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Topic: Globus pallidus

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	Globus pallidus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The non-primate globus pallidus is usually considered homologous to the primate external segment of the globus pallidus, whereas the non-primate entopeduncular nucleus is often considered the homolog of the internal segment of the globus pallidus.
		The globus pallidus is traversed by numerous myelinated nerve fibres that give it the pale appearance for which it is named.
		The external segment of the globus pallidus consists mostly of neurons that send axons to the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the internal segment of the globus pallidus, where they release the neurotransmitter GABA.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Globus_pallidus (266 words)

	Globus pallidus -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The globus pallidus ((Any dialect of the language of ancient Rome) Latin for "pale body") is a sub- (Click link for more info and facts about cortical) cortical structure in the (That part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord) brain.
		The non-primate globus pallidus is usually considered (Click link for more info and facts about homologous) homologous to the primate external segment of the globus pallidus, whereas the non-primate entopeduncular nucleus is often considered the homolog of the internal segment of the globus pallidus.
		The globus pallidus is traversed by numerous (Click link for more info and facts about myelinated) myelinated nerve fibres that give it the pale appearance for which it is named.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gl/globus_pallidus.htm (401 words)

	Notes on the Basal Ganglia
		Corpus striatum = caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus
		The globus pallidus and substantia nigra are intimately connected with the subthalamic nucleus.
		Tremor and rigidity: Loss of inhibition and abnormal outflow from the internal segment of the globus pallidus to VA and VL and to the cortex.
	www2.umdnj.edu /~paneuweb/basgang.htm (833 words)

	Basal ganglia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The five individual nuclei that make up the primate basal ganglia are the striatum, external segment of the globus pallidus, internal segment of the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra.
		The abbreviations used are: (GPi) globus pallidus internal segment, (GPe) globus pallidus external segment, (STN) subthalamic nucleus, (SN) substantia nigra.
		For example, the internal segment of the globus pallidus in primates is called the entopenduncular nucleus in rodents.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Basal_ganglia (800 words)

	Globus pallidus definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		The globus pallidus is part of what is called the lentiform nucleus which, in turn, is part of the striate body, a component of the basal ganglia, large masses of gray matter at the base of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain.
		Cells within the globus pallidus may be preferentially damaged and perish in carbon monoxide poisoning, barbiturate intoxication, cyanide poisoning, hydrogen sulfide poisoning, profound prolonged hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypotension, and Wilson disease.
		The globus pallidus is also called the pale globe, the palladum, and the paleostriatum (because it was thought to have evolved before the neostriatum, a different part of the striate body).
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9026 (306 words)

	[No title]
		Globus pallidus interna and pars reticulata of substantia nigra.
		Cortex =[glutamate +]=> striatum =[GABA -]=> globus pallidus interna =[GABA -]=> VA (primarily) and VL =[+]=> motor cortex.
		Cortex =[glutamate +]=> striatum =[GABA -]=> globus pallidus externa =[GABA -]=> Subthalamic nucleus =[glutamate +]=> globus pallidus interna =[GABA -]=> VA and VL =[+]=> motor cortex.
	medicine.creighton.edu /medschool/2006/Review/Neuro/BasalGanglia_a.html (372 words)

	Basal Ganglia Components and Pathways (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The substantia nigra, along with the internal globus pallidus, is one of the two major output sections of the basal ganglia.
		The indirect pathway is inhibitory from the putamen to the external globus pallidus, inhibitory from there to the subthalamic nucleus, and excitatory to the external globus pallidus or substantia nigra pars reticulata.
		The major output of the basal ganglia, from the internal globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticlata, project to three nuclei in the thalamus: the ventral lateral, ventral anterior, and mediodorsal.
	www.hitl.washington.edu /publications/prothero/node51.html (517 words)

