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Topic: Global climate model

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	ScienceDaily: Global climate model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A global climate model or general circulation model (GCM) aims to describe climate behavior by integrating a variety of fluid-dynamical, chemical, or even biological equations that are either derived directly from physical laws (e.g.
		Climate model -- Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice.
		Global climate model -- A global climate model or general circulation model (GCM) aims to describe climate behavior by integrating a variety of fluid-dynamical, chemical, or even biological equations that are either derived...
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Global_climate_model (1668 words)

	NCAR Releases New Version of Premier Global Climate Model - News Release
		CCSM3 is one of the world's leading general-circulation climate models, which are extraordinarily sophisticated computer tools that incorporate phenomena ranging from the effect that volcanic eruptions have on temperature patterns to the impact of shifting sea ice on sunlight absorbed by the oceans.
		Climate models work by solving mathematical formulas, which represent the chemical and physical processes that drive Earth's climate, for thousands of points in the atmosphere, oceans, sea ice, and land surface.
		The model is so complex that it requires about three trillion computer calculations to simulate a single day of global climate, and it produces far more information about regional climate variations than the previous version.
	www.ucar.edu /news/releases/2004/ccsm.shtml (797 words)

	Enhanced Greenhouse Climate, Transient Climates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the previous unit we discussed the equilibrium simulations of global climate in which a model is run with the present greenhouse gas concentrations and then run again with doubled (or in some cases quadrupled) amounts of greenhouse gases.
		In each model run, the model is allowed to continue until all the effects of initial conditions have died away and the model ocean, atmosphere, and ice masses come into balance with the heating effects of the assumed level of greenhouse gases.
		Climate model simulations for the next IPCC Assessment Report on the Impact of Climate Change to be issued in 2006 (sometimes referred to as the AR4, since it is the 4th in a series of such assessment reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) currently (February 2005) are being run.
	www.meteor.iastate.edu /gccourse/model/co2/co2_lecture_new.html (1721 words)

	EdGCM: Climate Modeling for Research and Education - EdGCM Global Warming Exercise
		The term "modern" is defined differently by various modeling groups, but is nearly always a representation of the average climate of a multi-decade period in the later part of the 20th century.
		In order to start a climate model simulation it is necessary to supply the model with "initial conditions" and "boundary conditions" that define the initial state of all factors in the model that effect the climate calculations.
		Such ocean models are generally referred to as "Mixed-Layer" models, since they approximate the essential characteristics (from a climate standpoint) of the well-mixed upper layers of the ocean.
	edgcm.columbia.edu /outreach/exercises/global_warming.html (2433 words)

	CCCma: Models, The First Generation Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM1)
		The model uses heat and water flux adjustments obtained from uncoupled ocean and atmosphere model runs (of 10 years and 4000 years duration respectively), followed by an `adaption' procedure in which the flux adjustment fields are modified by a 14 year integration of the coupled model.
		A multi-century control simulation with the coupled model has been performed using the present-day CO concentration to evaluate the stability of the coupled model's climate, and to compare the modelled climate and its variability to that observed.
		In addition, the `technology' of coupling various model components is receiving considerable attention with new methods of `spinning up' the ocean model to equilibrium, reducing the `shock' the model components experience upon coupling, and minimizing or eliminating the requirement for flux adjustment.
	www.cccma.bc.ec.gc.ca /models/cgcm1.shtml (1416 words)

	Global climate model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		GCMs are capable of reproducing the general features of the observed global temperature over the past century [15].
		The global climate models used for climate projections are very similar in structure to (and often share computer code with) numerical models for weather prediction but are nonetheless logically distinct: see climate vs weather for details.
		Often nested models are run forced by the global models for boundary conditions, to achieve higher local resolution: for example, the Met Office runs a mesoscale model with an 11 km resolution [24] covering the UK, and various agencies in the U.S. also run nested models such as the Eta model.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Global_climate_model (2853 words)

	Understanding Global Climate Change \| Science: A Quick Take on Computer Models of Climate
		Climatic interactions are extended by the addition of the influences of the oceans as well as the atmosphere, extended to three dimensions (to cover the area of the Earth, heights of the atmosphere, and depths of the ocean).
		Global climate models also are extended by higher "resolution" (meaning they have many more numbers of gridpoints per unit volume), and they are extended by the addition of equations or prescriptions for the inclusion of a greater number of physical processes.
		Instead of running a global climate model for an answer about the weather half-an hour hence, we might run it long enough to learn what the climate will be like six years from now, or 60, or several centuries.
	www.facsnet.org /issues/specials/gcc/science/quick.php3 (1477 words)

