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Topic: Glomerular filtrate

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	RENAL BLOOD FLOW-GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
		Since the glomerular capillary pressure (Pgc) i.e., filtration pressure is one important determinant of the amount of fluid that filters across the glomerular membrane into the proximal tubules, the phenomenon of renal autoregulation also serves to regulate the glomerular filtration rate by supporting the Pgc.
		The “effective pore size” of the glomerular filter is a complex concept and depends on a range of factors which include the size, shape and charge of the filtered particles, as well as the characteristics of the glomerulus itself.
		The glomerular filtrate is defined as an ultrafiltrate of plasma, that is, a protein-free filtrate of plasma.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /internalmed/nephro/webpages/Part_A.htm (4603 words)

	Nephron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The process of filtration of the blood in the Bowman's capsule is ultrafiltration (or glomerular filtration), and the normal rate of filtration is 125 ml/min, equivalent to ten times the blood volume daily.
		Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries, including approximately two-thirds of the filtered salt and water and all filtered organic solutes (primarily glucose and amino acids).
		This hypotonic filtrate is passed to the distal convoluted tubule in the renal cortex.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Nephron (1577 words)

	General Biology 2, lecture on Homeostasis
		The filtrate volume remains unchanged in the ascending limb because the walls of the ascending limb are impermeable to water.
		The osmotic potential of the filtrate decreases as the filtrate in the ascending limb moves from the inner medulla to the distal convoluted tubule.
		Approximately 65 -75% of the water and salts in the filtrate are reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule.
	www.usd.edu /biol/genbio/153/ken/kr10.html (2280 words)

	A&P II, ch26; copyright Dr. Renu Jain
		Glomerular or Bowman's capsule: which is a double walled cup whose outer wall (parietal layer) is made up of simple squamous epithelium and the inner wall (visceral layer) is made of special cells called podocytes which have spaces between them(filtration slits).
		Glomerular filtration: occurs in renal corpuscles of the kidneys across the endothelial-capsular membranes.
		Countercurrent mechanism: the filtrate in the ascending tubule flows in opposite (counter) direction to the blood and the filtrate in the descending tubule and this is called the countercurrent flow.
	members.tripod.com /renujain/2402ch26.html (3173 words)

	Kidney - MSN Encarta
		The task of cleaning, or filtering, the blood is performed by millions of nephrons, remarkable structures that extend between the cortex and the medulla.
		As the filtrate flows through the renal tubule, the network of blood vessels surrounding the tubule reabsorbs much of the water, salt, and virtually all of the nutrients, especially glucose and amino acids, that were removed in the glomerulus.
		Together, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion produce urine, which flows into collecting ducts, which guide it into the microtubules of the pyramids.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761560819/Kidney.html (1389 words)

	Antech News - February 2005
		Protein traffic across the glomerular barrier primarily involves albumin, and is influenced by many factors, including: damage to glomerular basement membrane, glomerular capillary hemodynamics, and endothelial cell dysfunction.
		Glomerular causes of MA arise from altered glomerular membrane permeability, occurring either from glomerular injury or glomerular capillary hypertension.
		The ensuing leakage of albumin into the glomerular filtrate exceeds tubular capacity to reabsorb or degrade the excess albumin.
	www.antechdiagnostics.com /clients/antechNews/2005/feb05_01.htm (629 words)

	Drummond Lab • The zebrafish pronephros • Massachusetts General Hospital
		We have characterized the function of the zebrafish homolog of Nephrin, the disease gene associated with the congenital nephritic syndrome of the Finnish type, and Podocin, the gene mutated in autosomal recessive steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.
		A functional assay of glomerular filtration barrier revealed that absence normal nephrin, podocin or mosaic eyes expression results in loss of glomerular filtration discrimination and aberrant passage of high molecular weight substances into the glomerular filtrate.
		Nephrin expression is restricted to the podocyte layer of the glomerulus at 120hpf.
	danio.mgh.harvard.edu /podo.html (298 words)

	Normal Renal Physiology - B.R.Gilbert,M.D.,Ph.D.
		The oncotic pressure of glomerular capillary plasma (pgc) tends to oppose transcapillary fluid movement; the oncotic pressure of tubular fluid (pt) tends to favor it.
		As filtration proceeds along the length of the glomerular capillary, the concentration of protein, and hence pgc, rises.
		The glomerular filtration of albumin may also be increased by a reduction in renal plasma flow unaccompanied by a change in glomerular filtration rate.
	www.brucegilbertmd.com /publications/chapters/BRGcambells.html (12293 words)

