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Topic: Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point

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	Overview
		The philosophy behind the boundary stratotype or GSSP is to define a level in an outcrop section where time and rock coincide, and thus define successive stages with precisely defined criteria for their lower and upper limits in relative time.
		The boundary stratotype very much relies on the notion that it is possible to arrive at accuracy in correlation through the use of events, like a geomagnetic reversal, a global change in a stable isotope value, or the evolutionary appearance of one or more prominent and widespread pelagic fossil taxa.
		The definition of a boundary by its linear age is the consequence of the fact that the the Proterozoic now recognizes units of global stratigraphic subdivision, where the boundaries are defined in terms of the age in millions of years.
	www.stratigraphy.org /over.htm (2078 words)

	El Kef blind sample project
		The sections sampled are located at El Haria, 5 km SW of El Kef in Northwestern Tunisia, a valley around the upper streams and tributaries of the Oued Djerfane (Fig 1).
		For this reason, Smit decided to sample the KT boundary section in a deeper incised tributary, near the KS locality (fig 1), where the marls are relatively fresh and the section undisturbed through the El Haria Formation, although some faults occur (F2, fig.
		Biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy and the 'catastrophic' extinction of calcareous nannoplankton at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.
	www.geo.vu.nl /~smit/ktboundary/Kef/elkef.htm (1213 words)

	Waterloo Bay, Larne, Northern Ireland: A potential Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the ...
		Strata dip to the north-west and the section seen here extends from the Cotham Member (Rhaetian, Penarth Group) on the far right through the Langport Member and basal Lias Group to the basal beds of the Johnstoni Subzone of the Planorbis Zone (Hettangian) on the extreme left.
		The Triassic-Jurassic boundary succession at Larne is significantly thicker, and experienced more continuous deposition, than correlative strata at St Audrie’s Bay or at any other site in NW Europe.
		This is the earliest ammonite recovered from the section at Waterloo Bay.
	www.habitas.org.uk /larne/pot_gssp.html (959 words)

	Global Domain International
		Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point - A Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point, abbreviated GSSP, is an internationally agreed upon stratigraphic section which serves as the reference section for a particular boundary on the geologic time scale.
		Global Justice Movement - The term Global Justice Movement is an alternative term to describe the loose collection of individuals and groups who advocate fair international trading rules and are critical of current institutions of global economic governance - like the World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank.
		Both domain names global domain international and IP numbers are valuable resources, global domain international and their assignment on a coordinated basis is essential to the technical operation of the Internet.
	www.webbdistinc.com /globaldomaininternational.html (1144 words)

	MSEC VALUES FOR THE MIDDLE PERMIAN GLOBAL BOUNDARY STRATOTYPE, GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK (Site not responding. Last check: )
		We have sampled this GSSP boundary interval at ~0.04 m intervals (224 samples), and have sampled a corresponding section in Colleen Canyon in the near by Delaware Mountains.
		MS in marine sediments is a measure of the concentration of magnetic grains that are dominated by detrital input of lithogenic material due primarily to eustasy and climate.
		We correlate the two sections between the shale in Unit 3 in Stratotype Canyon with an MS high in Unit 3 within the Colleen Canyon section.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_45787.htm (547 words)

	Abnormal pollen grains: an outcome of deteriorating atmospheric conditions around the Permian-Triassic boundary Journal ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The cooccurrence of the megaspore Otynisporites eotriassicus Fuglewicz 1977, and its restricted distribution elsewhere in marine sections with either Late Permian ammonoids or the basal Triassic conodont marker Hindeodus parvus, confirms the age range, and correlation of the Russian and NW Chinese sections.
		The problem is exacerbated by severe difficulties in recognizing the Permian-Triassic (P-T) boundary in non-marine sections, away from the Global Boundary Stratotype section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Triassic, at Bed 27c in the Meishan section, Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China (Jin et al.
		In the Dalongkou section, spore-pollen floras are recovered from the siltstone- and claystone-dominated Guodikeng Formation and from the coarse sandstones of the overlying lower Triassic Jiucaiyuan Formation (Figs 2 and 3).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200507/ai_n14715953 (806 words)

