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Topic: Glomerulus olfaction

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	Olfactory bulb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As one might guess from the name, it plays a major role in olfaction, which is the perception of smells.
		The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli (of which there are between 1000 and 2000), and each glomerulus receives input primarily from a single type of olfactory receptor neuron.
		Glomeruli are permeated by dendritic inputs to neurons known as mitral cells, which in turn output to the olfactory cortex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olfactory_bulb (280 words)

	Hing Lab Glomerulus Development
		Because each glomerulus receives innervation from ORNs expressing a single odorant receptor (OR), it may thus be thought of as representing a single unit of smell (Fig.3).
		Glomerulus formation is poorly understood and is a topic of intensive study in our lab and others.
		The nature of the interactions between the cellular components of the glomerulus are poorly understood.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /hing/research/glom.html (379 words)

	Glomerulus (olfaction) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The glomerulus (plural glomeruli) in olfaction is structure in the olfactory bulb.
		They may be involved in feedback or lateral inhibition.
		The glomerulus is the basic unit in the odor map of the olfactory bulb.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/glomerulus__olfaction_ (343 words)

	MedicalMantra.com - Sensory encoding of olfaction at olfactory neuro-epithelium
		In olfaction what amuses him are the features such as chemical species, concentration, location, stationariness or rate of encounter of the odorant, and their effects on neurons.
		In Olfaction though organism locates the source of odors and the direction the odors are reaching it, it is probably more a construct of brain than because of the spatial projection of neurons.
		Olfaction being closely related to higher mental functions like memory and cognition on one hand and the stimulating odorants being of wide range of unrelated chemical compounds on the other hand, has stimulated interest in the minds of both biologists and physicists alike.
	www.medicalmantra.com /article99.html (5159 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		The earliest finding is within the renal capillaries (glomeruli); interstitial edema is typically followed by interstitial infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and a small number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
		smell smell, sense that enables an organism to perceive and distinguish the odors of various substances, also known as olfaction.
		In humans, the organ of smell is situated in the mucous membrane of the upper portion of the nasal cavity near the septum.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Glomerulus+(olfaction) (145 words)

	Glomerulus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glomerulus refers to two unrelated structures in the body, both named for their globular form.
		For the kidney structure which filters blood, see glomerulus (kidney).
		For the olfactory bulb structure of converging axons from the olfactory epithelium, see glomerulus (olfaction)
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glomeruli (107 words)

	How We Smell: The Molecular and Cellular Bases of Olfaction -- Nef 13 (1): 1 -- Physiology
		Olfaction is the sense responsible for the perception of odors
		This model also suggests that a convergent transmission of odorant signals by receptors from periphery to brain occurs through a hard-wired system and that a given odor would be identified by the characteristic pattern of activity of a small number of glomeruli.
		Olfaction in birds: differential embryonic expression of nine putative odorant receptor genes in the avian olfactory system.
	www.nips.org /cgi/content/full/13/1/1 (2382 words)

	Ján Pet'ka - homepage
		It is generally accepted that the most important part of flavour perception constitute olfaction.
		Furthermore, the olfaction gene family belongs to the largest ones in vertebrate genome, comparable only with that of immune system (4).
		The lateral inhibition through the dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses with granule and periglomerular cells may enhance the contrast between strongly activated and faintly activated glomeruli and thus sharpen the tuning specificity of individual M/T cells to odour molecules.
	www.jan.petka.szm.sk /en/olfaction.htm (1353 words)

	Physiology of Olfaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Olfaction is often referred to as a mystery because scientists have had difficulty understanding it, and it is still not fully understood.
		This gene family consists of 3% of our genes, illustrating how complicated olfaction is. Each of the 7-transmembrane domain G-protein coupled receptors is highly specialized and sensitive to only a few odors.
		Olfaction begins in the olfactory epithelium in humans.
	facweb.furman.edu /~jgrisel/Biopsychology/Olfactory/Physiology%20of%20olfaction.htm (941 words)

	Glomerulus (olfaction)
		It ismade up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium and dendrites from the mitral cells and other cell types.
		Each glomerulus receives input from olfactory receptorneurons expressing only one type of olfactory receptor.
		Each odor activates a different pattern of glomeruli,such that simply by analyzing the different sets of activated glomeruli, one could theorectically decode the identity of theodor.
	www.therfcc.org /glomerulus-olfaction--100211.html (276 words)

	Olfaction and Aromatherapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Actually, it is the processing of the activity pattern of the different glomeruli by the nervous system that allows the brain to determine the composition of the odorant, which leads to scent recognition.
		The axons of the periglomerular cells send lateral inhibitory synapses to the mitral and tufted cells of the adjacent glomerulus.
		Thus, when a glomerulus is activated the periglomular cells become excited and cause a feedback inhibition of the neighboring glomeruli.
	academic.evergreen.edu /curricular/pni/Olfaction.htm (1099 words)