	Pathogenesis of Progressive Nephropathies
		One possible explanation is that the high glomerular capillary pressure enlarges the radius of the pores in the glomerular membrane by a mechanism that is mediated at least in part by angiotensin II.
		In patients with various renal diseases, reducing urinary protein excretion slows the rate of decline in the glomerular filtration rate, (86) and reducing blood pressure slows the decline in the glomerular filtration rate more in patients with a high rate of urinary protein excretion at base line than in those with a low rate.
		In addition, the decline in the glomerular filtration rate during the study was more effectively slowed by tight blood-pressure control in patients with higher rates of urinary protein excretion at base line than in those with lower rates.
	people.bu.edu /sobieraj/pdf/nephropathy.html (1717 words)

	The organs of the digestive system are divided into two main groups
		Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure pushes water and small solutes through the wall of glomerulus and visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule into the lumen of the capsule.
		As the glomerular filtrate flows along the renal tubule, "goodies" are moved from the filtrate in the tubule back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries,
		As the filtrate flows along the renal tubule, these wastes are moved form the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate in the tubule.
	www1.broward.edu /~ddibble/urn.htm (858 words)

	Pathology Image Gallery
		The diagnosis of a primary glomerular cause of the nephrotic syndrome is made by excluding the known secondary causes (e.g.
		The relative frequencies of the primary glomerular causes of the nephrotic syndrome vary according to the patient's age.
		Membranous glomerulonephritis is the commonest primary glomerular cause of the nephrotic syndrome in adults and the etiology of this patient's disorder.
	wings.buffalo.edu /smbs/pth600/IMC-Path/y1case/y1ans20.htm (956 words)

	II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of filtrate formed per minute in all the nephrons of both kidneys.
		The filtrate in Bowman's capsule is identical to that of plasma with respect to water and solutes of low molecular weight, such as glucose, chloride, sodium, potassium, phosphate, urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
		Approximately 85% of the sodium chloride and water and all of the glucose and amino acids in the glomerular filtrate are absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
	www.mscd.edu /~biology/2320course/uriophys.htm (1397 words)

	Proteinuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Glomerular permeability is affected by molecular weight, size, shape and electrical charge of molecules.
		Increased filtration of low molecular weight proteins that are in high concentration in blood (hemoglobin, myoglobin, Bence-Jones proteins) will result in a significant proteinuria as the high concentration of these proteins in the filtrate overwhelm the renal tubular resorptive capacity (prerenal proteinuria).
		Glomerular disease is responsible for moderate to marked proteinuria, i.e.
	www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu /clinpath/modules/ua-rout/protur.htm (435 words)

	THE KIDNEY
		The filtrate moves from the glomerular capillaries into the cavity of Bowman's capsule, From here it moves through the contorted proximal convoluted tubule.
		The filtrate then moves down into the medullary region and back to the cortical area through the loop of Henle, Leaving the ascending limb of the loop, the filtrate (urine) passes through the distal convoluted tubule and enters the collecting duct.
		It is the pressure of blood in the glomerular capillaries, i.e., 75mm.
	faculty.ucc.edu /biology-potter/kidney.htm (1496 words)

	SIU SOM Histology CRR
		Immediately adjacent to each glomerular capillary, in between the podocytes and the capillary endothelium, is the filtration membrane (not labelled on this diagram).
		This membrane represents a fusion of the endothelial basement membrane with the basement membrane of the glomerular epithelium (the podocytes).
		Glomerular mesangial cells are inconspicuous and rather non-descript cells concentrated toward the vascular pole of the glomerulus.
	www.siumed.edu /~dking2/crr/rnguide.htm (4384 words)

	PHAR 4634 - Chapter 16 Page 2
		The glomerular filtration rate varies from individual to individual but in healthy individuals the normal range is 110 to 130 ml/min.
		This filtration rate is often measured by determining the renal clearance of inulin.
		A reason for this is that much of the water, in the filtrate, has been reabsorbed and therefore the concentration gradient is now in the direction of re-absorption.
	www.boomer.org /c/p1/Ch16/Ch1602.html (929 words)

	[No title]
		As the filtrate travels through the nephron, most of its components are reabsorbed to varying degrees, depending on the need to adjust blood chemistry and the kidney's ability to reabsorb nutrients and other molecules.
		Since urine production is only a fraction of the filtration rate, it should be apparent that the bulk of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the nephron.
		Experiments show that 85% of the glomerular filtrate is absorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule.
	comp.uark.edu /~cfbailey/kidlab.html (1288 words)

