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Topic: Gliese 436

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Gliese 581 b
		Gliese 581 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star Gliese 581.
		The planet was discovered by a team of French and Swiss astronomers, who announced their findings on November 30 2005 as a discovery of one of the lightest extrasolar planets ever found, with one conclusion being that planets may be more common around the smallest stars.
		Gliese 581 b is about 0.056 times Jupiter's mass (17 times the Earth's mass) which is very similar to Neptune's mass.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Gliese_581_b (326 words)

	Gliese 436 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gliese 436 (Gl 436), is a dim 11th magnitude red dwarf star about 30 light years from Earth in the constellation of Leo.
		It is orbited by at least one planet with evidence from the Radial velocity measurements indicating a possible additional companion of unknown mass orbiting further out.
		The planet, Gliese 436 b was discovered orbiting the star in 2004.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gliese_436 (223 words)

	The New York Times > Science > Space & Cosmos > Essay: All of a Sudden, the Neighborhood Looks a Lot ...
		But nobody really knows what Gliese 436 b is like, whether it is made of rock and iron, like the Earth, or ice and snow like Neptune, nor what the dynamics of its atmosphere might be, whether, for example, water would evaporate away from the light and fall as snow on the cold side.
		Red dwarfs like Gliese 436 are prone to giant flares and sunspots, so its planet and anything on it would have to endure variations in sunshine as well as radiation showers.
		Gliese 436 b is only one of three new planets recently discovered that are significantly smaller, about the size of Neptune.
	hoku.as.utexas.edu /~gebhardt/a309f06/nyt092104.html (1551 words)

	Gliese 436 / AC+27 28217
		Many astronomers now refer to this star as Gliese 436 by its designation in the famous Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars (CNS, now ARICNS database) of Wilhelm Gliese (1915-93), who was a longtime astronomer at the Astronomiches Rechen-Institut at Heidelberg (even when it was at Berlin).
		Gliese 436 is a relatively dim, main sequence orange-red or red dwarf star of spectral and luminosity M2.5-3.5 V (Butler et al, accepted Dec. 2004, in pdf; and ARICNS).
		Ross 436 is only around 48 percent as enriched as Sol in elements heavier than hydrogen (Bean et al, 2006; and Ken Crosswell, 2006).
	www.solstation.com /stars2/gl436.htm (814 words)

	Seeking a Planet to Call Home - Space - RedOrbit
		I have begun to imagine a kind of ring world on Gliese 436 b, as this planet is now unpoetically known, a dusky narrow scrum of hungry green, a sort of Alaskan summer bog strip crawling with ingenious critters hemmed between ice and desert.
		But nobody really knows what Gliese 436 b is like, whether it is made of rock and iron, like Earth, or ice and snow, like Neptune, nor what the dynamics of its atmosphere might be.
		Gliese 436 b is only one of three newly discovered planets that are significantly smaller, about the size of Neptune.
	www.redorbit.com /news/space/88364/seeking_a_planet_to_call_home/index.html (896 words)

	New class of planets found (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gliese 436 is a type of low-mass star called an M dwarf, about four-tenths the size of our Sun.
		The first planet, discovered by Marcy and Butler, circles a small star called Gliese 436 about every two-and-one-half days at just a small fraction of the distance between Earth and the Sun, or 4.1 million kilometers (2.6 million miles).
		Gliese 436 is located in our galactic backyard, 30 light-years away in the constellation Leo.
	www.ufoindia.org /news_newclassplanets.htm (955 words)

	GJ 436 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gliese 436 (Gl 436), is a dim 11th magnitude red dwarf star about 30 light years from Earth in the constellation of Leo.
		The planet, Gliese 436 b was discovered orbiting the star in 2004.
		It has a mass similar to Neptune's, but orbits very close to the star and may not be a small gas giant but a very massive terrestrial planet instead.
	www.zdnet.co.za /wiki/GJ_436 (481 words)

	Kennislink - NASA vindt kleine exoplaneten
		Gliese 436 staat op 32 lichtjaar van de aarde.
		Omdat Gliese 436 zelf zo licht is en doordat de techniek in de loop er jaren sterk verbeterd is, konden Marcy en Butler de minieme wiebel door de exoplaneet toch oppikken.
		Gliese 436-b, zoals de nieuwe planeet waarschijnlijk gaat heten, draait in 2,64 dagen om zijn ster heen.
	www.kennislink.nl /web/show?id=117143&vensterid=70344&cat=73063 (1544 words)

