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Topic: Glucocorticoids

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	Glucocorticoids Information on Healthline
		Glucocorticoids are naturally-produced steroid hormones, or synthetic compounds, that inhibit the process of inflammation.
		Examples of glucocorticoids are prednisone, prednisilone, methylprednisilone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone.
		Glucocorticoids are usually taken orally as tablets, capsules, syrup, and liquid, with the exception of hydrocortisone (which is applied as a cream).
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/glucocorticoids (678 words)

	Glucocorticoids, I3
		While glucocorticoid drugs are steroids, they are unlike the anabolic steroids that some athletes take to build up and increase their muscle mass.
		Glucocorticoids are catabolic steroids, which means that they are designed to break down the body’s stored resources through their various metabolic effects.
		Glucocorticoids (both naturally produced and synthetic) are powerful anti-inflammatory compounds due to their ability to inhibit all stages of the inflammatory response, from redness to wound healing to cell proliferation.
	www.stanford.edu /group/hopes/treatmts/antinflm/i3.html (2758 words)

	Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children
		Systemic glucocorticoids (for example prednisone), have known anti-inflammatory effects, and have been used in young children with acute viral bronchiolitis for over 40 years.
		Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children.
		Systemic glucocorticoids have been widely prescribed for use in infants and young children with acute viral bronchiolitis but the actual benefit of this intervention requires clarification.
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/en/ab004878.html (880 words)

	USP Continuing Education - Therapeutic and Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids - Title
		Glucocorticoids conversely cause an increase in the numbers of circulating neutrophils, hemoglobin, and erythrocytes.
		Glucocorticoids can generally be administered once daily, because their duration of action is significantly longer than their plasma half-life.
		Once the glucocorticoid dose is reduced to 5 mg of prednisone equivalent, the patient may be switched to a shorter-acting agent for further tapering.
	www.uspharmacist.com /NewLook/CE/glucocort/lesson.htm (4173 words)

	Glucocorticoid - Clinical Pharmacology
		Glucocorticoids appear to have activities that are mediated through alternate pathways.
		Selection of a glucocorticoid ester is based on the route of administration and the desired duration and intensity of effect.
		Differences between glucocorticoid drugs are potency, duration of action of the base, and pharmacokinetic behavior of the salts.
	cpharm.vetmed.vt.edu /vm8784/GLUCOCORTICOIDS/glucocort.htm (841 words)

	Glucocorticoids for croup
		Since the initial version of this systematic review in 1997, a number of randomised trials examining the benefit of glucocorticoids have been published, reflecting a continued interest in the use of glucocorticoids to treat patients with croup.
		The objective of this review was to provide evidence to guide clinicians in their treatment of patients with croup by determining the effectiveness of glucocorticoids and to identify areas of uncertainty for future research.
		Glucocorticoid treatment was associated with an improvement in the Westley score at six hours with a weighted mean difference of -1.2 (95% confidence interval -1.6 to -0.8) and at 12 hours -1.9 (-2.4 to -1.3); at 24 hours this improvement was no longer significant (-1.3, -2.7 to 0.2).
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/en/ab001955.html (636 words)

	CiteULike: Chapter 4: Glucocorticoids, chronic stress, and obesity. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Glucocorticoids either inhibit or sensitize stress-induced activity in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, depending on time after their administration, the concentration of the steroids, and whether there is a concurrent stressor input.
		When there are high glucocorticoids together with a chronic stressor, the steroids act in brain in a feed-forward fashion to recruit a stress-response network that biases ongoing autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral outflow as well as responses to novel stressors.
		Moreover, in the absence of corticosteroids, the typical deficits in adrenalectomized rats are normalized by providing sucrose solutions to drink, suggesting that there is, in addition to the feed-forward action of glucocorticoids on brain, also a feedback action that is based on metabolic well being.
	www.citeulike.org /user/brian/article/813747 (465 words)

	eMedicine - Cushing Syndrome : Article Excerpt by Gail Adler
		Cushing syndrome is caused by prolonged exposure to elevated levels of either endogenous glucocorticoids or exogenous glucocorticoids.
		Endogenous glucocorticoid overproduction or hypercortisolism that is independent of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) usually is due to a primary adrenocortical neoplasm (usually an adenoma but rarely a carcinoma).
		Morbidity and mortality associated with Cushing syndrome are related primarily to the effects of excess glucocorticoids.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/cushing-syndrome.htm (675 words)