	Glomerular Physiology
		The final urine is the product of multiple processes that include glomerular filtration, non-ionic diffusive pinocytosis, and movement of ions and water across cellular membranes and leaky cellular junctions.
		(ii) It is lowered by vasoactive substances that cause the glomerular filtration area to decrease.
		(c) The rate of filtration of a substance that is freely filtered and not reabsorbed or secreted by the renal tubules, is equal to its rate of urinary excretion.
	umed.med.utah.edu /MS2/renal/phys.html (1608 words)

	Glomerular Filtration
		Anatomy: Filtration barrier is formed by fenestrated (375A pore radius) vascular endothelium, glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and visceral epithelial podocytes separated by slits with diaphragms.
		Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the amount of filtrate formed per unit time.
		It opposes filtration, increases in dehydration, and decreases with plasma protein concentration in starvation, liver and kidney diseases.
	www.acbrown.com /renal/OutGlom.htm (742 words)

	urinarycd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The glomerular filtration membrane consists of these structures in order of passage of materials from the blood to the hollow lumen of the glomerular capsule: (1) fenestrated capillaries and their underlying _______________, (2) the basement membrane of the ____________(cell type) and the filtration slits of the podocytes.
		Damaging the glomerular filtration membrane (lupus, toxic shock) leads to _____________being abnormally present in urine.
		In the thick ascending limb of the loop and the preglomerular DCT, cotransport of ______, ______ and _______
	www.gpc.edu /~jaliff/urinarycd.htm (1364 words)

	[No title]
		Glomerular Activity Response Archive for the Rat Olfactory Bulb - Welcome to the Glomerular Activity Response Archive for the Rat Olfactory Bulb.
		Glomerular Diseases - Condition, Disease, or Disorder Article - Glomerular Diseases -Article relating to particular medical disease, condition, or disorder.
		Iohexol clearance for the determination of glomerular filtration...
	www.diseasedirectory.net /Urological_Disorders/Glomerular/default.aspx (461 words)

	E.R.D.-HealthScreen® Urine Tests: canine and feline early renal or kidney damage detection test: dog: cat
		Glomerular disease is known to be common in dogs; however, tubular disease is thought to be more common in cats.
		Plasma albumin is normally excluded from the glomerular filtrate primarily because of its size.
		First, glomerular damage can result in increased "leakage" of albumin into the glomerular filtrate, exceeding the capacity of the tubular albumin retrieval and degradation pathways.
	www.heska.com /erd/faq.asp (2348 words)

	Zoology 363 Sample Test - Renal Function
		is a measure of the surface area and permeability of the glomerular membrane.
		The glomerular capillary blood pressure in the nephron is 78 mm Hg.
		The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a Tm.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~rlwalker/renal-1.html (825 words)

	Filtration
		The filtered substance (glomerular filtrate) leaves the glomerular capsule and enters the renal tubule.
		REABSORPTION.-As glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubule, some of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood of the peritubular capillary (fig.
		For instance, the filtrate entering the renal tubule is high in sugar content, but because of the reabsorption process, urine secreted from the body does not contain sugar.
	www.tpub.com /corpsman/51.htm (399 words)

	Physiology of the Kidney (page 2)
		Filtration takes place through the semipermeable walls of the glomerular capillaries which are almost impermeable to proteins and large molecules.
		The filtrate is thus virtually free of protein and has no cellular elements.
		The glomerular filtrate is formed by squeezing fluid through the glomerular capillary bed.
	www.nda.ox.ac.uk /wfsa/html/u09/u09_017.htm (1153 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Loop of the nephron (Henle) for cortical nephron i.
		Net filtration pressure is dependent on 3 pressures (normal values shown in mmHg): a.
		Tubular reabsorption and secretion is required to reduce volume of glomerular filtrate from 150L/day to about 1L of urine/day by returning most water and nutrients in filtrate to circulation, leaving nitrogenous wastes in urine AND adjusting ion/waste blood concentration.
	www.nmc.edu /~koverbaugh/bio228/26.doc (2011 words)

	Reabsorption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The proximal tubule is where 70% of the filtrate water and sodium and 100% of the glucose are absorbed.
		When injected, it appears in the glomerular filtrate at a concentration equal to plasma concentration.
		Early distal tubule: filtrate in lumen is hypo-osmotic to peritubular fluid, and water diffuses out.
	eee.uci.edu /clients/dgromis/kidneys/kidneys.htm (2004 words)

	Physiology Lecture notes, 3/30/98: Renal Physiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As the filtrate flows it is modified by cellular transport processes some result in reabsorption into the tubule, some other substances are secreted from the capillaries into the tubule.
		Macula densa act as a sensor of tubular flow, and regulates the composition of the filtrate.
		Urine formation starts with the glomerular filtration-this fluid is protein free and passes into Bowmanís capsule.
	www.spelman.edu /~biology/physiology/lectures/3-30.html (651 words)

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