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Topic: Global Positioning System

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	Global Positioning System Overview
		The approximate orbital data is used to preset the receiver with the approximate position and carrier Doppler frequency (the frequency shift caused by the rate of change in range to the moving SV) of each SV in the constellation.
		Receiver position is computed from the SV positions, the measured pseudo-ranges (corrected for SV clock offsets, ionospheric delays, and relativistic effects), and a receiver position estimate (usually the last computed receiver position).
		Applying a simple position correction from the reference receiver to the remote receiver has limited effect at useful ranges because both receivers would have to be using the same set of SVs in their navigation solutions and have identical GDOP terms (not possible at different locations) to be identically affected by bias errors.
	www.colorado.edu /geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps.html (4381 words)

	Global Positioning System
		A receiver for the Global Positioning System must lock onto the signals from four of the GPS satellites to give a full three-dimensional position.
		Position accuracies to about +/- 2 meters can be obtained by comparison of a field GPS receiver with a fixed receiver at a known position.
		Receivers for this kind of positioning differ from the popular hand-held units in that they have memories for storage of data in both the moving and stationary units and are calibrated to take data at the same time.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/gpsrec.html (663 words)

	Global Positioning System - MSN Encarta
		Global Positioning System (GPS), space-based radio-navigation system, consisting of 24 satellites and ground support.
		GPS, formally known as the Navstar Global Positioning System, is operated and maintained by the United States Department of Defense.
		GPS tracking systems are used to route and monitor delivery vans and emergency vehicles.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761579727/Global_Positioning_System.html (792 words)

	The Global Positioning System: a detailed looked at the miracle of modern navigation; by Robert A. Nelson
		The position of the pole star on the celestial sphere is only temporary, however, due to precession of the earth's axis of rotation through a circle of radius 23.5 over a period of 26,000 years.
		The Transit system was composed of six satellites in nearly circular, polar orbits at an altitude of 1075 km.
		The fundamental measurement in the Global Positioning System is pseudorange.
	www.aticourses.com /global_positioning_system.htm (4624 words)

	Global Positioning System
		In June of 1993 the last of the 24 satellites of the Global Positioning System was placed into orbit, completing a satellite network capable providing position data to locate you anywhere on Earth within 30 meters.
		A GPS receiver, which may be a small hand-held unit, can triangulate its position on the Earth's surface within 30 meters or less with signals from three of the satellites.
		The positioning information from GPS satellites in sent in the form of repeating codes which identify the sending satellite, give locations of the other satellites in the system, and give the navigation data.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/gps.html (512 words)

	Global Positioning System (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Global Positioning System usually called GPS (the US military refers to it NAVSTAR) is an intermediate circular orbit (ICO) satellite navigation system used for determining one's precise location providing a highly accurate time reference almost anywhere on Earth.
		This offset a dramatic proof of the theory of in a real-world system as it is that predicted by the theory within the of accuracy of measurement.
		Many synchronization systems use GPS as a source accurate time hence one of the commonest of this use is that of GPS a reference clock for time code generators or NTP clocks.
	www.freeglossary.com /Global_positioning_system (2253 words)

	Global Positioning System Summary
		The Global Positioning System (GPS) can give that information, and it is free to anyone with the proper equipment and a basic knowledge of mathematics.
		Modern sailors also look to the sky for information, but the modern positioning information they receive is so accurate that any errors are less than the width of the pencil they use to mark their map.
		To simulate the process of the Global Positioning System all that is needed is some string, scissors, tape, several coins, and four stationary points (the corners of a room will work).
	www.bookrags.com /research/global-positioning-system-mmat-02 (1545 words)

	Global Positioning System (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The two time systems of the vehicles generally use caesium clocks accurate to around 1 part in 10-12sec per day, and are based on the international standard for time (being the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two energy levels of Caesium 133).
		The position of the satellites (the ephemeris, same term as used for position of the sun and stars), the health of the satellites, the clock errors and the ionospheric corrections are determined at the control station and broadcast to the satellites.
		The Global Positioning System has revolutionised the geomatics industry, it is now not only possible to perform traditional surveying tasks in radically less time but there is a vastly increased scope of tasks to be performed.
	www.sli.unimelb.edu.au /Horizons/Documents/gps.html (2797 words)

	Global Positioning System
		Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based system of signals that enables specially designed receivers to calculate precise positions on the surface of the earth.
		The system itself involves the three-dimensional geometry of the surface of the earth and the orbits of the GPS satellites.
		The additional data make it possible to solve a system of four simultaneous equations in which the unknowns are the three coordinates of position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the error in the receiver's clock.
	www.bcc.cuny.edu /MathematicsComputerScience/ate/gps.html (1187 words)

	Global Positioning Systems
		GPS is a positioning tool which works from the backend.
		Developed in 1973 by the Defense Department of United States, Global Positioning System was previously used to determine the location of military vehicles worldwide.
		With the help of Global Positioning System, each satellite is placed in the orbit at some predefined location (a set longitude, latitude and altitude of the point).
	www.global-positioning-systems.net (215 words)

	Global Positioning System (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Originally established by the Department of Defense, the global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite navigation system.
		This is done so that when the satellite communicates with a receiver, it gives the best possible position it can to help navigate.
		Position accuracy is very important to military operations.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Dictionary/GPS/DI58.htm (194 words)

	GPS GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
		Many synchronization systems use GPS as a source of accurate time, hence one of the most common applications of this use is that of GPS as a reference clock for time code generators or NTP clocks.
		GPS receivers calculate their current position (latitude, longitude, elevation), and the precise time, using the process of trilateration after measuring the distance to at least four satellites by comparing the satellites' coded time signal transmissions.
		This offset is a practical demonstration of the theory of relativity in a real-world system; it is exactly that predicted by the theory, within the limits of accuracy of measurement.
	www.speedace.info /gps_global_positioning_system.htm (3951 words)