	SkyTonight.com - News from SkyTonight - Two More Neptune-mass Exoplanets
		Gliese 436b whirls around its star every 2.64 days at an average distance of 0.028 a.u, which is just seven times the diameter of the star itself.
		Tidal friction and heating may have inflated the planet's atmosphere, causing much of it to escape and leaving behind a core that might be primarily iron and rock.
		The Gliese 436 planet was discovered in data taken by Butler, Steven S. Vogt (University of California, Santa Cruz), Marcy, and Fischer at the 10-meter Keck telescope in Hawaii.
	skytonight.com /news/3309491.html?page=1&c=y (1142 words)

	Space Today Online - Faraway Planets Orbiting Distance Stars
		The planet at Gliese 436 is only the second planet found orbiting a so-called M dwarf, a type of low-mass star about 40 percent the size of our own Sun.
		Gliese 436 is located in our galactic backyard, just 30 lightyears away in the constellation Leo.
		The planet at Gliese 436 was discovered during careful observation of 950 nearby stars with the W.M. Keck Observatory at Mauna Kea, Hawaii, and the Lick Observatory in California.
	www.spacetoday.org /DeepSpace/Stars/Planets/NeptunianExoplanet.html (1105 words)

	Planet Quest: News Article
		Gliese 436 is a type of low-mass star called an M dwarf, about four-tenths the size of our Sun.
		The new planet is only the second to be found orbiting an M dwarf star, and is one of the smallest extrasolar planets detected to date.
		It circles Gliese 436 every 2.6 days at a small fraction of the distance between the Sun and Earth, or 4.1 million kilometers (2.6 million miles).
	planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov /news/ssu_images.cfm (1440 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This artist’s concept shows one of the newly discovered planets as it orbits the star Gliese 436, which lies about 33 light-years from Earth.
		Gliese 436 is an M dwarf -- stars that are cool, red and low mass, according to scientists.
		Astronomers say the planet has at least 21 times the mass of Earth and an orbital radius of 4.5 million kilometers.
	www.cnn.com /interactive/space/0408/gallery.new.planets/content.2.html (63 words)

	SPACE.com -- Two Neptune-Mass Planets Found, Earth-Size Worlds Next
		Its circular orbit is tight, too, a mere 2.64 Earth-days long around the star Gliese 436.
		The Gliese 436 planet is probably tidally locked to the star, Marcy said, always showing it the same face -- just as our Moon does with respect to Earth.
		"Hence the Gliese 436 and 55 Cancri Neptune-mass planets might actually be more like Neptune in composition as well as mass, with significant ice and gas in addition to rock," Boss said.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/exoplanet_pair_040831.html (1048 words)

	GJ 436 - Definition, explanation
		GJ 436 (Gliese-Jahreiss 436), is a dim 11th magnitude red dwarf star about 30 light years from Earth in the constellation of Leo.
		The planet, GJ 436 b was discovered orbiting the star in 2004.
		It has a similar mass to Neptune, but orbits very close to the star and may not be a small gas giant but a very massive terrestrial planet instead.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/g/gj/gj_436.php (205 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In den Jahren zuvor wurden um diesen Stern schon zwei große Planeten der gewöhnlichen Jupiter-Klasse entdeckt.
		Gliese 876 b - 1998 - 61 Tage - 600 Erdmassen
		In this artist's conception, the newly discovered planet is shown as a hot, rocky, geologically active world glowing in the deep red light of its nearby parent star, the M dwarf Gliese 876.
	forum.astronomie.de /phpapps/ubbthreads/printthread.php/Board/astro/main/306426/type/post (329 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This artist’s concept shows one of the newly discovered planets as it orbits the star Gliese 436, which lies about 33 light-years from Earth.
		Gliese 436 is an M dwarf -- stars that are cool, red and low mass, according to scientists.
		Astronomers say the planet has at least 21 times the mass of Earth and an orbital radius of 4.5 million kilometers.
	robots.cnn.com /interactive/space/0408/gallery.new.planets/content.2.html (63 words)

	Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums > Planet Formation Around Red Dwarves
		In contrast, only three red dwarf stars were known to have planets or planet-candidates at the time of Bean’s study: Gliese 876, Gliese 436, and Gliese 581 (a possible fourth was recently announced).
		Gliese 876 harbors two Jupiter mass planets, with a third lower mass planet suspected.
		One interesting trend that has emerged from studies of the Sun-like hosts to Jupiter-mass planets is the larger amount of “metals” — that is, elements heavier than hydrogen and helium — in their atmospheres compared to the Sun’s atmosphere.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t84298.html (1125 words)