	Team projects on www for Biological Basis of Behavior - 2001
		The putamen is continuous with the caudate nucleus and lies medial to the insula -- bounded laterally by the fibers of the external capsule and medially by the globus pallidus.
		The globus pallidus is the inner component of the lentiform nucleus.
		The globus pallidus is bound medially by the internal capsule and laterally by the putamen.
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/sub_s01.htm (4743 words)

	The Neostriatal Mosaic, CR Gerfen, Ann Rev Neurosci 1992 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The second level of compartmental organization is the separation of projections to the external segment of the globus pallidus and to the substantia nigra (Albin et al 1989, Gerfen et al 1990, Kawaguchi et al 1990).
		A regional transition occurs in the composition of the neurons of the globus pallidus: the dorsal pallidum is composed of mainly GABAergic neurons with infrequent cholinergic neurons, whereas in the ventral pallidum this mixture of neurons is reversed (Grove et al 1986).
		Enkephalin immunoreactivity is densely distributed interminals in the globus pallidus but only sparsely in the substantia nigra, whereas substance P immunoreactivity is sparse in terminals in the dorsal globus pallidus, though dense in terminals in the ventral pallidum and in the substantia nigra (Alheid and Heimer 1988, Haber and Nauta 1983).
	mickey.utmem.edu /netpapers/Gerfen/Striatum92.html (12924 words)

	Society for Neuroscience \| News Releases
		Currently DBS electrodes are implanted in three regions of the brain - the globus pallidus, the subthalamic nucleus and the thalamus, and in all three regions it is found necessary to use continuous high frequency stimulation to produce good therapeutic effects.
		Another aim of Savasta's work, was to investigate the role of the globus pallidus in mediating the stimulation-induced increase in GABA in the substantia nigra.
		In rats with the globus pallidus lesion: 1) basal levels of glutamate in the substantia nigra were not significantly different from those detected in intact rats whereas GABA levels were dramatically decreased; 2) STN-DBS still increased glutamate levels in the substantia nigra.
	www.sfn.org /content/AboutSFN1/NewsReleases/am2002_deep.html (2163 words)

	Recent Developments in Neuro-surgery for Dystonia – Dr
		Three important recent developments in neurosurgery can be observed: 1) the introduction of the globus pallidus as the surgical target structure; 2) the imaging technique of this target structure: and 3) the introduction of continuous deep brain stimulation.
		From about 1995 on the globus pallidus was considered the primary target, after it appeared that lesions in the globus pallidus (pallidotomy) were able to improve drug-induced dystonia in Parkinson’s disease.
		Although evidence based studies are yet not available, bilateral deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus (bilateral pallidal stimulation) has been applied in very disabled patients with primary generalized or primary focal cervical dystonia who were unresponsive to other medical treatments including botulinum toxin.
	www.dystonia-europe.org /europe/Article_Speelman_03.htm (400 words)

	The Globus Pallidus
		In primates the globus pallidus is divided into two anatomical segments: internal (GPi) and external (GPe).
		In nonprimates the anatomical structures usually have a larger separation and are referred to as the pallidum and entopeduncular nucleus (corresponding to the GPe and GPi respectively).
		parallel to the lateral medullary lamina separating the globus pallidus from the putamen).
	www.anc.ed.ac.uk /~anaru/research/anatomy/GP.html (251 words)

	Independent Neuronal Oscillators of the Rat Globus Pallidus -- Stanford 89 (3): 1713 -- Journal of Neurophysiology
		Kita H, and Kitai ST. The morphology of globus pallidus projection neurons in the rat: an intracellular staining study.
		Nambu A, and Llinás R. Electrophysiology of globus pallidus neurons in vitro.
		Nambu A, and Llinás R. Morphology of globus pallidus neurons: its correlation with electrophysiology in guinea pig brain slices.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/89/3/1713 (3006 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The "output nuclei" of this "multilaned throughway" consist primarily of the internal segment of the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
		The finding of a 27% enlargement in the globus pallidus suggests that this structure should be of particular interest to MRI studies of schizophrenics, especially those, such as first episode studies, looking for the presence of change in volume over time.
		The strong inverse correlation between the SAPS bizarre behavior score and globus pallidus volume is, nonetheless, interesting, although caution is needed in interpretation because of the small sample and the large number of correlations performed.
	splweb.bwh.harvard.edu:8000 /pages/papers/bg_hokama_95/bg.html (8078 words)