	Pleistocene Encyclopedia Article @ KansasCityPI.net (Kansas City PI) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The proposed section is the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core (75°06′N 42°18′W).
		The type section, Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), for the start of the Pleistocene is in a reference section at Vrica, 4 km south of Crotone in Calabria, southern Italy, a location whose exact dating has recently been confirmed by analysis of strontium and oxygen isotopes as well as by planktonic foraminifera.
		The name was intended to cover the recent period of repeated glaciations; however, the start was set too late and some early cooling and glaciation are now reckoned to be in the Gelasian (end of the Pliocene).
	www.kansascitypi.net /encyclopedia/Pleistocene (2345 words)

	Page 40 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The development of an initial MSEC composite reference curve for the Middle/Upper Devonian of the Anti-Atlas region of southern Morocco was presented and discussed in the context of global sea-level transgressive and regressive cycles.
		We were able to use the magnetosusceptibility event and cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) record for the Eifelian-Givetian Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) located in the western Sahara of southeastern Morocco to establish a sequence of magnetostratigraphic susceptibility units organized into magnetostratigraphic susceptibility zones (MSZ) and magnetostratigraphic susceptibility subzones (MSSZ).
		The proposed magnetostratotype for the Prídolian-Lochkovian boundary was supported by MS data from a nearby core through the GSSP sequence and into the upper Ludlow.
	sds.uta.edu /nwsltr_17/page40.html (739 words)

	Cambrian
		The Oak Springs section of the Pioche Shale was well known to Pete Palmer, and he had included it in his Biomeres and Biomere Boundaries GSA field trip in 1984 as the best Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary section known to him.
		Although there is sharp contact at the base of the boundary limestone and some local evidence for thinning at the top of the underlying olenelloid shales, based on a progressive northward disappearance of small limy layers, no definitive conclusion could be reached concerning the nature of the boundary in the local area.
		McCollum, L.B., 1999, Biostratigraphic correlation of the Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary interval of the Cordilleran region of Laurentia.
	www.geology.ewu.edu /mccollum/research1.htm (15576 words)

	CBC - Gros Morne - Evidence in the Rock - Physical Descriptions of Areas - Green Point
		Green Point is a remarkable series of rocks and cliffs that has been internationally recognized for the story it tells.
		It means that geologists and palaeontologists using the layers have traced the deposits of Green Point from the Cambrian to the Ordovician Point.
		The boundary is defined by a conodont called Iapetognathus fluctivagus that used to be part of the mouth of an ancient worm.
	www.cbc.ca /grosmorne/en/evidence_in_the_rock/areas/green_point.html (264 words)

	Geology & Geophysics Faculty: Dr. Brooks Ellwood
		MS in marine sediments is a measure of the concentration of magnetic grains that are dominated by the detrital input of lithogenic material due primarily to global sea level changes, climate, and sea floor/basin subsidence.
		In those sections we have examined, MSEC event trends of increasing MS magnitudes correlate well with episodes of regression, while trends of decreasing MS magnitudes correlate with episodes of transgression.
		Stratigraphy of the Middle Devonian Boundary: Formal Definition of the Susceptibility Magnetostratotype in Germany with comparisons to Sections in the Czech Republic, Morocco and Spain, Tectonophysics, in press.
	www.geol.lsu.edu /Faculty/Ellwood (4404 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Geologic time scale - Calendar Encyclopedia
		Different spans of time on the time scale are usually delimited by major geologic or paleontologic events, such as mass extinctions.
		For example, the boundary between the Cretaceous period and the Palaeogene period is defined by the extinction event that marked the demise of the dinosaurs and of many marine species.
		In 1977, the Global Commission on Stratigraphy (now the International Commission) started an effort to define global references (Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points) for geologic periods and faunal stages.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /Geologic_timescale.htm (1813 words)

	Publications: Episodes 29-3
		In addition, the boundary interval is clearly recognizable by the depletion of isotopic carbon ratios and the normal polarity zone appearing above the Late Wuchiapingian reversed polarity zone.
		The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hirnantian Stage (the uppermost of the Ordovician System) is defined at a point 0.39m below the base of the Kuanyinchiao Bed in the Wangjiawan North section.
		The section is located near Wangjiawan village, 42 km north of Yichang city (western Hubei, China), at 30º 58’56”N and 111º 25’10”E. The GSSP level coincides with the first appearance of the graptolite species Normalograptus extraordinarius (Sobolevskaya).
	www.iugs.org /iugs/pubs/epi29-3.html (1044 words)

	alb21-3
		The exclusion of Bed 16/A from the Vászoly section is warranted on the basis of its physical discontinuity (Vörös and Pálfy, 1989) and apparently condensed fauna (Vörös et al., 1996).
		Its lower boundary, the potential GSSP level, is more suitable than that of the Secedensis and Curionii zones in that it is defined by two UA which occur in several sections in both key areas, the Southern Alps and the Balaton Highland.
		The Anisian/Ladinian boundary in the Vászoly section (Balaton Highland, Hungary).
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/kerp/Albart2.htm (2852 words)