	Red Dwarfs With Planets Have Low Metallicities by Ken Croswell
		Bean and his colleagues obtained high-resolution spectra of three nearby planet-bearing red dwarfs--Gliese 876 in Aquarius, Gliese 581 in Libra, and Gliese 436 in Leo--by using the Hobby-Eberly and Harlan J. Smith telescopes at McDonald Observatory in Texas.
		Gliese 876 has two Jupiter-mass planets, and Laughlin says forming such huge planets from the disk of material orbiting a small star is troublesome--even if the metallicity were high.
		In contrast, the even lower metallicities of the other two stars, Gliese 581 and Gliese 436, pose no trouble, Laughlin says, because they have only Neptune-mass planets, and Neptune is just 5 percent the mass of Jupiter.
	kencroswell.com /RedDwarfPlanets.html (656 words)

	::: The Seventh Earth ::
		MU ARAE has a planet with as little as 14 times Earth's mass, perhaps a "Super Earth" made of rock.
		GLIESE 876, the smallest star found to have planets, one of them the smallest extrasolar planet yet found, at 5.9 times Earth’s mass.
		GLIESE 436, a red dwarf star, has a Neptune-mass planet, as little as 21 times Earth's mass.
	www.theseventhearth.com /409-extrasolar.htm (136 words)

	Centauri Dreams » Blog Archive » Red Dwarfs and Their Planets: A New Puzzle
		But as I go back through the paper, the main reference is simply to ’sub-solar metallicity.’ So you may well be right, though with Gliese 876 having the highest metallicity and also being the one M dwarf with three known planets, the trend the paper establishes seems viable.
		The study examined the dwarfs known to have planets: Gliese 876, Gliese 436, and Gliese 581.
		Of the three, Gliese 876 is perhaps the most intriguing, as it’s known to have two Jupiter mass planets and a likely third, lower-mass world orbiting around it.
	www.centauri-dreams.org /?p=885 (1409 words)

	Two Neptune-size Extrasolar Planets Found - Planetary News \| The Planetary Society
		In addition to its small size, the planet is also significant because Gliese 436 is only the second red dwarf star known to have a planet.
		Red dwarfs, however, are relatively small (Gliese 436 is two fifth the mass of the Sun) and extremely dim, at only 2% the brightness of the Sun.
		They managed to detect the small planet because Gliese 836 itself is a small star, and its wobble was therefore more pronounced than that of a larger star.
	www.planetary.org /news/2004/0902_Two_NeptuneSize_Extrasolar_Planets.html (1323 words)

	Mailgate: sci.space.news: Scientists discover first of a new class of extrasolar plane
		The first planet, discovered by Marcy and Butler, circles a small star called Gliese 436 about every two-and-one-half days at just a small fraction of the distance between Earth and the sun, or 4.1 million kilometers (2.6 million miles).
		This planet is only the second known to orbit an M dwarf, a type of low-mass star four-tenths the size of our own sun.
		Gliese 436 is located in our galactic backyard, 30 light-years away in the constellation Leo.
	mailgate.supereva.it /sci/sci.space.news/msg08123.html (706 words)

	mobileCatalog: New Planets
		The larger planet, with a minimum size 21 times the mass of the Earth, orbits a red M star, Gliese 436, which is about 50 times dimmer than our sun and located 33 light years away in the constellation Leo.
		If the planet orbiting Gliese 436 has little atmosphere to spread the heat around, it is likely to have temperatures of 377 Celsius on the side facing the star, where it would be perpetual noon, and a frigid tens of degrees above absolute zero where it\\\'s perpetual midnight.
		Butler, Marcy, and colleagues Debra Fischer of UC Berkeley and San Francisco State University, and Steve Vogt, professor of astronomy at UC Santa Cruz, discovered the planet around Gliese 436 last year after four years of observation on the Keck I telescope in Hawaii.
	www.astrobio.net /cgi-bin/emobileCatalog.cgi?sid=1165&ext=.html (1046 words)

	Extrasolare Planeten: Zwei weitere Planeten von Neptungröße entdeckt
		Die erste Neuentdeckung kreist in 2,5 Tagen um den Stern Gliese 436, von dem der Planet 4,1 Millionen Kilometer entfernt ist.
		Gliese 436 ist ein so genannter M-Zwerg, der nur etwa 40 Prozent der Masse unserer Sonne hat.
		Gliese 436 ist 30 Lichtjahre von der Erde entfernt und liegt damit in unserer galaktischen Nachbarschaft.
	www.astronews.com /news/artikel/2004/09/0409-001.shtml (645 words)

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