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Topic: Gluconic acid

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	Process for producing gluconic acid - Patent 4843173
		Gluconic acid is produced by oxidizing glucose with an oxygen-containing gas in an aqueous alkali solution in the presence of a palladium-bismuth/carbon catalyst which has adsorbed firstly bismuth and secondly palladium.
		The glucose conversion was 99.9% and the yield of sodium gluconate was 98.0%.
		The glucose conversion was 93.8% and the yield of sodium gluconate was 84.7%.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4843173.html (3189 words)

	Gluconic acid - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Gluconic acid is the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose and has the chemical formula C
		Unlike glucose and glucuronic acid (a carboxylic acid resulting from oxidizing a different carbon of glucose), gluconic acid can not form a cyclic structure.
		Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey and wine and is used as a food additive, an acidity regulator.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Gluconic_acid (193 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Gluconic acid derivative anions are transported across the anion exchange membrane while the passage of neutrals are prevented.
		The gluconic acid derivative anion is converted to its acid form once it has been transported into the concentrate or acid compartment by the addition of proton formed at a bipolar membrane.
		As a further benefit, the acid catalyzed decomposition of gluconic acid derivatives and specifically KLG is avoided during evaporative crystallization or spray drying.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/61647.991202&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (8239 words)

	Patent 6,541,034
		Surprisingly, the use of gluconic acid delta-lactone or similar esters in a joint melt with the sugar alcohols has proven its worth, not only in preventing a possible crystallization but also in impeding the influence of oxidation and of the conditions for a saponification of sensitive active substances or liquid taste vectors.
		A mixture of mannitol, sorbitol, and gluconic acid delta-lactone has been found to be particularly advantageous for the desired properties, with a relatively small amount of sorbitol of about 1 to 10% for 100 parts by weight of the melt, while mannitol can be employed in amounts of 50-80%.
		C., and adding the gluconic acid delta-lactone only during cooling of this melt, while the heat of melting required to melt the gluconic acid delta-lactone is withdrawn from the molten mannitol-sorbitol mixture.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents/Yr2003/April2003/040103/6541034_Matrix040103.htm (1310 words)

	Encyclopedia: Aspergillus niger
		niger are used in the industrial preparation of citric acid (E330), gluconic acid (E574) and the enzymes glucoamylase and α-galactosidase (Beano®, Bean-zyme™), and have been assessed as acceptable for daily intake by the World Health Organisation.
		Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits.
		In culture, Aspergillus niger is used in the manufacture of citric acid (E330), gluconic acid (E574) and the enzyme alpha-galactosidase (Beano®, Bean-zyme™) and has been assessed as acceptable for daily intake by the World Health Organisation.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Aspergillus-niger (836 words)

	938. Glucono-delta-lactone/calcium/magnesium/potassium/sodium salts/gluconic acid (WHO Food Additives Series 42)
		C was excreted unchanged in the urine, 14% appeared in expired carbon dioxide, and a fraction (gluconate carbon) was recovered as urinary saccharate.
		In two new four-week studies in rats, sodium gluconate was administered orally either by gavage at doses of 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg bw per day or by feeding at doses of 0, 1, 1.25, 2.5, or 5% w/w (equal to 1000, 2000, and 4100 mg/kg bw per day).
		EVALUATION On the basis of a re-evaluation of data previously considered by the Committee and new data on the short-term toxicity of sodium gluconate, the Committee extended the previous ADI 'not specified' for glucono-delta-lactone to a group ADI for glucono-delta-lactone and the calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts of gluconic acid.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v042je12.htm (3775 words)

	Aconitic acid, gluconic acid and/or succinic acid taken alone or further together with sclareolide in enhancing the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The use of succinic acid in augmenting or enhancing the taste of foodstuffs is disclosed by Tonsbeek in U.S. Pat.
		The weight ratio of aconitic acid; gluconic acid and/or succinic acid to sclareolide (when the sclareolide is used) may vary from about 1:99 up to about 99:1 with a preferred weight ratio of about 0.5:1.5 up to about 1.5:0.5 of acid:sclareolide.
		When the amount of sclareolide is increased to ten parts by weight, only the aconitic acid, the gluconic acid and the succinic acid have definite effects on increasing the flavor enhancement in a two-fold amount (e.g., a value of "8" on a scale of 1-10 from a value of "4" on a scale of 1-10).
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/5366747.html (1644 words)

	Green Car Congress: Argonne Bioreactor to Deliver Chemical Feedstocks from Biomass
		ADM and Argonne are very familiar with gluconic acid (and interested in the enzyme glucose-fructose oxidoreductase), and so selected it as the logical first organic acid target—not because it is on the top-12 list, but because the technology developed could be applied to the variety of organic acids and polyols that are.
		Gluconic acid is produced by the biochemical oxidation of glucose.
		The gluconic acid then ionizes on the resin wafer, and an electrical field pulls the ions through the membranes into a separate compartment, where they recombine into gluconic acid.
	www.greencarcongress.com /2005/07/argonne_bioreac.html (725 words)