	TOPAZAN STAGE, A NEW LAURENTIAN STAGE (LINCOLNIAN SERIES-"MIDDLE" CAMBRIAN), THE Journal of Paleontology - ...
		This boundary occurs within a shale sequence and is marked by the first appearance of Proehmaniella basilica, which also coincides with the disappearance of the common corynexochid Glossopleura.
		In 1998, Palmer moved the boundary of the Marjuman Stage downward approximately 235 m to coincide with the first occurrence of P. basilica, which marks the base of the Marjumiid biomere (Palmer, 1981; Sundberg, 1994).
		He moved the boundary because the original base did not mark the base of the biomcre and because the original boundary, the base of the Plychagnostus ataviis Zone, is recognized only in the marginal platform facies of Nevada and Utah (Robison, 1982, 1984; Rowell et al., 1982).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200501/ai_n9468317 (785 words)

	ORDOVICIAN (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In this ballot, “The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Upper Ordovician Series is defined 1.4 m below a phosphorite marker bed in the E14a outcrop along the south bank of the Sularp Brook at Fågelsång, 8 km east of the center of the City of
		that might serve as a Global Stratotype section and a call was sent to all corresponding members of the Subcommission to consider and to submit proposals for alternative biohorizons and stratotype sections for the boundary.
		Stig Bergström is leader of a group that is evaluating biohorizons and sections for the GSSP for the base of the upper stage of the Upper Ordovician Series.
	seis.natsci.csulb.edu /ISOS/OrdovicianNews2002/3-ON2002ChairReportC.htm (1632 words)

	Trilobite biostratigraphy
		It was not until the 20th century, however, that the study of radioactive decay allowed scientists to date rocks via their isotope proportions, finally giving absolute ages to the relative ages of the geological time scale.
		Because of the long history of the use of fossils to establish geological time, the boundaries of the different eras (e.g., Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic) and Periods (e.g., Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian) are based on major changes in the fossils found in the rock, and thus in the faunas that lived then.
		It points out that the very earliest Cambrian is without trilobites, and the zonations use instead trace fossils and small shelly fossils (so called because we still don't have a clear idea of what the small shells were part of).
	www.trilobites.info /biostratigraphy.htm (1887 words)

	New Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Final proposal for the Cisuralian stage boundary stratotypes in the southern Urals would be strengthened by helping to demonstrate the global applicability of the stratotype definitions.
		To goal of this research is to move toward reaching the goal of global correlation of the proposed Cisuralian, and the Sakmarian and Artinskian stratotype boundaries in particular.
		One problem researchers have had is that the proposed stratotype boundaries seemingly meet all criteria yet lack data from elsewhere supporting their correlation potential.
	earth.boisestate.edu /grc/allproj/lp_corr_nv.html (489 words)

	Publications: Episodes Issue 28-2
		The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Creataceous: Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A. by W.J. Kennedy, I. Walaszczyk, and W.A. Cobban
		It coincides with the first occurrence of the ammonite Watinoceras devonense, is in the middle of a global positive excursion in Carbon-13 isotopes, and is bracketed by widespread bentonites that have yielded ages of 93 to 93.5 Ma.
		The Huanghuachang section near Yichang, southern China meets the requirements for a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series and the yet-to-be-named third stage of the Ordovician System (or lower stage of Middle Ordovician Series).
	www.iugs.org /iugs/pubs/epi28-2.htm (758 words)