	Met Office: Hadley Centre: Climate models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This type of model predicts changes in sea-surface temperatures and sea ice by treating the ocean as though it were a layer of water of constant depth (typically 50 metres), heat transports within the ocean being specified and remaining constant while climate changes.
		This kind of model is useful for simulating what the climate would be like for some fixed level of carbon dioxide, but it cannot be used for predicting the rate of change of climate because this is largely determined by processes in the ocean interior.
		The carbon cycle model is needed in order to capture several important climate feedbacks on carbon dioxide concentration, for instance fertilisation of plant growth by carbon dioxide and uptake or outgassing of carbon dioxide by the oceans.
	www.met-office.gov.uk /research/hadleycentre/models/modeltypes.html (950 words)

	High-Performance Global Climate Modeling
		Additionally, it is being used at LLNL for regional climate prediction and for calculations of the transport and fate of hazardous materials in the atmosphere.
		Climate research at LLNL is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
		The principal mission of the CCCM is to improve the scientific understanding of the mechanisms of global environmental and climate change through the development and diagnosis of state-of-the-art models that represent key processes affecting the atmosphere, oceans and biosphere.
	www.llnl.gov /CASC/climate (778 words)

	NASA GISS: General Circulation Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The GCMs are all Cartesian grid-point models which can be run at a variety of horizontal and vertical resolutions; e.g., 8°×10°, 4°×5°, or 2°×2.5° in the horizontal (latitude × longitude) and nine-layer, eighteen-layer, 23-layer, and 31-layer in the vertical.
		Model II used a second-order scheme for the advection of momentum, temperature, and humidity, but a higher-order numerical scheme for advection of temperature and specific humidity has been incorporated into Model II' ("two-prime").
		The new model includes the option of coupling to a variety of ocean models, up to and including fully dynamic three-dimensional (3D) ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) and the full incoporation into the model of a number of tracer subsystems including atmospheric chemistry and aerosol transport.
	www.giss.nasa.gov /research/modeling/gcms.html (330 words)

	Global Climate Change: Research Explorer - Global Effects
		A climate model is a tool that researchers use to understand the workings of the intricate systems that make up the earth’s climate.
		To improve the model’s performance, they are working to incorporate equations that will better represent the effects related to the role of clouds and water vapor in the atmosphere.
		Comparing the scenario generated by a climate model with real world conditions is a test for the model—and for the understanding of natural processes that the model represents.
	exploratorium.com /climate/global-effects/data2.html (361 words)

	Top Story - COTTON DOESN'T SHRINK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE - December 10, 2001
		For this case, the fine-scale model predicted a 26 percent increase, and the large-scale model predicted a 36 percent increase in cotton yields for the region.
		Fine-scale models with higher resolution may be more accurate, but in order to gain information about the future regional climate, results from the global model must be used to initialize and control the regional model.
		When the climate change resulting from CO2 doubling was combined with the potential for enhanced cotton plant growth as a result of greater carbon availability, the fine scale model showed a 5 percent increase in yields, while the large scale model predicted a 16 percent increase.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20011210cottonclimate.html (942 words)

	Global climate change... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Global climate change due to enhanced greenhouse warming is expected, according to the best available climate models.
		The principal tools used to study the climate changes associated with an enhanced greenhouse are global climate models.
		Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, is that global average surface air temperature will rise by about 0.2° C per decade (if the carbon dioxide concentration continues rising at its current rate), global sea level will rise by about 0.2 to 0.8 meters over the next 100 years, and precipitation will increase over the high latitudes.
	grads.iges.org /nncc/global.html (317 words)

	Climate Change Prediction Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The third program element downscales these large-scale predictions of the global model to ensembles of regional scale predictions, which are then used to estimate impacts on hydrology, agriculture, energy utilization, and so forth.
		Modelers have a broad capability to use the large-scale predictions made by global climate models to force regional scale atmospheric models.
		The resulting high-resolution estimates of physical climate variables (temperature, precipitation, snow, etc.) are subsequently used in hydrological, agriculture, and other models to estimate economic impacts of climate change.
	www-pcmdi.llnl.gov /ccpp/acpi.htm (1076 words)

	NASA Helps Students Learn About Climate Change - US Department of State
		Scientists run the GCM on supercomputers to simulate climate changes of the past and future, and an educational version for use on personal computers (PCs) is now available to educators and students at universities and high schools.
		A GCM calculates many things, such as how much sunlight is reflected and absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, the temperature of the air and oceans, the distribution of clouds, rainfall, and snow, and what may happen to the polar ice caps in the future.
		Scientists run the GCM on supercomputers to simulate climate changes of the past and future, and an educational version is now be available to educators and students at universities and high schools, where desktop PCs are the norm.
	usinfo.state.gov /gi/Archive/2005/Jan/12-945789.html (827 words)

	FAIR - Climate Model
		The default climate model is the Upwelling-Diffusion Climate Model (UDCM), based on the MAGICC model (Hulme et al., 2000; Raper et al., 2001).
		For the UNFCCC-ACCC climate model, the contributions of emission regions to climate change indicators like greenhouse gas concentration, radiative forcing, temperature change and sea-level rise are calculated by applying all ACCC equations defined at global level to the emissions of the individual emitting regions separately.
		For the IMAGE-AOS climate model an alternative calculation of regional attribution to global CO concentrations has been developed, in which the atmospheric removal rate in each 'region pool' now depends on global carbon-cycle dynamics, including non-linearities induced by emissions from all regions.
	www.rivm.nl /fair/model_details/climate_model/index.jsp (665 words)

