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Topic: Glucokinase

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	GLUCOKINASE
		Glucokinase is a gene which plays an important role in recognising how high the blood glucose (or sugar) is in the body.
		In people without a change in glucokinase, the blood glucose is usually around 4-6 mmol/l but in people with a change in the glucokinase gene, it is typically raised to between 6 and 8 mmol/l.
		Family members of a patient known to have MODY should be aware of the symptoms of diabetes and to have their blood glucose measured if they are concerned that they may have it.
	www.projects.ex.ac.uk /diabetesgenes/mody/glucokinase.htm (366 words)

	Glucokinase
		Glucokinase (GK) is the rate-limiting enzyme for glucose utilisation both in the liver, where its function is regulated by a 68 kDa regulatory protein, and in pancreatic b-cells.
		The goal of this project is to assess the pharmacological potential of compounds through inhibition/binding to the pancreatic isoform of human glucokinase.
		The project includes (1) cloning and expression of the gene, (2) purification of the protein, (3) the crystallisation of the free enzyme, (4) the co-crystallisation of the protein with compounds/ligands, and (5) quantitative analysis of the interactions between the compounds and their target.
	athena.eie.gr /glucokinase.html (148 words)

	Glucokinase and Glycemic Disease: From Basics to Novel Therapeutics
		The implications of this central position of glucokinase for the understanding and treatment of diabetes mellitus are far reaching.
		This book addresses the molecular and human genetic, as well as the physiological-chemical and pharmacological aspects of the role glucokinase plays in glucose homeostasis and diseases of glucose metabolism, and how the enzyme serves as the drug target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
		The collection of assays by a team of internationally renowned authors includes basic science chapters dealing with the enzymology, structure and the kinetics of hexokinases, essays describing the biochemical genetics of glucokinase-linked hypo- and hyperglycemia syndromes, and papers that discuss the diverse roles of the enzyme in a variety of tissues.
	content.karger.com /ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=showproducts&ProduktNr=229958&searchWhat=books (246 words)

	Glucokinase: Teaching An Old Dog New Tricks
		Glucokinase in liver and beta cells traps sugar and allows it to be metabolized—broken down into energy.
		Glucokinase serves as a signal to both the beta cells and the liver that sugar levels in the blood are high, leading to insulin secretion and reduced glucose production by the liver.
		All this information about glucokinase has been known for years, and there has long been speculation that a drug that could juice up glucokinase activity a little bit might be beneficial in treating type 2 diabetes.
	www.diabetesincontrol.com /rosen/i169.shtml (842 words)

	Comprehensive Nutrient Review: Biotin Research Abstracts
		A 4fold increase in the activity of glucokinase was observed in response to the addition of the vitamin to the culture medium and the maximal response was observed 6 h following the addition to the medium.
		The induction of glucokinase by biotin or the cyclic nucleotide analog was not observed in the absence of insulin.
		In the present study, the de novo synthesis of the glucokinase induced by the insulin and biotin in the intact rat was proposed.
	www.lef.org /abstracts/codex/biotin_abstracts.htm (4123 words)

	TransTech Pharma, Inc. Obtains Exclusive License to Glucokinase Activator Program for the Treatment of Diabetes From ...
		The drug candidates licensed by TransTech are novel, orally administered compounds discovered during a strategic research collaboration initiated in 2001 between TransTech and Novo Nordisk utilizing TransTech's proprietary small-molecule discovery engine, TTP Translational Technology®.
		Adnan Mjalli, PhD, founder, chairman and chief executive officer of TTP, said, "The promise of glucokinase activators to transform diabetes therapy is enormous.
		The addition of the glucokinase activator program will greatly enhance our existing diabetes and obesity portfolio and allow TransTech to become a world leader in the discovery and development of novel treatments for diabetes and obesity -- a key therapeutic focus of the company.
	www.redorbit.com /news/health/848978/transtech_pharma_inc_obtains_exclusive_license_to_glucokinase_activator_program/index.html?source=r_health (670 words)

	RedOrbit NEWS \| Are Glucokinase Mutations Associated With Low Triglycerides? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mutations in the glucokinase gene lead to an impaired sensing of blood glucose by the pancreatic β cell, causing an autosomal dominant form of type 2 diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2).
		Glucokinase mutations impair glycolysis, which is responsible for delivering glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as the later glycerol backbone of triglycerides (4).
		Mutants of glucokinase cause hypoglycaemia- and hyperglycaemia syndromes and their analysis illuminates fundamental quantitative concepts of glucose homeostasis.
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=143441 (697 words)