	Garmin: What is GPS? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense.
		A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track movement.
		The GPS system uses a built-in model that calculates an average amount of delay to partially correct for this type of error.
	www.garmin.com /aboutGPS (1082 words)

	Global Positioning System (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Global Positioning System, or GPS, is making an enormous change in the Department of Public Utilities.
		The unit was used to tie in all the storm drain system, which provided mapping for this utility that did not already exist.
		Nick says, "The existing system never had "As-built" drawings, so we are using Stormwater field personnel to capture this information in the field." He continued, "During this on-going project we have found approximately a 30 percent error rate.
	www.ci.slc.ut.us /NewsEvents/news03212000.htm (454 words)

	GIS Tutorials: Global Positioning System
		The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a burgeoning technology, which provides unequalled accuracy and flexibility of positioning for navigation, surveying and GIS data capture.
		Usually, the static positioning is used in surveying and the kinematic position in navigation.
		That means the position on the earth is determined by measuring the distance from a group of satellites in space.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /tutorials/tuman004.htm (300 words)

	Global Positioning System – Wikipedia
		Da diese Daten nur von den in der Fahrzeugelektronik implementierten Sensoren gemessen und an das Navigationssytem übermittelt werden können, ist diese höhere Präzision derzeit nur von festeingebauten Navigationssystemen zu erreichen.
		Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) ist eine Bezeichnung für Verfahren, die mehrere GPS-Empfänger zur Erhöhung der Genauigkeit verwenden.
		Festeingebaute Systeme sind in der Regel zwar erheblich teurer als mobile Geräte in Form von z. B. PDAs, haben jedoch den Vorteil, dass sie mit der Fahrzeugelektronik gekoppelt sind und zusätzlich Odometrie-Daten wie Geschwindigkeit und Beschleunigung verwenden, um die Position präziser zu bestimmen und auch noch in Funklöchern wie z. B. Tunneln eine Position ermitteln zu können.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Global_Positioning_System (5230 words)

	Global Positioning System (on ScienceFizz.com)
		A system study researching the coupling of terrestrial positioning and the satellite-based positioning.
		Objective is the development of a system for rapid and inexpensive monitoring of unstable slopes, such as pit walls, earthrock slopes and dam walls using global satellite positioning technology.
		The history and story of how the Global Positioning System evolved from the development of the world's most accurate timepieces, atomic clocks, by physicists looking into the nature of time.
	www.sciencefizz.com /Earth_Sciences/Geomatics/Global_Positioning_System (699 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Earth Sciences: Geomatics: Global Positioning System
		Australian Global Positioning Systems Society - A free membership society to bring together the delegates, sponsors, and exhibitors for the Satellite Navigation Conference and to foster, develop, and assist the Global Positioning System disciplines.
		GPS Deformation Monitoring - Objective is the development of a system for rapid and inexpensive monitoring of unstable slopes, such as pit walls, earth\rock slopes and dam walls using global satellite positioning technology.
		Hyperbolic Positioning Algorithm - An algorithm for obtaining an exact solution for the three dimensional location of a mobile given the locations of four fixed stations (like a GPS satellite or a base station in a cell) and the signal time of arrival (TOA) from the mobile to each station.
	dmoz.org /Science/Earth_Sciences/Geomatics/Global_Positioning_System (813 words)

	What is GPS? Everyday Mysteries
		The Global Positioning System (GPS) tells you where you are on Earth.
		The Global Positioning System Overview - These materials were developed by Peter H. Dana, The Geographer's Craft Project, and the Department of Geography at the University of Colorado in Boulder.
		Global Positioning System Overview from The Geographer's Craft at University of Colorado
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/mysteries/global.html (611 words)

	GPS - THE REMARKABLE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
		After writing an article on Global Positioning Systems (GPS) for Ultralights and small aircraft, I was asked how a GPS determines location speed and time.
		The Global Positioning system was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense and is referred to as the Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System, or Navstar GPS.
		It is written to explain the basics of the GPS system yet throw some light onto the complexity of the system.
	www.ultralighthomepage.com /gps_system.html (1446 words)

	Global Positioning System
		The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S.-owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services.
		This system consists of three segments: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment.
		A variety of GPS augmentation systems and techniques are available to enhance system performance to meet specific user requirements.
	www.gps.gov /systems/gps/index.html (589 words)

	Global Positioning System
		The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S. space-based radionavigation system that provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to civilian users on a continuous worldwide basis -- freely available to all.
		For anyone with a GPS receiver, the system will provide location and time.
		GPS has become a mainstay of transportation systems worldwide, providing navigation for aviation, ground, and maritime operations.
	www.gps.gov (290 words)

	Global Positioning System (GPS) Resource Center
		With positioning services becoming increasingly important for the mobile world, we've provided a brief tour through some of the better Global Positioning System (GPS) resources on the net.
		After PDA systems which opened up the market and PND systems which popularised it, handset based solutions are expected to bring personal navigation to the broad masses.
		Global positioning Systems (GPS) technology’s contribution to the global economy has shown a steady growth in the last decade.
	www.palowireless.com /gps (314 words)

	U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS)
		The Global Positioning System (GPS), managed and operated by the U.S. Government, is used for a wide array of economic, scientific, and military applications.
		GPS is a dual-use system, designed to support both civil and military users.
		Additional upgrades being planned for the next generation of satellites, known as GPS III, are designed to ensure that GPS remains a state-of-the-art system for the civil user community.
	www.state.gov /g/oes/rls/fs/47319.htm (569 words)

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