	[No title]
		We also explore the applicability of insights gained from olfaction to other parts of the brain, and aim to contrast olfactory mechanisms to those encountered in vision and hearing.
		In general, olfaction is exceptionally well suited to the study of the fundamental question of how genetic information gives rise to the physical structure of a neural system.
		Their axons are seen to project from the somas scattered in the olfactory epithelium (left half of figure) into a single highly compact glomerulus (at far right) in the olfactory bulb.
	www.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de /%7Emartinz/group_home.html (637 words)

	Research Profile of Dr Krishna C Persaud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In each glomerulus many thousands of synaptic contacts, densely packed in space, are combined.
		Olfactory glomcruli are the functional units of the olfactory bulb input where afferent signals from olfactory receptor cells with similar properties are gathered to be synoptically transferred to the bulb neurons.
		A single olfactory glomerulus, together with a group of the secondary output neurons, is considered as an analogue of other types of processing modules in the brain.
	www.dias.umist.ac.uk /kcp/PG2.HTM (326 words)

	Analysis of Chemical Signals by Nervous Systems -- Hildebrand 92 (1): 67 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
		Olfaction, an ancient sensory modality, is based on principles of neural organization and function that appear to be remarkably similar throughout the zoosphere.
		Thus, the "primitives" of olfactory stimuli that determine the input information of olfaction, the kinds of "molecular images" formed at various levels in the olfactory pathway, and the cellular mechanisms that underlie olfactory information processing are comparable in invertebrates and vertebrates like.
		A case in point is the male-specific olfactory subsystem in moths, which is specialized to detect and analyze the qualitative, quantitative, and temporal features of the con-specific females' sex-pheromonal chemical signal.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/92/1/67 (588 words)

	SMELL
		Also found in the nasal mucosa is a pigmented-type of epithelial cell: the depth of colour is often correlated with olfactory sensitivity, being light yellow in humans and dark yellow or brown in dogs.
		Neurons from the lateral olfactory tract project to; (1) the amygdala, septal nuclei, pre-pyriform cortex, the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and the subiculum.
		Davies, J.T. and Taylor, F.H. (1959) The role of adsorption and molecular morphology in olfaction: the calculation of olfactory thresholds.
	www.cf.ac.uk /biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/olfact1.html (8174 words)

	Contemporary issues in olfaction
		The meeting* on olfaction was an informal symposium attended by speakers from India and abroad.
		New work highlighting both the rapid advances in the field, and the contributions of olfaction in understanding major issues in neuroscience, were presented in six sessions.
		In vivo studies are necessary to understand olfaction because of the encoding of responses by the respiratory cycle.
	www.ias.ac.in /currsci/jun10/articles7.htm (2613 words)

	Sniffing out Olfaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A breakthrough discovery ten years ago in the field of olfaction opened the floodgates for investigation of the inner workings of the sense of smell.
		Each glomerulus hybridized to its respective probe in a single coronal section of the OE This position was virtually identical in different organisms studied
		future studies of the field of olfaction are sure to pinpoint specific cortical regions in the perception of odorants.
	darkestgoddess.net /ProfessionalDiva/BioOfTheMind/NeuroFrontiers/Papers/Christina.html (4177 words)

	Neurobiology of Olfaction
		It seems that during development ORN grows from the olfactory epithelium in the nose up to a particular glomerulus depending upon which RP is expressed by the cell.
		The result is a one to one correspondence between a RP and a glomerulus.
		This organization means that information used by the brain to distinguish odors is based on the topology of the olfactory bulb.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /fs430/notes_acree/08neurosmell.html (676 words)

	Richard Axel
		Activation of the V glomerulus was detected at CO levels as low as 0.05 percent, and this glomerulus was not activated by any of 26 other odorants tested.
		We demonstrated previously that axonal projections to the V glomerulus originate from sensory neurons expressing the receptor GR21A.
		Inhibition of synaptic transmission in the GR21A sensory neurons that innervate the V glomerulus, using a temperature-sensitive shibire gene, blocks the avoidance response to CO
	www.hhmi.org /science/neurosci/axel.htm (1501 words)

	Harvard Medicine
		The first synapse in the olfactory system, between olfactory epithelial neurons and the glomeruli, represented a Rosetta Stone of olfaction.
		Does each glomerulus receive inputs from a mixture of sensory receptors transducing many different odors, or is there a single odorant receptor-to-glomerulus connectivity rule?
		This question had been debated endlessly in the literature, but without knowing the molecular identity of the receptors, the question was impossible to answer.
	134.174.17.106 /news/shatz_buck.html (1172 words)