	BCHM-GRM unit
		The regulatory protein inhibits glucokinase; its effect is reinforced by fructose 6-phosphate and antagonized by fructose 1-phosphate.
		Glucokinase is an enzyme that displays a low affinity for glucose, and can therefore play the role of “glucose sensor” in liver and in ß-cells of pancreatic islets.
		Glucokinase regulatory protein behaves as an inhibitor of glucokinase in the presence of fructose-6-phosphate, and this inhibition is suppressed by fructose-1-phosphate, accounting for the effect of fructose to stimulate glucose phosphorylation.
	www.icp.ucl.ac.be /grm/Carbohydrate/contributions.htm (1686 words)

	Untitled Document
		Glucokinase is the glucose sensing enzyme in the liver and the pancreas.
		Glucokinase is responsible for phospohorylating the majority of glucose in the liver and pancreas.
		Glucokinase plays an important role in diabetes, because it plays a role in glucose up take in the pancreas and liver which are defective in patients with type II diabetes.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2005/Gemberling/protein.html (772 words)

	Impaired Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis in Glucokinase-deficient (MODY-2) Subjects -- Velho et al. 98 (8): 1755 -- Journal ...
		All glucokinase gene mutations identified to date have been localized to exons that are common to the pancreatic and hepatic isoforms of the enzyme.
		However, as glucokinase deficiency is expected to primarily affect the flux of the direct pathway, we assessed the relative contribution of the two pathways to the net hepatic glycogen synthesis.
		Cohen, and J.J. Robert (1992) Primary pancreatic beta-cell secretory defect caused by mutations in the glucokinase in kindreds of maturity onset diabetes of the young.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/98/8/1755 (5936 words)

	Studies of the Impact of a Liver Glucokinase Promoter Variant on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Sensitivity Index -- ...
		We conclude that in Danish Caucasians, the -258 glucokinase
		a pathogenic role of the liver glucokinase in common NIDDM (12).
		1992 Missense glucokinase mutation in maturity-onset diabetes of the young and mutation screening in late-onset diabetes.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/82/6/1786 (2347 words)

	Substituted-cycloalkyl and oxygenated-cycloalkyl glucokinase activators patent invention
		Glucokinase activators will increase the flux of glucose metabolism in.beta.-cells and hepatocytes, which will be coupled to increased insulin secretion.
		Glucokinase activators are useful for increasing insulin secretion in the treatment of type II diabetes.
		These heteroaromatic rings which constitute R.sup.4 are connected via a ring carbon atom to the amide group to form the amides of formula I. The ring carbon atom of the heteroaromatic ring which is connected via the amide linkage to form the compound of formula I cannot contain any substituent.
	www.freshpatents.com /Substituted-cycloalkyl-and-oxygenated-cycloalkyl-glucokinase-activators-dt20060810ptan20060178429.php (1664 words)

	GLUCOKINASE
		"GLUCOKINASE" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time.
		"GLUCOKINASE" is used about 3 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
		Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/Gl/Glucokinase.html (276 words)

	Glucokinase
		Beim Eintritt in die Glykolyse wird Glucose (Glc) in 6-Stellung zu Glucose-6-phosphat (G-6P) Für diese Reaktion gibt es zwei Enzyme (die auch andere Hexosen als Substrat akzeptiert) und Glucokinase.
		Die Glucokinase des Pankreas folgt Messpunkten zwischen diesen Extremen sie besitzt diefolgenden nach Hill: Km(av) = 5.5 mM (mittlere Michaeliskonstante); nH = 3 (Hill Koeffizient); Der blau unterlegte Bereich kennzeichnet den Schwankungsbereich Blutzuckerkonzentration d.h.
		Die Kurve der Glucokinase weist demnach linearen Bereich im Bereich physiologischer Blutzucker-Konzentrationen auf bei Glc-Anstieg wird proportional mehr Glc in umgewandelt und dabei dem Blutkreislauf entzogen.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /Lexikon/Glucokinase.html (245 words)

