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Topic: Glia

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	Lowly glial cells & brain connections: 9/27/97
		BY WILLIAM A. Once dismissed as mere padding, cells known as glia may be essential for the correct wiring of the brain, according to a study reported by two School of Medicine researchers in the Sept. 12 Science.
		Glia at synapses act both as a physical barrier that prevents crossed wires and as a disposal unit that mops up extra messenger molecules released by nerve cells.
		Barres said glia are almost certainly needed for the formation of strong synapses as the brain develops, but the importance of this effect in the intact brain has yet to be demonstrated.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/1997/september24/glial.html (633 words)

	Lowly Glia Strengthen Brain Connections
		STANFORD -- Once dismissed as mere padding, cells known as glia may be essential for the correct wiring of the brain.
		Postdoctoral fellow Frank Pfrieger and Dr. Barbara Barres, associate professor of neurobiology, used pure populations of nerve cells and glia to show that, by themselves, the nerve cells connected together poorly, but the combination of the two cell types resulted in strong connections between nerve cells.
		Barres and Pfrieger demonstrated that the glia provide a protein or chemical factor that strengthens the lines of communication between nerve cells, and they found that it is this factor -- not necessarily the glial cells -- that is needed.
	mednews.stanford.edu /releases/1997/sepreleases/glial.html (697 words)

	Lowly Glia Strengthen Brain Connections
		This is the conclusion of a study reported in the September 12 issue of Science by researchers from the Stanford University School of Medicine.
		Postdoctoral fellow Frank Pfrieger and Dr. Barbara Barres, associate professor of neurobiology, used pure populations of nerve cells and glia to show that the nerve cells connected together poorly when acting individually but, when combined, the two cell types resulted in strong connections between nerve cells.
		On their own, the nerve cells appear to do the right thing -- forming the connections, called synapses and even using them to pass along electrical messages -- but the transfer of messages is inefficient and often fails.
	www.docguide.com /dg.nsf/PrintPrint/5EFFB900F3DE4A888525651C00532065 (718 words)

	Glial cell
		For example, glia are not believed to have chemical synapses, nor do they generate action potentials or release neurotransmitters.
		Another misconception is that glia seem to retain the ability to undergo mitosis, while neurons lack this ability.
		Though not technically glia because they are derived from monocytes rather than ectodermal tissue, they are commonly categorized as such because of their supportive role to neurons.
	www.mrsci.com /Nervous-System/Glial_cell.php (1099 words)

	OpenClinical applications: GLIA instrument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		GLIA (GuideLine Implementability Appraisal) is a tool designed to help appraise the implementability of a clinical guideline, i.e.
		The GLIA proved to be useful in identifying barriers to implementation in the draft guideline and the guideline was revised accordingly.
		CONCLUSION: GLIA may be useful to guideline developers who can apply the results to remedy defects in their guidelines.
	www.openclinical.org /appInstrument_glia.html (370 words)

	An Animated Discovery of Neuroscience
		Glias are considered to be the "sleeping giants" of neuroscience.
		The word glia comes from the Greek word for "glue." Glia cells outnumber the neurons (around 100 billion) by tenfold.
		These glia cells are responsible for providing layers of membrane to insulate the axons.
	www.cise.ufl.edu /~psze/glias.html (1094 words)

	Drosophila tissue and organ development: Glia
		The migration of glia from the prospective dorsal and ventral margins of the developing optic lobe depends on the arrival of photoreceptor axons in the target field.
		In all cases, glia were observed to form migratory 'chains' along axonal extensions, resembling a similar organization of migratory glia on retinal axons en route from the optic stalk to the eye field and from midline progenitor sites to destinations in the PNS.
		Thus, for example, somatic clones that label the medulla neuropile glia are located at a position that corresponds to the medial/distal position of MNG glia relative to the lamina and lobula glia.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/aimorph/glia.htm (10463 words)

	The Other Brain Cell - Why Glia May Figure in Depression and Bipolar Disorder
		As a general rule, we are stuck with the neurons we are born with, but glia divide and reproduce.
		Sophisticated new imaging and listening technology ensured that the glia wouldn’t be ignored during the decade of the brain.
		Astrocytes are a type of glia that surround the synapse (gap) between neurons.
	www.mcmanweb.com /glia.htm (765 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| The GuideLine Implementability Appraisal (GLIA): development of an instrument to identify ...
		When any GLIA item is assigned an "N" response, its corresponding barrier to implementation is recorded on the summary sheet with a brief description of why the recommendation failed the criterion (see Figure 1).
		GLIA appraisal also identified extrinsic barriers to implementation that were reported to the Joint OME Implementation Committee of the professional societies.
		GLIA incorporates an optional dimension – computability – to indicate the ease with which a recommendation might be operationalized in an electronic information system.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6947/5/23 (4325 words)