	Olfaction: From Odorant Molecules to the Olfactory Cortex -- Menini et al. 19 (3): 101 -- Physiology
		Olfaction: From Odorant Molecules to the Olfactory Cortex -- Menini et al.
		Olfaction: From Odorant Molecules to the Olfactory Cortex
		The axons of the olfactory sensory neurons expressing the same type of odorant receptor converge to the same glomerulus in the olfactory bulb.
	physiologyonline.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/19/3/101 (2227 words)

	Structure and Emergence of Specific Olfactory Glomeruli in the Mouse -- Potter et al. 21 (24): 9713 -- Journal of ...
		E, Stereo pair of a lateral glomerulus from a PD18 M72-IRES-tauGFP mouse, a littermate of the mouse shown in C and D.
		Royet JP, Souchier C, Jourdan F, Ploye H (1988) Morphometric study of the glomerular population in the mouse olfactory bulb: numerical density and size distribution along the rostrocaudal axis.
		Schaefer ML, Finger TE, Restrepo D (2001) Variability in position of the P2 glomerulus within a map of the mouse olfactory bulb.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/24/9713 (5869 words)

	Sense of Smell Wins Nobel Prize - Health and Medical Information produced by doctors - MedicineNet.com
		The olfactory bulb is the primary area of the brain for olfaction.
		Receptor cells carrying the same type of receptor send their nerve processes to the same glomerulus.
		From these microdomains in the olfactory bulb, the information is relayed further to other parts of the brain, where the information from several olfactory receptors is combined, forming a pattern.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39583 (866 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Receptor cells expressing the same sub-type of receptor molecule, tend to converge on to a particular glomerulus.
		Their axons also cross over, and relay via the contralateral medial lemniscus, to the thalamus, and thence to the post-central gyrus in the region of the insula.
		Like olfaction, the sense of taste is important in regulating appetite and to some degree, dietary intake.
	www.mona.uwi.edu /fpas/courses/physiology/neurophysiology/Olfaction&Taste.htm (1053 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		first, OLFACTION: many people ignore the sense of smell, mainly because to move around in environment you can rely on the sense of sight which is quite accurate, and also the sense of hearing, which like sight is linear and accurate.
		additionally, in "lower" animals eg hamsters and mice, olfaction is involved in social interaction.
		when you activate a glomerulus, the periglomerular cells are also activated and they inhibit the glomeruli around it.
	www.hillary.net /school/winter.97/physiology1/physio.lec.01.09.97 (2393 words)

	IPHY 3430 Human Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Identification of an odorant is a "lock and key" relationship between the odorant and the membrane receptor.
		Mitral cells transmit this olfactory information from the glomerulus to the olfactory nerve (Cranial nerve I).
		Integration of olfaction (olfactory nerve, limbic or thalamus/cerebral cortex) a.
	www.colorado.edu /epob/epob1220lynch/06pns1.html (2196 words)

	Supervision 9: Olfaction and Taste, Introduction to Neuropsychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Olfactory neurones in the olfactory epithelium project upwards through the cribriform plate to the ipsilateral olfactory bulb.
		Projection is anatomically specific, and remains so as the neurones die and are replaced (one of the few places that new neurones are generated in the adult).
		Axonal pathfinding appears to be based on the type of odour receptor expressed by the individual neurone, and is specific to a particular glomerulus.
	www-staff.psychiatry.cam.ac.uk /~dew22/supervisions01-02/notes/week9.html (914 words)

	Graduate Studies in the Life Sciences
		Recent research in the moth Manduca sexta attempts to identify the nature of the interactions between olfactory sensory axons, olfactory neurons of the brain, and glial cells in the creation of the array of glomeruli that underlie olfaction in the adult.
		Moreover, glial cells are dye-coupled to each other early in glomerulus development and gradually become uncoupled.
		Electrical activity in neurons is not necessary for glomerulus formation; and some intercellular interactions, perhaps involving soluble factors, appear to involve tyrosine phosphorylation.
	lifescience.arizona.edu /faculty.php?faculty_id=2800&pub=15703&type=JOURNAL (271 words)

	Answers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Identifying "where an object is" or "what an object is" occurs in the ___________.
		All of the following statements about olfaction are true, except: a.
		the glomerulus acts as a point of integration for similar olfactory inputs b.
	www.colorado.edu /epob/epob1220lynch/2002-exam2-answers.html (3295 words)

	Response Characteristics of an Identified, Sexually Dimorphic Olfactory Glomerulus -- King et al. 20 (6): 2391 -- ...
		The fine dendritic arborizations of these PNs were highly branched and extended throughout the entire glomerulus.
		of the ORCs that converge on that glomerulus, it remains to be
		Buonviso N, Chaput MA (1990) Response similarity to odors in olfactory bulb output cells presumed to be connected to the same glomerulus: electrophysiological study using simultaneous single-unit recordings.
	www.neuroscience.org /cgi/content/full/20/6/2391 (5971 words)

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