	Whitaker Foundation Annual Report 2003: Solving the Insulin Puzzle
		By tagging glucokinase with light-emitting proteins, it was possible to follow some of the steps leading to activation of the enzyme inside live beta cells, the cells of the pancreas that make insulin.
		Piston demonstrated that high blood glucose causes glucokinase to be released from its bound state in living cells and to begin stimulating insulin release from the pancreas.
		He took away the glucose and found that insulin alone was capable of triggering the release and activation of glucokinase and the start of glucose metabolism.
	bluestream.wustl.edu /WhitakerArchives/03_annual_report/piston.html (671 words)

	Substituted arylcyclopropylacetamides as glucokinase activators patent invention
		The hexokinases catalyze the first step in the metabolism of glucose, i.e., the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, Glucokinase has a limited cellular distribution, being found principally in pancreatic beta-cells and hepatocytes.
		While mutations of the GK gene are not found in the majority of patients with type II diabetes, compounds that activate GK and, thereby, increase the sensitivity of the GK sensor system will still be useful in the treatment of the hyperglycemia characteristic of all type II diabetes.
		Glucokinase activators will increase the flux of glucose metabolism in-beta-cells and hepatocytes, which will be coupled to increased insulin secretion and increased glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis.
	www.freshpatents.com /Substituted-arylcyclopropylacetamides-as-glucokinase-activators-dt20060525ptan20060111353.php (1763 words)

	Diabetes Pathogenesis - Glucokinase is integral component of insulin granules
		Glucokinase is an integral component of the insulin granules in glucose-responsive insulin secretory cells and does not translocate during glucose stimulation.
		We used MIN6 insulin-secretory cells and organelle fractionation to determine the effects of glucose on the subcellular distribution of glucokinase.
		After permeabilization with digitonin, 50% of total glucokinase remained bound intracellularly, while 30% was associated with the 13,000-g particulate fraction," investigators in England report.
	www.newsrx.com /newsletters/World-Disease-Weekly/2004-11-16/11162004333386WDW.html (165 words)

	Protein holds promise as new diabetes drug target
		At the time, it was known that glucokinase was important for the metabolism of glucose, the sugar that climbs dangerously high in the blood of patients with diabetes.
		"By turning on glucokinase, this novel compound improves insulin secretion by the pancreas and stimulates glucose usage by the liver, both of which are abnormal in diabetes." Magnuson cautions that it's too early to tell what the real value of a glucokinase-activating drug might be.
		After the glucokinase gene was cloned, other investigators identified mutations in the human gene.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-07/vumc-php071603.php (757 words)

	Soluble Glucokinase Activity in Bovine Tissues
		PREVIOUS investigations of glucokinase activity in ruminant tissues have involved the measurement of glucose or oxygen uptake (in the presence of glucose as substrate) by tissue homogenates, mitochondria or supernatants after centrifugation of homogenates at 9,000g
		These methods showed glucokinase activity in brain and intestinal mucosa, but not in the liver of sheep.
		This technical development suggested that glucokinase activity in ruminant tissues should be re-evaluated, for it is of interest in at least two respects.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v197/n4863/abs/197190b0.html (228 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Hepatic glucokinase promoter polymorphism is associated with hepatic insulin resistance in ...
		The role of glucokinase (GCK) in the pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young is well established.
		Glucokinase (GCK) was originally proposed to be a glucose sensor and metabolic signal generator in pancreatic beta cells and hepatocytes [1].
		The discoveries of a linkage and subsequent identification of mutated GCK genes [2,3] in families with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) provide the strongest evidence for a crucial role of GCK in the pathogenesis of MODY [1].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2156/1/2 (2880 words)

	Glucokinase
		The fact that the name glucokinase is misleading has created a difficult problem of deciding what to call the enzyme in the book.
		Omitting the quotation marks, on the other hand, would perpetuate an error and lead to confusion in the contexts where I need to refer to the genuine glucokinases that are found in bacteria and other lower organisms.
		In other publications, where the name glucokinase remains very common, readers should try to read it with quotation marks even if they not written, unless, of course, the article is about an enzyme that is really specific for glucose.
	bip.cnrs-mrs.fr /bip10/glucokin.htm (1528 words)

	Abstract: 664 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Elucidation of the molecular interaction between glucokinase and glucokinase regulatory protein
		Background and Aims: The low-affinity glucose phosphorylating enzyme glucokinase (GK) regulates glycolytic flux at millimolar glucose concentrations in liver and pancreatic beta cells.
		Hepatic GK activity is modulated on the posttranslational level through an interaction with a regulatory protein (GRP).
	www.easd.org /customfiles/easd/37th/Abs01/664.html (368 words)

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