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Glial cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the mature brain, the cerebellum and retina retain characteristic radial glial cells. In the retina, the radial Müller cell is the principal glial cell, and participates in a bidirectional communication with neurons. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glia   (1093 words)

Studying glial cells in the roundworm may provide insight into human brain diseases Studying glial cells is technically difficult as they are essential for neuronal cell survival: disturbing them in any way puts the organism's life in jeopardy. "Glial cells have been traditionally hard to study in vertebrates because it is difficult to ask how they influence neurons beyond how they affect a neuron's survival," says Shaham, head of the Strang Laboratory of Developmental Genetics. If both the daf-6 and che-14 genes are mutated, not only is the glial tube not formed, but all other organs in the worm that are made up of tubes, such as the intestine and kidneys, are disrupted. www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=25716&nfid=mnf   (997 words)

Astrocytes The brain's glial cells are starting to take over some of the spotlight that was once only focused on the brain's neurons. Traditionally, glial cells were considered ho-hum supporting actors to the star neurons that communicate with one another to process our thoughts. Sniffed at for years, glial cells were considered passive supporting actors, the mere glue that held the neuronal system together. www.sfn.org /content/Publications/BrainBriefings/astrocytes.html   (793 words)

The Scientist :: Glial cells help shape brain, Apr. 22, 2004   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) Glial cells, whose function is poorly understood, seem to cooperate actively with neurons to sculpt neural circuits in the developing brain, according to two studies published in the April 20 Current Biology. During development, the controlled and programmed death of specific cells is as important as the survival of others; for example, the webbing on embryonic hands degenerates to fashion fingers from a clump of tissue, according to V. Inhibiting cellular functions in the glia also inhibited glial infiltration into the axonal bundles and suppressed axonal pruning, suggesting that the glia actively break down axons rather than just scavenge debris. www.biomedcentral.com /news/20040422/01   (536 words)

Differential Inhibition of Glial K+ Currents by 4-AP -- Bordey and Sontheimer 82 (6): 3476 -- Journal of Neurophysiology Glial spike was composed of 3 phases, including a depolarizing and repolarizing phase (phase 1) and a short (phase 2), and slow (phase 3) afterhyperpolarization. Chvatal, A., Pastor, A., Mauch, M., Sykova, E., and Kettenmann, H. Distinct populations of identified glial cells in the developping rat spinal cord slice: ion channel properties and cell morphology. Walz, W. Role of glial cells in the regulation of the brain ion microenvironment. jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/82/6/3476   (5727 words)

biology - Glial cell They constitute the major group of cells undergoing mitosis in adult brain. Neurons make chemical synapses with these glial cells, a clear exception to the traditional view. Ependymal cells, also named ependymocytes, line the cavities of the CNS and beat their cilia to help circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. www.biologydaily.com /biology/Glial_cell   (919 words)

Neuroscience for Kids - Glia Although there are about 100 billion neurons in the brain, there are about 10 to 50 times that many glial cells in the brain. However, glial cells do have a resting potential. There are many MORE (10-50 times more) glial cells in the brain compared to the number of neurons. faculty.washington.edu /chudler/glia.html   (222 words)

Glial fibrillary acidic protein in late life major depressive disorder: an immunocytochemical study -- Davis et al. 73 ... Glial Fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex distinguishes younger from older adults in major depressive disorder. Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Glial reaction in the hippocampal formation is highly correlated with ageing in human brain. jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/73/5/556   (3258 words)

A Cl- Cotransporter Selective for NH4+ Over K+ in Glial Cells of Bee Retina -- Marcaggi and Coles 116 (2): 125 -- The ... in isolated bundles of glial cells using a fluorescent indicator. on the bee glial cells is not blocked in the absence of Na Marcaggi et al. regulation in the bee glial cells is unknown and a mechanism www.jgp.org /cgi/content/full/116/2/125   (6919 words)

The transcription factor Sox10 is a key regulator of peripheral glial development -- Britsch et al. 15 (1): 66 -- Genes ... glial cells differentiate from pluripotent neural crest cells. The lack of glial cells in Sox10 mutants is caused by a differentiation defect. Peirano, R.I. and Wegner, M. The glial transcription factor Sox10 binds to DNA both as monomer and dimer with different functional consequences. www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/15/1/66   (6850 words)