	MyThyroid.com: Glucocorticoids
		The anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids render them useful for the treatment of severe cases of thyroid inflammation, such as subacute thyroiditis, and amiodarone-associated thyroiditis.
		As glucocorticoids tend to exert anti-inflammatory effects on various tissues, patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis will also tend to notice improvement of thyroid function and reduction in thyroid size if they are treated with glucocorticoids.
		Accordingly, glucocorticoids should only be used in extreme cases of thyroid dysfunction, and for as limited a treatment period as possible.
	www.mythyroid.com /glucocorticoids.html (244 words)

	Chronic Steroid Use
		Glucocorticoid doses generally include an “anti-inflammatory” dose which is lower and an “immune suppressive” dose which is higher, though with long enough term use, lower doses will become immune suppressive.
		Animals on glucocorticoids will drink and urinate excessively but a rapid weight loss is a big clue that something new may have developed and some additional blood work should be performed.
		Glucocorticoid hormones are not “bad” and it is not inherently “bad” to use them.
	www.marvistavet.com /html/body_chronic_steroid_use.html (711 words)

	Endotext.com - Adrenal Physiology And Diseases, Fibromyalgia
		Glucocorticoids may be administered as replacement therapy in patients with primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency, as adrenal suppression therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and glucocorticoid resistance, and as anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressant therapy in a broad range of mostly nonendocrine disorders affecting many different systems (10, 14).
		Thus, glucocorticoids are used in endocrine, autoimmune, collagen, renal, gastrointestinal, respiratory, nervous, hematologic, and ophthalmic diseases and are used in the suppression of the host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host reaction in cases of organ transplantation (4, 15, 16).
		Acute administration of pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids is necessary in a small number of nonendocrine diseases, such as malignant hyperthermia, and in patients with craniospinal trauma or brain tumors or who are undergoing major neurosurgical operations to, respectively, decrease the temperature and prevent destruction of neural tissue from the local edema and inflammatory reaction (17).
	www.endotext.org /adrenal/adrenal14/adrenal14.htm (3235 words)

	Cushing syndrome secondary to topical glucocorticoids
		Topical glucocorticoids were discontinued, and he was started on calcipotriene (0.005 %) ointment for his body, ketoconazole (2 %) cream for his face, and ketoconazole (2 %) shampoo for his scalp; he also was started on adapalene (0.1 %) gel for his axillary striae.
		Oral glucocorticoid supplementation may be required, however, for several months until hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function recovers, with possibly increased dosage requirements during periods of stress and illness.
		It has been suggested that systemic adverse reactions caused by potent topical glucocorticoids could be avoided by restricting usage to 50 g per week in adults and 15 g per week in children [3].
	dermatology.cdlib.org /94/NYU/Feb2002/5.html (727 words)

	The Endocrine Society : Glucocorticoids
		People taking high doeses of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids appear to be at an increased risk for developing heart problems like heart attacks, strokes and heart failure, according to a new study being presented on Saturday, June 21, at The Endocrine Society’s 85th Annual Meeting in Philadelphia.
		Glucocorticoid steroids are among the most commonly prescribed drugs and are used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
		It has long been suspected that glucocorticoids may increase the risk of heart disease, but the magnitude of the risk and whether there is a threshold dose below which these steroids are safe for the heart have not been previously examined.
	www.endo-society.org /media/2003-research-summaries/Glucocorticoids.cfm (1403 words)