	EdGCM: Climate Modeling for Research and Education
		Incorporating the software into her Global Climate Processes class, she was able to help students bridge the gap between weather and climate, right on their computer screens.
		Global dimming is the phenomena of an observed reduction of sunlight (since about 1960) reaching the surface of the Earth.
		Talk about future global warming might bring to mind visions of palm trees in the Arctic, but the path of regional climate change is not always straightforward.
	www.edgcm.org /index.php (899 words)

	Modeling Climate
		Climate models are the only means to estimate the effects of increasing greenhouse gases on future global climate.
		Models are being used to investigate the atmospheric circulation and associated chemical interactions which result in global warming and air pollution.
		Oceanic models are used for investigations into the dynamics of the large-scale ocean general circulation in order to gain a fundamental understanding of the ocean's role in the earth's climate system, global biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem dynamics.
	www.oar.noaa.gov /climate/t_modeling.html (863 words)

	Global Warming and Hurricanes
		However, the GFDL modeling results, as well as theories of maximum tropical cyclone intensities, indicate that both sea surface temperatures and the atmospheric temperature profile in the environment around the storm are among the important factors in determining how strong a tropical cyclone can become.
		The coarsely resolved storms in the global model were replaced by more realistic storm initial conditions in the hurricane model using a procedure analogous to that employed for operational hurricane predictions at NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Prediction.
		Importantly, the large-scale environments from the global climate model were retained and allowed to influence the development of the storms in the regional model.
	www.oar.noaa.gov /spotlite/archive/spot_gfdl.html (909 words)

	Global Warming and Hurricanes
		In the present day climate, the maximum observed intensities of tropical cyclones appear to be correlated with the underlying sea surface temperatures, with the strongest storms observed over relatively warm ocean waters.
		However, the GFDL modeling results, as well as theories of maximum tropical cyclone intensities, indicate that both sea surface temperatures and the atmospheric temperature profile in the environment around the storm are important factors in determining how strong a tropical cyclone can become.
		The GFDL climate model is one of the leading models used by climate researchers to project possible effects of greenhouse gases on future climate.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~gth/spotlight/global_hurr.html (855 words)

	Global Climate Change: Research Explorer - Global Effects
		A climate model is a tool that researchers use to understand the workings of the intricate systems that make up the earth’s climate.
		To improve the model’s performance, they are working to incorporate equations that will better represent the effects related to the role of clouds and water vapor in the atmosphere.
		Comparing the scenario generated by a climate model with real world conditions is a test for the model—and for the understanding of natural processes that the model represents.
	www.exploratorium.edu /climate/global-effects/data2.html (361 words)

	Arctic Climate simulated by computer models - Lynch
		In such a situation it is possible that the global model response to anthropogenic forcing would have a weaker projection onto the model's patterns of internal variability than in the real world.
		As models become more complex, and include a better and more inclusive representation of the myriad of positive and negative feedbacks in the Arctic and global climate system, this polar amplification response has been mitigated somewhat.
		The results so far are strongly model dependent, which points to the need for better understanding of the important physical mechanisms and dominant feedbacks in the climate system, and the way these processes interact on a range of timescales.
	www.arctic.noaa.gov /essay_lynch.html (803 words)

	Climate model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice.
		The radiative-convective models have advantages over the simple model: they can tell you the surface temperature, and the effects of varying greenhouse gas concentrations on the surface temperature.
		This model has the advantage of allowing a plausible dependence of albedo on temperature - the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm - but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Climate_model (887 words)

	Image:Climate Change Attribution.png - Global Warming Art
		(2004), shows the ability with which a global climate model (the DOE PCM [1]) is able to reconstruct the historical temperature record and the degree to which the associated temperature changes can be decomposed into various forcing factors.
		Though the model captures the gross features of twentieth century climate change, it remains likely that some of the differences between model and observation reflect the limitations of the model and/or our understanding of the histories of the observed forcing factors.
		(2004) work is that the model response to all factors combined is approximately equal to the sum of the responses to each of the factors taken individually.
	www.globalwarmingart.com /wiki/Image:Climate_Change_Attribution_png (631 words)

	New version of premier global climate model released
		NCAR developed the model in collaboration with researchers at universities and laboratories across the country, with funding from NSF as well as the Department of Energy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
		It is releasing the model results and the underlying computer codes to atmospheric researchers and other users worldwide.
		As scientists learn more about the atmosphere, the world's most powerful climate models generally agree about the climatic effects of carbon dioxide, an important greenhouse gas emitted by motor vehicles, power plants, and other sources.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-06/nsf-nvo062204.php (829 words)

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