Glial neuronal signaling in the central nervous system -- HANSSON and RÖNNBÄCK 17 (3): 341 -- The FASEB ... Glial Ca signaling can be regarded as a form of glial excitability. Walz, W. (1989) Role of glial cells in regulation of the brain ion microenvironment. Charles, A. C., Merrill, J. E., Dirksen, E. R., Sanderson, M. (1991) Intracellular signaling in glial cells: calcium waves and oscillations in response to mechanical stimulation and glutamate. www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/17/3/341   (4744 words)

Glial Cells Neurons constitue about half the volume of the CNS and glial cells make up the rest. Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons. The four main functions of glial cells are: to surround neurons and hold them in place, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy and remove the carcasses of dead neurons (clean up). members.tripod.com /blustein/index.htm   (117 words)

Role of glial and neuronal glycine transporters in the control of glycinergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission ... Role of glial and neuronal glycine transporters in the control of glycinergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in lamina X of the rat spinal cord -- Bradaïa et al. Articles by Bradaïa, A. Articles by Trouslard, J. Role of glial and neuronal glycine transporters in the control of glycinergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in lamina X of the rat spinal cord antagonists of the glial GlyT (GlyT1) and neuronal GlyT (GlyT2), jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/abstract/559/1/169   (333 words)

Early Effects of Iodine Deficiency on Radial Glial Cells of the Hippocampus of the Rat Fetus . A Model of Neurological ... Early Effects of Iodine Deficiency on Radial Glial Cells of the Hippocampus of the Rat Fetus. Mollgard (1991) Glial cell differentiation in neuron-free and neuron-rich regions. Zilles (1991) Distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin immunoreactivity during rat visual cortex development. www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/99/11/2701   (5868 words)

Glial neuronal signaling in the central nervous system -- HANSSON and RÖNNBÄCK 17 (3): 341 -- The FASEB ... Glial neuronal signaling in the central nervous system -- HANSSON and RÖNNBÄCK 17 (3): 341 -- The FASEB Journal Glial cells are known to interact extensively with neuronal Glial neuronal signaling in the central nervous system. www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/abstract/17/3/341   (360 words)

The Sleep-inducing Lipid Oleamide Deconvolutes Gap Junction Communication and Calcium Wave Transmission in Glial Cells ... Rat glial cells were loaded with 5 µM Fluo-3/AM (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA) in Hank's balanced salt solution containing 25 Plasma membrane fractions containing gap junctions were obtained after hypotonic alkali extraction of the glial cells. Dieldrin inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication in rat glial cells as measured by the fluorescence photobleaching and scrape loading/ dye transfer assays. www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/139/7/1785   (4973 words)

NIH Guide: EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA ON NEURONAL AND GLIAL CELL FUNCTION However, the regulation of glial intracellular glycogen and patterns of glycogen breakdown in settings of varied glycemic states is unknown. Research is needed to enhance understanding of the effects of hypoglycemia on neuronal and glial cell metabolism and hypoglycemia-induced CNS cell injury. This Request for Applications (RFA), “Effect of hypoglycemia on glial and neuronal cell function”, is related to one or more of the priority areas. grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-NS-02-008.html   (3002 words)

Ventilatory effects of impaired glial function in a brain stem chemoreceptor region in the conscious rat -- Holleran et ... Ventilatory effects of impaired glial function in a brain stem chemoreceptor region in the conscious rat -- Holleran et al. Ventilatory effects of impaired glial function in a brain stem chemoreceptor region in the conscious rat Ventilatory effects of glial dysfunction in a rat brain stem chemoreceptor region. www.jap.org /cgi/content/full/90/4/1539   (4886 words)

Effect of the intermolecular disulfide bond on the conformation and stability of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) Effect of the intermolecular disulfide bond on the conformation and stability of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor -- Li et al. Effect of the intermolecular disulfide bond on the conformation and stability of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a member peds.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/15/1/59   (358 words)

Cerebral Ischemia Enhances Polyamine Oxidation: Identification of Enzymatically Formed 3-Aminopropanal as an Endogenous ... Cerebral Ischemia Enhances Polyamine Oxidation: Identification of Enzymatically Formed 3-Aminopropanal as an Endogenous Mediator of Neuronal and Glial Cell Death The glial (HTB14; reference 45) and neuronal (HTB11; reference 46) cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture (a) DNA gel electrophoresis of glial-like and neuronal-like cells exposed to 3-aminopropanal for 13 h as described in Materials and Methods; 7.5 µg of DNA was loaded per lane for the glial cells (lanes B and C), and 15 µg was loaded per lane for the neuronal cells (lanes D and E). www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/188/2/327   (6251 words)