	Global Stratotype Sections and Points
		Geochemical -- Onset of a carbon isotope shift and sea-level drop (Exxon/Hardenbol sequence boundary "Se1"); near diversification of the Fasciculith group of calcareous nannoplankton, preceding the lowest Fasciculithus tympaniformis (base of nannoplankton zone NP5).
		Candidate GSSP is base of marly limestone bed SW4, 45m from base of San Cassiano Fm, Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen mountain-side section, 4.5 km south of S. Cassiano town, Dolomites, N. Italy.
		Candidate GSSP is Desli Caira hill Section B, 17 km south of Tulcea city, northern Dobrogea province, Romania.
	www.stratigraphy.org /gssp.htm (3766 words)

	Where should the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Paleocene/Eocene boundary be located? -- Aubry 171 ...
		First, there has been dual definition of the Paleocene/Eocene boundary so that even today the boundary is placed at two different lithostratigraphic horizons by marine and vertebrate paleontologists.
		The current placement of the Paleocene/Eocene boundary, i.e., defined by the base of Ypresian Stage (Ieper Clay), conforms to the definition of the Paleocene by Schimper in 1874.
		For this reason the WG finds itself in a dilemma, and must weigh the risks associated with the attractive solution that would consist in defining the P/E boundary by a lithostratigraphic level where the late Paleocene carbon isotope excursion (CIE) is recorded.
	bsgf.geoscienceworld.org /cgi/content/abstract/171/4/461 (428 words)

	sciencelife:ETH Life - ETH Zurich's weekly web journal
		The exhaustive investigations and effort required to reach this point lasted for almost 15 years, until, last spring, the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) assented to the proposal of making this point the official beginning of the Ladinian stage.
		This is why modern research now makes use of the concept of "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point" (GSSP), popularly called "golden spikes", to calibrate the geological time-scale.
		To date only 51 reference points have been set for the roughly 95 stage boundaries of the Phanerozoic eon–the last 540 million years of Earth's history.
	www.ethlife.ethz.ch /e/articles/sciencelife/Triasgrenze.html (997 words)

	Palaeos Geochronology: Stratigraphy-1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		At this point, we must make two key assumptions: (1) that bands higher in the rock column are younger and (2) that the presence of the same pattern of rock strata ("bands") in two different places allows us to conclude that each identifiable stratum was laid down at the same time in both places.
		Geological periods are defined with reference to a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP).
		The boundary occurs about a third of the way up the bluff, in Bed 20 of the Klonk Section, and is defined as the first occurrence of the graptolite Monograptus uniformis in that bed.
	www.palaeos.com /Geochronology/stratigraphy.html (1575 words)

	International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy (ISPS)
		In Spain many sections were visited and sampled in the Betic Cordilleras (Alamedilla, Agost, Fortuna, etc.) and in the Pyrennees (Anoz, Campo, Gorrondatxe, Guetaria, etc.).
		At present, the most suitable sections seem to be the Agost section in Alicante province, Betic Cordillera and the Gorrondatxe section in the Basque country, Spain.
		The GSSP for this boundary has been selected in the Massignano Section (central Italy) and ratified by the IUGS in 1992.
	wzar.unizar.es /isps/wgr.htm (790 words)

	Time - Palaeos (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Dates labeled with a * indicate boundaries where a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point has been internationally agreed upon: see List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points for a complete list.
		The Proterozoic, Archean and Hadean are often collectively referred to as the Precambrian or Cryptozoic.
		Though commonly used, the Hadean is not a formal eon and no lower bound for the Archean has been agreed upon.
	www.palaeos.org /Time (980 words)

	[No title]
		Micropaleontology in Russia on a boundary of centuries %0 Journal Article %A Bazzucchi, P. %A Bertinelli, A. %A Ciarapica, G. %A Marcucci, M. %A Passeri, L. %A Rigo, M. %A Roghi, G. %T The Late Triassic-Jurassic stratigraphic succession of Pignola (Lagonegro-Molise Basin, Southern Apennines, Italy) %J Bolletin, Soc.
		Conodonts of Frasnian-Famennian boundary interval of the central regions of the Russian Platform.
		The type section of the Osagean Series (Mississippian Subsystem), west-central Missouri, U.S.A. %0 Journal Article %A Larghi, C. %A Cordey, F. %A Corradini, C. %A Gaetani, M. %A Nicora, A. %T Palaeozoic (Silurian and Devonian) radiolarians and conodonts from chert olistoliths of the Volissos Turbidites, Chios Island, Greece %J Eclogae Geol.
	www.le.ac.uk /geology/conodont/pander/2006/PanderLib2006.txt (7633 words)

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