	Virtual Hospital: The Human Brain: Chapter 5: The Cerebral Hemispheres (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The globus pallidus is a nuclear mass which is closely applied to the lateral surface of the internal capsule.
		Just anterior to the globus pallidus, the many narrow grooves between internal capsule fiber bundles are occupied by gray matter joining the putamen (removed) to the head of the caudate nucleus (covered by the anterior limb of the internal capsule).
		Just ventral to the globus pallidus the anterior (rostral) commissure, which is composed of twisted fiber bundles, intersects fibers of the optic radiation, before the commissural axons stream into the temporal and occipital lobes.
	www.vh.org /adult/provider/anatomy/BrainAnatomy/Ch5Text/Section17.html (294 words)

	Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia: Striatum and Globus Pallidus
		Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia: Striatum and Globus Pallidus
		Highlighted in one of the hemispheres is the striatum (in blue) and globus pallidus (in green).
		The globus pallidus is divided into two segments, the external segment (closest to the striatum) and internal segment.
	anc.ed.ac.uk /~anaru/research/anatomy (122 words)

	Seminar Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Models of the basal ganglia and their disease states have always assumed purely feed-forward effects among cells in the output pathways from the striatum (the globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and subthalamic nucleus).
		Feed- forward models have difficulty explaining the absence of correlations among cells of the globus pallidus normally seen in vivo, and are especially troubled by the rhythmic and synchronous activity seen in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus after dopamine depletion (as in Parkinson's disease).
		A model of synaptic interactions between the globus pallidus and subthalamic neurons based on known cellular properties and best estimates of connectivity suggests that both the uncorrelated aperiodic and synchronous rhythmic activity may be modes of autonomous activity generated within the basal ganglia.
	www.math.uh.edu /~josic/seminars/abstracts/031303.html (163 words)

	Parkinson's Disease
		The direct pathway is the inhibitory striatal projection to the globus pallidus interna and substantia nigra pars reticulata.
		It is the inhibitory striatal projection to the globus pallidus externa, which sends inhibitory projections to the subthalamic nucleus, which stop it sending excitatory projections to both of the pallidal segments and the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
		Thus the globus pallidus externa sends less inhibition to the (tonic?) corticosubthalamic excitation of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata, so the globus pallidus interna and substantia nigra pars reticulata increase their inhibition of the thalamus, and the thalamus decreases excitation of the prefrontal and primary motor areas.
	shamimkhaliq.50megs.com /Psychology/Neurotransmitters/parkinsons_disease.htm (780 words)

	basal ganglia.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The major output neurons of the basal ganglia are the GABAergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulate and the entopeduncular nucleus (internal segment of the globus pallidus in primates).
		Enkephalin immunoreactivity is densely distributed in terminals in the globus pallidus but only sparsely in the substantia nigra, whereas substance P immunoreactivity is sparse in terminals in the dorsal globus pallidus, though dense in terminals in the ventral pallidum and in the substantia nigra (Alheid and Heimer 1988, Haber and Nauta 1983).
		Striatal neurons that are unlabeled by fluorogold, and presumably project to the globus pallidus, show ISHH labeling for both enkephalin (C, open arrows) and the D2 dopamine receptor (D, open arrows).
	www.unifr.ch /biochem/DREYER/BG.html (12753 words)