	NeoStrata -- Lactobionic Acid
		Lactobionic acid is a hygroscopic compound, which tenaciously binds atmospheric water to the extent that a natural gel matrix forms upon evaporation at room temperature.
		Lactobionic acid is an exciting new class of compounds that shows promise for use as a polyhydroxy bionic acid in skin care.
		Lactobionic acid is a safe compound and may be taken orally or intravenously as the counter ion in some vitamin supplements and antibiotics.
	www.neostrata.com /a_cse/cse_cs_04.asp (2106 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0050208662
		The improved Pantoea strain of claim 21, wherein the progenitor strain is a recombinant strain that comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate reductase and is capable of converting 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate to 2-keto-L-gluconic acid.
		The nucleic acid is analysed by means known to those of skill in the art to determine the presence or absence of the plasmid.
		The nucleic acid thus prepared was analysed on a 1% agarose gel to determine the presence or absence of pS.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-adv.html&r=3&p=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&S1=causey.IN.&OS=in/causey&RS=IN/causey (4326 words)

	FDA/CFSAN: Agency Response Letter: GRAS Notice No. GRN 000136
		In an alternative process, glucose is converted to gluconic acid by use of glucose oxidase and catalase (to degrade hydrogen peroxide).
		In this third process, sodium gluconate is converted to gluconic acid by use of a cation exchange resin and glucono-delta-lactone is converted to gluconic acid by hydrolysis.
		Regardless of the method that Purac uses to produce gluconic acid, calcium gluconate is prepared from the gluconic acid by the addition of calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~rdb/opa-g136.html (1113 words)

	New technology could fuel biorefinery growth
		Eventually, the technology could extend beyond gluconic acid to the production of a variety of organic acids and polyols, which form the chemical building blocks for plastics, pharmaceuticals and other consumer products.
		Gluconic acid is produced by the biochemical oxidation of glucose, a sugar found in corn starch.
		The gluconic acid ionizes and is immediately separated from the glucose solution by the EDI process.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/News/2005/news050628.html (784 words)

	New bioreactor could pave way for chemical feed stocks from biomass
		Gluconic acid is produced by the biochemical oxidation of glucose, a type of sugar.
		Researchers attached a glucose-oxidizing enzyme to the EDI resin, and the resin became a platform for two simultaneous processes: the enzymatic conversion of glucose to gluconic acid and the ionization and separation of the gluconic acid from the glucose solution.
		If the gluconic acid system is a commercial success, and the Argonne technology is extended to the production of other organic acids and polyols, many consumer products could be made from bio-based chemicals.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/News/2005/ES050722.html (1382 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		There was little accumulation of gluconic acid and therefore, no significant enhancement of mineral dissolution rates at 35 C compared to the abiotic controls.
		At 20 C, gluconate accumulated in the experimental solutions only at the beginning of the experiment and led to a twofold increase in dissolved Si release compared to the controls, primarily by the ligand-promoted dissolution mechanism.
		There was significant accumulation of gluconic acid in the 5 C experiment, which is reflected in a significant reduction in pH, leading to 20-fold increase in Si release, primarily attributable to the proton-promoted dissolution mechanism.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=20003976 (348 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Thus, for example, nucleic acids which hybridize under high stringency to the nucleic acid sequences identified in the figures, or a complement, are considered DKGR sequence in one embodiment herein.
		The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH and nucleic acid concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium (as the target sequences are present in excess, at Tm, 50% of the probes are occupied at equilibrium).
		Thus,"percent (%) nucleic acid sequence identity"is defined as the percentage of nucleotide residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the nucleotide residues of the sequence shown in the nucleic acid figures.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=02/29019.020411&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (10250 words)

	Articles - ACID (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Atomicity refers to the ability of the DBMS to guarantee that either all of the tasks of a transaction are performed or none of them are.
		ACID suggests that the database be able to perform all of these operations at once.
		The ACID concept is described in ISO/IEC 10026-1:1992 Section 4.
	www.rivarevo.com /articles/Acid (933 words)

	Information Resources, LC
		Conjugation with glucuronic acid is one of the major detoxification mechanisms in mammalian species for a variety of foreign and endogenous compounds.
		Glucuronic acid peaks at 7.678 minutes, and without a reference material for the alpha-keto acid, it is easily confused with the peak found in many strains of Kombucha.
		Each Glucuronic acid molecule that forms a glucuronide with a toxin in the body is a one to one relationship (one Glucuronic acid molecule bound to one toxic molecule).
	www.kombucha-research.com /myths/ga.htm (444 words)

	OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO GLUCONIC ACID BY GLUCOSEOXIDASE IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR
		OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO GLUCONIC ACID BY GLUCOSEOXIDASE IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR
		Oxidation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid by Glucoseoxidase
		Gluconic acid (GA) is commonly produced in industry through the fermentation of glucose by
	www.ct.ornl.gov /symposium/index_files/1Babstracts/1B_44.htm (203 words)

	Stimulation of Butyrate Production by Gluconic Acid in Batch Culture of Pig Cecal Digesta and Identification of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Isolation and identification of gluconic acid–utilizing bacteria from the enrichment culture in expt.
		gluconic acid on fermentation in the large intestine.
		that dietary gluconic acid increased the population of Bifidobacteria
	nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/132/8/2229 (3629 words)

	Method for preparing 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid - Patent 4879229
		2,5-Diketo-D-gluconic acid is prepared in high yield and in high broth concentration by cultivating newly isolated microorganisms of genus Erwinia in an aqueous nutrient medium in the presence of D-glucose.
		Acid is produced under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions from D-glucose (also from lactose, in the case of SHS-2003), but no gas.
		Furthermore, these strains are observed to be different from the previously described strain SHS-2003 in the points; decarboxylation of glutamic acid; being scarcely capable of utilizing lactose, acetate and lactate as sole carbon source; being unable to produce acids from mannitol and lactose; and having no activity on litmus milk.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4879229.html (4909 words)

	AST Sports Science - QA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		From gluconic acid, GDL is produced by concentration, dehydration and subsequent crystallization.
		A peculiar equilibrium between GDL and gluconic acid gives GDL a special property in that it shows mild acidification as it hydrolyzes to gluconic acid in aqueous solutions.
		This controlled and gradual acid formation provided by GDL makes it a perfect food-preserving agent that is used in a number of food processing applications.
	www.ast-ss.com /print_page.asp?id=1737&type=QA (327 words)

	Gluconic Acid - Current Status
		Gluconic acid and sodium gluconate are derived by fermentation.
		The major application for gluconic acid is as base for mineral [calcium, magnesium, ferrous] gluconates used as dietary supplements.
		Sodium gluconate serves as detergent in bottle washing formulations.
	www.lhepner.com /food25.html (284 words)

	SACCHARIC ACID - Online Information article about SACCHARIC ACID
		chemistry, a tetraoxydicarboxylic acid which exists in three stereoisomeric forms.
		Nitric acid oxidizes it to dextro-lrartaric acid and oxalic acid, Laevo (l)-saccharicacid is formed by oxidizing l-gluconic acid with nitric acid, whilst the inactive (d+l)-acid is obtained sim]lariyfroin inactive glucosnc acid.
		Mucic acid (q.v.) is isomeric with these acids.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /RON_SAC/SACCHARIC_ACID.html (212 words)

	2-Carb-20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Aldonic acids are divided into aldotrionic acid, aldotetronic acids, aldopentonic acids, aldohexonic acids, etc., according to the number of carbon atoms in the chain.
		The names of individual compounds of this type are formed by replacing the ending '-ose' of the systematic or trivial name of the aldose by '-onic acid'.
		More complicated examples of general principles for naming acid derivatives can be found elsewhere [13,14].
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iupac/2carb/20.html (270 words)

	NAMS 2001: Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The aim of this work was to study the production of sorbitol and gluconic acid using immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis and the simultaneous separation of the gluconic acid by electrodialysis.
		When an electrodialysis unit was coupled to the membrane bioreactor, it was observed an efficient removal of gluconic acid from the reaction medium as well as an improvement in the stability of the enzyme.
		Contrariwise, in the experiments using NaOH to neutralize the gluconic acid, it was verified a reduction of 80 % in the reaction rate in the same period.
	www.che.utoledo.edu /nams/2001/viewpaper.cfm?ID=86 (322 words)

	Technology for production of Lactic acid , Itaconic acid, Gluconic acid, Glutamic acid and L-Lysine from molases
		In view of the confidence gained by the indigenous production of Lactic acid, and due to the raising demand for the Lactic acid efforts are being made by several units to create new capacity for Lactic acid project.
		Efforts made in recent times to set up Glutamic acid /MSG project have failed to materialise, since the economic capacity of the project would be large and Indian demand level alone would not justify setting up large capacity project.
		All the Gluconate producers presently produce Gluconates from Glucose by electrolysis process, where Gluconic acid is produced as intermediate product.
	www.tifac.org.in /offer/tlbo/rep/TMS157.htm (2590 words)

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