of ligaments that connect the humerus to the socket of the shoulder joint on the scapula to stabilize the shoulder and keep it from dislocating.
		The shoulder joint is the most frequently dislocated major joint of the body - often caused by a significant force that separates the shoulder joint's ball (the top rounded portion of the upper arm bone, or humerus) away from the joint's socket (glenoid).
		Images of the inside of the joint are projected onto a screen; used to evaluate any degenerative and/or arthritic changes in the joint; to detect bone diseases and tumors; to determine the cause of bone pain and inflammation.
	www.omahaorthosports.com /shoulder.asp (1076 words)

	Postarthroscopic Glenohumeral Chondrolysis Lawsuit \| PAGCL Attorney, Lawyer
		Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis is a condition in which the cartilage located within the shoulder joint begins to deteriorate.
		The condition generally affects the glenohumeral joint, which is the joint at the end of the shoulder comprised of the socket of the shoulder blade and the ball of the arm bone.
		As the cartilage in the shoulder joint begins to disappear, the joint does not move as smoothly and the bones that were protected by the cartilage begin to grind together, causing friction and pain.
	www.schmidtandclark.com /Postarthroscopic-Glenohumeral-Chondrolysis-PAGCL (673 words)

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	Untitled Document
		The shoulder is often referred to as the glenohumeral joint because this articulation is the only moveable part of the shoulder anatomy.
		The glenohumeral joint is the interaction of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity.
		Once the joint is in place, repeat x-rays are performed to ensure it is indeed in the correct position, and to evaluate for other injuries such as fractures.
	www.stolaf.edu /athletics/sportsmed/injuries/dislocation.htm (669 words)

	About glenohumeral balance - Glenohumeral Balance.
		Glenohumeral balance is a stabilizing mechanism in which the glenoid is positioned so that the net humeral joint reaction force passes through the glenoid fossa.
		During the critical moments of the boxer's knockout punch, the bench press, or the tennis stroke, for example, the humeroscapular position appears to be such that the glenoid center line and the humerus are aligned.
		In analyzing patients with glenohumeral instability, it is important to document the humeroscapular positions in which the instability occurs.
	www.orthop.washington.edu /uw/glenohumeral/tabID__3376/ItemID__247/Articles/Default.aspx (1068 words)

	Incidence of Glenohumeral Joint Involvement in Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis. A 15 Year Endpoint Study
		Incidence of Glenohumeral Joint Involvement in Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis.
		At the 15 year followup radiographs of 148 GH joints were evaluated, and the grade of destruction was assessed by the Larsen method.
		Erosions were most often (61/71 joints) observed on the superolateral articular surface of the humerus.
	www.jrheum.com /abstracts/abstracts00/feb_abs_08.html (185 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis in Active Patients
		As with other joints, different primary and secondary forms of degenerative arthritis have been described in the shoulder, and many different etiologic factors can be responsible for degenerative articular changes (table 1).
		assessing the outcome of primary glenohumeral dislocation treated with closed reduction, the incidence of degenerative changes on conventional x-rays was 20% (11% with mild degenerative changes and 9% with severe joint alteration).
		Iannotti JP, Williams GR Jr: Biomechanics of the glenohumeral joint: influence on shoulder arthroplasty, in Iannotti JP, Williams GR Jr (eds): Disorders of the Shoulder: Diagnosis and Management.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/2003/0403/gerber.htm (3173 words)

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