	British Society for Neuroendocrinology - 8. Glucocorticoids, ageing and nerve cell damage
		Unsurprisingly, glucocorticoids also have potent effects on the brain, most notably on the hippocampus, a region critical for learning and memory, as well as being a crucial centre for glucocorticoid feedback inhibition of their own release.
		In contrast, glucocorticoid excess interferes with nerve cell function in the hippocampus, interrupting the critical processes in synapses which are thought to underpin learning and memory.
		In contrast, individuals whose glucocorticoid levels are low or decline with age, maintain their ability to learn and memorise new facts, and do not show loss of hippocampal size with ageing.
	www.neuroendo.org.uk /content/view/18/11 (972 words)

	Management and Treatment with Systemic Glucocorticoids - Medical Article Archive of the International Pemphigus ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Patients who are on long-term glucocorticoids or are within one year of terminating glucocorticoids should wear a bracelet or carry a card indicating they are on glucocorticoids.
		During stress situations, it is necessary to give high doses of glucocorticoids, generally 25 to 70 mg/day of prednisone or 100 to 300 mg/day of cortisol in divided doses.
		Glucocorticoids decrease the inflammatory response to infection and thus it is possible to miss infections.
	www.pemphigus.org /am_glucocorticoids.html (987 words)

	Glucocorticoids - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Glucocorticoids decrease synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor, which play important roles in the pathophysiology of respiratory tract diseases.
		Cats are somewhat resistant to the effects of glucocorticoids, and dosages of prednisone of 1.0 mg/kg/day may be necessary for chronic therapy of feline asthma.
		For emergency treatment of dyspneic cats, a shock dose of an IV glucocorticoid (prednisone sodium succinate, 5-10 mg/kg; or dexamethasone sodium phosphate, 1-2 mg/kg) should be used.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/190906.htm (279 words)

	Glucocorticoids and Croup
		Acute laryngotracheobronchitis is a very common cause of upper airway obstruction in children and has an annual incidence of 1.5% to 6% in children under 6 years of age.
		The study also finds that treatment with glucocorticoids compared with placebo decreased the length of time in the ER and decreased the need for additional treatments such as epinephrine.
		Confidence intervals and number needed to treat were calculated and found that at 6 hours the number needed to treat was 7 and at 12 hours was 5.
	www.med.umich.edu /pediatrics/ebm/cats/croup.htm (310 words)

	INDICATIONS FOR APPLICATIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN BURN MEDICINE
		This paper discusses various indications for glucocorticoids in bum medicine: first aid to burn victims, inhalation trauma, prevention and treatment of burn shock, and administration before initiation of antibiotic therapy when there is a threat of endotoxin shock.
		In the decision-making process regarding the administration of glucocorticoids it is always necessary to consider the expected therapeutic contribution in relation to undesirable effects.
		Pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids stabilize cell membranes, decrease capillary permeability and antagonize the release of shock mediators.
	www.medbc.com /annals/review/vol_7/num_3/text/vol7n3p136.htm (1364 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Thymus-derived glucocorticoids are insufficient for normal thymus homeostasis in the adult ...
		This indicates that thymus-derived glucocorticoids are not sufficient to maintain normal levels of death by neglect in the thymus, but that apoptosis and possibly other mechanisms induced by physiological, non stress-induced levels of adrenal-derived corticosterone are responsible for keeping the total number of thymocytes within the normal range.
		Results reported by Ashwell and colleagues suggest glucocorticoids are essential at very low concentrations for early development and survival of thymocytes and that glucocorticoids can alter the sensitivity of more mature thymocytes to positive selection, thereby influencing the T cell receptor repertoire [5].
		In mice expressing lower than normal levels of glucocorticoid receptor in the thymus (due to incorporation of anti-sense DNA under the control of the lck promoter) [4], the pattern of change was very similar to that which we observed in adrenalectomized mice (with no corticosterone pellet).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2172/5/24 (6130 words)