	The Glia Cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Glia cells, or also known as glial cells, are the support structure for the central nervous system.
		There are several types of glia cells, but they all perform an integral roles in the nervous system.
		The most functional glia cell is called the Astroglia, which not only provides a support structure but also "feeds" the neural cells nutrients.
	student.biology.arizona.edu /honors2003/group04/glia.html (104 words)

	THE INTERACTIVE FLY
		If glia and neuron represent two mutually exclusive cell states that must be chosen between early in development, it is somewhat strange that suppression of neuronal development should be carried out by proteins that are expressed throughout glial differentiation.
		Glia precursor cells (GPCs) are generated in two domains that lie at the dorsal and ventral anterior margins of the prospective lamina.
		Satellite glia are interspersed among the neurons of the L1-L4 layer.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/neural/repo.htm (7193 words)

	Schizophrenia.com - Schizophrenia Biology, News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The hypothesis hinges on glia, a special type of cell that is important for the maintenance of the connections between brain cells.
		By re-examining previously published research, the authors suggested that schizophrenia may be caused by a combination of defective genes, which result in deficiencies of a variety of growth factors in glia, and infection by viruses, which may further weaken the glia.
		Human brains are made up of two main types of cells, nerve cells, which carry electrical impulses around the brain and glia, which are important for the normal development of the brain in the young and the maintenance of nerve connections in adults.
	www.schizophrenia.com /research/glia.html (467 words)

	Functional Coupling between Neurons and Glia -- Alvarez-Maubecin et al. 20 (11): 4091 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		For the glia, the peak was 0.58 Hz; for the neuron, the peak was 0.51 Hz.
		in glia are not attributable to fluctuations of extracellular
		The 8% of immunoreactivity for Cx26 was identified between glia and axons terminals.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/11/4091 (5552 words)

	Proinflammatory cytokines increase glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in enteric glia -- von Boyen et al. 53 ...
		upregulation of GFAP+ enteric glia by IL-1ß is reversible.
		in enteric glia cultures (by a factor of 6).
		enteric glia in the presence or absence of IL-1ß.
	gut.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/53/2/222 (4081 words)

	Sequential Signaling through Notch1 and erbB Receptors Mediates Radial Glia Differentiation -- Patten et al. 23 (14): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Glia were stained with antibodies against GFAP (green), and nuclei were stained with Hoechst (blue).
		The morphology of the radial glia is similar under all stimuli.
		C, Purified P6 cerebellar glia were transfected with either FCDN1 or a control plasmid, lysed 48 hr later, and equal amounts of protein were subjected to quantitative Western blot analysis with rabbit polyclonal anti-erbB2 and mouse monoclonal anti-actin antibodies for normalization.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/14/6132 (6315 words)

	RhoA and Rac1 GTPases mediate the dynamic rearrangement of actin in peripheral glia -- Sepp and Auld 130 (9): 1825 -- ...
		The lateral chordotonal glia (concave arrow), lateral bipolar dendritic glia (asterisk) and the lateral line glia (arrowhead) arise from the periphery and are also labeled with actin-GFP.
		The lateral chordotonal glia (concave arrow), which associate with the cell bodies of the lateral chordotonal neurons, are interconnected with the peripheral glia.
		The lateral chordotonal glia are small and rounded (compare asterisk in D with those in A and G); however, the underlying sensory neurons are relatively normal (asterisk in E).
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/130/9/1825 (6145 words)

	An axon scaffold induced by retinal axons directs glia to destinations in the Drosophila optic lobe -- Dearborn and ...
		Glia (red) are mostly absent from the neuropile region, and appear accumulated at the edge of the Wg domains (yellow arrowheads in B',B'').
		Glia (red) accumulate at the position of the yellow arrowhead shown in the boxed area in C. A locally increased frequency of activated Caspase 3-positive cells is visible (blue in C; grayscale in C', shown alone in grayscale between arrowheads in C'').
		migration of glia from the dorsal and ventral margin progenitors
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/131/10/2291 (8351 words)