GLIAL-NEURONAL INTERACTIONS IN THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN -- Hatton 26 (4): 225 -- Advances in Physiology Education In A, dendrites tend to be separated from one another and wrapped by glial processes (arrows). Taurine immunoreactivity in the rat supraoptic nucleus: prominent localization in glial cells. Deleuze C, Duvoid A, and Hussy N. Properties and glial origin of osmotic-dependent release of taurine from the rat supraoptic nucleus. advan.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/26/4/225   (4009 words)

Cytokines: Powerful Regulators of Glial Cell Activation -- John et al. 9 (1): 10 -- The Neuroscientist Cytokines: Powerful Regulators of Glial Cell Activation -- John et al. Articles by John, G. Articles by Brosnan, C. Cytokines: Powerful Regulators of Glial Cell Activation glial cell function as it relates to the properties of microglia nro.sagepub.com /cgi/content/abstract/9/1/10   (360 words)

Protein Zero Gene Expression Is Regulated by the Glial Transcription Factor Sox10 -- Peirano et al. 20 (9): 3198 -- ... Protein Zero Gene Expression Is Regulated by the Glial Transcription Factor Sox10 -- Peirano et al. Paratore, C., Goerich, D. E., Suter, U., Wegner, M., Sommer, L. Survival and glial fate acquisition of neural crest cells are regulated by an interplay between the transcription factor Sox10 and extrinsic combinatorial signaling. Peirano, R. I., Wegner, M. The glial transcription factor Sox10 binds to DNA both as monomer and dimer with different functional consequences. mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/20/9/3198   (936 words)

Interleukin-6 expression and regulation in rat enteric glial cells -- Rühl et al. 280 (6): 1163 -- AJP - ... This lack of knowledge is even more evident when the glial cells of the ENS and the central nervous system (CNS) are compared. to be specific markers of glial cells (16, 31). Purified culture of enteric glial cells (EGC) consisting of a homogeneous population of spindle-shaped or stellate cells. ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/6/G1163   (5064 words)

This is your brain on nicotine The Brookhaven project arose by serendipity (that's scientese for "good luck"), Fowler says, while the research group was studying aging. When neurons (defined) shrink, there's an expansion of glial cells (defined). Since glial cells contain a lot of MAO B, the researchers decided to make images of MAO B levels as a way to track them. whyfiles.org /024nicotine/brainscan.html   (691 words)

Seasonal Plasticity within the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) System of the Ewe: Changes in Identified GnRH ... Dots correspond to individual peaks (glial fibers) in which diameter was measured at the threshold line (arrow); for additional details see Materials and Methods. as is evidenced by the variation in the thickness of glial fibrils. Theodosis DT 2002 Oxytocin-secreting neurons: a physiological model of morphological neuronal and glial plasticity in the adult hypothalamus. endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/144/8/3663   (8100 words)

Development of Neural Tissue and Airway Smooth Muscle in Fetal Mouse Lung Explants . A Role for Glial-Derived ... Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates ureteric bud outgrowth and enhances survival of ureteric bud cells in vitro. Embryonic expression of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) suggests multiple developmental roles in neural differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor-beta (gdnfr-beta), novel proteins related to gdnf and gdnfr-alpha with specific cellular patterns of expression suggesting roles in the developing and adult nervous system and in peripheral organs. ajrcmb.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/4/420   (5903 words)

beta -Amyloid Enhances Glial Glutamate Uptake Activity and Attenuates Synaptic Efficacy -- Ikegaya et al. 277 (35): ... Glial glutamate transporters are, therefore, likely to regulate synaptic activity but not spike generation. Immunohistochemical staining for microtubule-associated protein-2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein revealed that the survival Western blot analysis showed that glial expression of actin was www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/35/32180   (4126 words)

Persistent Borna Disease Virus Infection Confers Instability of HSP70 mRNA in Glial Cells during Heat Stress -- ... Persistent Borna Disease Virus Infection Confers Instability of HSP70 mRNA in Glial Cells during Heat Stress -- Yamashita et al. (HSPs) in glial cells persistently infected with BDV. glial cells exhibited rapid rounding and detachment from the jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/79/4/2033   (268 words)

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