	Basal activities and hormone responsiveness of osteoclast-like and osteoblast-like bone cells are regulated by ...
		Basal activities and hormone responsiveness of osteoclast-like and osteoblast-like bone cells are regulated by glucocorticoids -- Wong 254 (14): 6337 -- Journal of Biological Chemistry
		Basal activities and hormone responsiveness of osteoclast-like and osteoblast-like bone cells are regulated by glucocorticoids
		glucocorticoids permits significant responses to PTH to be detected at
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/254/14/6337 (275 words)

	Glucocorticoids
		Cortisol binds to the glucocorticoid receptor in the cytoplasm and the hormone-receptor complex is then translocated into the nucleus, where it binds to its DNA response element and modulates transcription from a battery of genes, leading to changes in the cell's phenotype.
		This protein binding likely decreases the metabolic clearance rate of glucocorticoids and, because the bound steroid is not biologically active, tends to act as a buffer and blunt wild fluctuations in cortisol concentration.
		As a consequence, glucocorticoids are widely used as drugs to treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis or dermatitis, and as adjunction therapy for conditions such as autoimmune diseases.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/adrenal/gluco.html (970 words)

	Differential Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Markers by Glucocorticoids: Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Both ...
		Differential Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Markers by Glucocorticoids: Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Both Proteolipid Protein and Myelin Basic Protein and Transcriptional Regulation of Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase -- Kumar et al.
		During neonatal development glucocorticoids potentiate oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelinogenesis by regulating the expression of myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD
		These results indicate that during early myelinogenesis, glucocorticoids influence the expression of key oligodendroglial markers by different processes: The expression of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase is regulated at the transcriptional level, whereas the expression of myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein is modulated via a different, yet uncharacterized, mechanism involving post-transcriptional regulation.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/short/86/17/6807 (661 words)

	Glucocorticoids
		In addition to their physiologic importance, glucocorticoids are also among the most frequently used drugs, and often prescribed for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties.
		Cortisol binds to the glucocorticoid receptor in the cytoplasm and the hormone-receptor complex is then translocated into the nucleus, where it binds to its DNA response element and modulates transcription from a battery of genes, leading to changes in the cell's phenotype.
		This protein binding likely decreases the metabolic clearance rate of glucocorticoids and, because the bound steroid is not biologically active, tends to act as a buffer and blunt wild fluctuations in cortisol concentration.
	www.vivo.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/adrenal/gluco.html (970 words)

	addison's disease
		It belongs to a class of hormones called glucocorticoids, which affect almost every organ and tissue in the body.
		Glucocorticoid hormones, which are often used to treat inflammatory illnesses like rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, or ulcerative colitis, block the release of both corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and ACTH.
		Although a reliable diagnosis is not possible while the patient is being treated, measurement of blood ACTH and cortisol during the crisis and before glucocorticoids are given is sufficient to make the diagnosis.
	www.seekwellness.com /conditions/addisons.htm (2619 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Glucocorticoids synergize with IL-1beta to induce TLR2 expression via MAP Kinase ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Glucocorticoids are well known for their anti-inflammatory, immune suppressive and anti-allergic activities [21].
		Based on recent reports that glucocorticoids inhibit the activation of p38 and JNK by up-regulating the expression of MKP-1 [24-26], we investigated whether MKP-1 is involved in the enhancing effect of DEX on IL-1β-induced TLR2 expression.
		Despite the importance of glucocorticoids in suppressing immune and inflammatory responses, their role in enhancing host immune and defense response against invading bacterial pathogens is poorly understood [13,14,28,29].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2199/5/2 (5701 words)

	Glucocorticoids Suppress Inflammation but Spare Innate Immune Responses in Airway Epithelium -- Schleimer 1 (3): 222 -- ...
		of glucocorticoids is the suppression of the release of cytokines
		was induced by glucocorticoids in synovial fibroblasts (104).
		Endogenous versus exogenous glucocorticoid responses to experimental bacterial sepsis.
	pats.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/1/3/222 (6734 words)

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