	News & Events
		Other researchers who have recently demonstrated new roles for glia say their work has also begun to garner more attention from colleagues who used to view the cells as mere support staff for the all-important neurons.
		One of the first clues that glia may be involved in neurodegenerative disorders came from studies on a form of dementia that afflicts 10% to 20% of those infected with HIV.
		A drug that targeted glia specifically might be very valuable, he says, if it dampened inflammation in the brain without weakening the immune system--but so far, no such compounds have been developed.
	www.alscenter.org /news/articles/glia_sciencemag_050506.cfm (1278 words)

	Radial Glia in the Neocortex...
		Adjacent immunohistochemically-stained sections were then examined for the presence of long fibers with the morphology of radial glia both in the area of the lesion, in the contralateral (undamaged) hemisphere, and in undamaged areas of the ipsilateral hemisphere.
		Radial glia cells play an essential role in the migration to the neocortex of newly born neurons.
		The possibility also exists that the normal one-way transformation of radial glia to mature astrocytes is disrupted, resulting in a cell that has the antigenicity of both radial glia and astrocytes.
	nervenet.org /NetPapers/Rosen/Radial94/RadialMain.html (3018 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Featured Microscopist - Thomas J. Deerinck
		Glia are the class of nerve cells that provide structural support for neurons.
		Featured below is a digital image of the glia and nuclei of a rat cerebellum mid-saggital section captured with a BioRad Radiance confocal.
		The glia are labeled orange and the nuclei are green.
	www.microscopyu.com /featuredmicroscopist/deerinck/deerinckimage4.html (256 words)

	Neural circuits in the 21st century: Synaptic networks of neurons and glia -- LoTurco 97 (15): 8196 -- Proceedings of ...
		The notion that glia solely provide support functions in brain can be traced to the naming of these cells in the 19th century:
		Because glia do not generate action potentials and do not have axons, they were initially thought incapable of propagating
		glia are selectively removed from or silenced in central nervous
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/15/8196 (1277 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Glia - WrongDiagnosis.com - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Glia: sustentacular tissue that surrounds and supports neurons in the central nervous system; glial and neural cells together compose the tissue of the central nervous system
		Glia : non\-neuronal cells of the nervous system; they provide physical support, respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.
		The following list attempts to classify Glia into categories where each line is subset of the next.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/glia_printer.htm (139 words)

	Neuron Glia Biology
		Stimulated by recent advances in neuroscience, Neuron Glia Biology serves the expanding need for a scientific journal recognizing that two-way communication between neurons and glia is essential for nervous system function.
		Neuron Glia Biology publishes outstanding original research on cell-cell interactions in the nervous system, using molecular, biochemical, electrophysiological, and imaging methods, to investigate interactions among neurons and among glia, and between neurons and other non-neuronal cells.
		Basic and clinical research reporting new findings on cell-cell interactions during nervous system development, in association with information processing, synaptic plasticity, myelination, and pathology are presented, along with special feature issues and concise reviews of emerging areas in the field.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/journals/journal_catalogue.asp?mnemonic=NGB (209 words)

	Glia activating factor and its production - Patent 5512460
		A method for producing a glia activating factor which comprises cultivating the transformant claimed in claim 5 in a medium, accumulating the glia activating factor in a culture broth and collecting the resulting glia activating factor.
		The present invention relates to a glia activating factor, a novel polypeptide, which is obtained from glioma cell culture solution and exhibits growth promoting activity against glial cells, fibroblasts and the like, a DNA coding for the glia activating factor, and a recombinant DNA for the preparation of the glia activating factor.
		These results revealed that the rhGAF had the activity to support the growth of mouse bone marrow cells and further had the activity to megakaryocytes acting on their growth and maturation in the bone marrow cells.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5512460.html (12417 words)

	Glial cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Neuroglia of the brain shown by Golgi's method.
		Please see the discussion on the talk page.
		Glial cells: astrocyte, ependymal cells, microglia, radial glia
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glia (1409 words)

	Glia Group, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Michael brings to the company a unique combination of strengths in law and technology as a licensed patent attorney, seasoned banking and commercial lawyer, and a telecommunications expert.
		Since that time, he has consulted with both individuals and corporations on patent, trademark and copyright applications, as well as patent and trademark disputes.
		Michael brings a wide range of technology and scientific expertise to Glia Group.
	www.gliagroup.com /lmgbio.html (325 words)

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