	Bibliography: Medtronic & Basal Gang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		High-freqency stimulation of the globus pallidus internalis in Parkinson's disease : a study of seven cases.
		High frequency stimulation of the internal Globus Pallidus (GPi) simultaneous improves parkinsonian symptoms and reduces the firing frequency of GPi neurons in the MPTP-treated monkey model of Parkinson's disease.
		High frequency stimulation of the internal Globus Pallidus (GPi) simultaneous improves parkinsonian symptoms and reduces the firing frequency of GPi neurons in the MPTP-treated monkey.
	www.sm.u-bordeaux2.fr /gross/biblio/bibmedtr.html (1107 words)

	THALAMOTOMY AND PALLIDOTOMY - Neurosurgical Service - Massachusetts General Hospital
		The initial surgical target in the pallidum was in the anterodorsal portion of the globus pallidus, however Leksell reported less favorable outcomes with this target and moved to a more posterior and ventral location.
		There are two pathways through the basal ganglia both of which converge on the internal segment of the globus pallidus (Gpi) which in turn comprises the primary output of the basal ganglia to the thalamus.
		The techniques for microelectrode recording in the globus pallidus have been well described by Lozano et al and Sterio et al.(32, 40) Typically, tungsten microelectrodes with an impedance of 1-2 M Ohm at 1 khz are used.
	neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu /Functional/pallidt.htm (9516 words)

	[No title]
		The globus pallidus lies between the putamen and the internal capsule.
		The afferent connections to the globus pallidus are from subthalamic nucleus, neostriatum and substantia nigra.
		The globus pallidus is the source of efferent pathways from the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdaloid, claustrum).
	kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/ua11.wbc (497 words)

	[No title]
		B. Necrosis of the globus pallidus from carbon monoxide poisoning.
		A. Cerebral cortex --> putamen and caudate --> globus pallidus --> VA, VL thalamus --> cerebral cortex
		C. The major output of the globus pallidus is to the VL and VA thalamus
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/anderson/mcbasgl.html (1086 words)

	Unilateral globus pallidus internus stimulation improves delayed onset post-traumatic cervical dystonia with an ...
		Unilateral lesions of the globus pallidus: reports of four patients presenting with focal or segmental dystonia.
		Bilateral stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for treatment of cervical dystonia.
		Bilateral internal globus pallidus stimulation for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/73/5/588 (1882 words)

	Endomorphin-1: Induction of Motor Behavior and Lack of Receptor Desensitization -- Mehta et al. 21 (12): 4436 -- ...
		of endomorphin-1 in the globus pallidus, a brain region that is
		Drugs were locally administered bilaterally in the globus pallidus of conscious rats via indwelling cannulas.
		was observed in the caudal globus pallidus, whereas the rostral
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/12/4436 (4630 words)

	Deep Brain Stimulation Approved for Parkinson’s Disease
		Subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus lesions eradicate that abnormal signaling, and deep brain stimulation apparently accomplishes the same thing without tissue destruction.
		Daily levodopa dose equivalents were reduced from 1,218 to 764 mg in the subthalamic nucleus group but were unchanged in the globus pallidus group.
		Deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the pars interna of the globus pallidus in Parkinson’s disease.
	www.neurologyreviews.com /apr02/brain.html (570 words)

	Globus pallidus stimulation activates the cortical motor system during alleviation of parkinsonian symptoms - Nature ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Globus pallidus stimulation activates the cortical motor system during alleviation of parkinsonian symptoms
		Filion, M. and Tremblay, L. Abnormal spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism.
		Differential neuronal activity in segments of globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease patients.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nm0697-671 (747 words)

	Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
		Other groupings you may hear are the striatum (caudate + putamen + nucleus accumbens), the corpus striatum (striatum + globus pallidus), or the lenticular nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus), but these groupings obviously get confusing very quickly, so we will try to avoid them.
		There are some regional differences: for example, medial caudate and nucleus accumbens receive their input from frontal cortex and limbic areas, and are implicated more in thinking and schizophrenia than in moving and motion disorders.
		The globus pallidus can also be divided into two parts: the globus pallidus externa (GPe) and the globus pallidus interna (GPi).
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/cerebell.html (1725 words)

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