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Topic: Glucuronic acid

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	Glucuronic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glucuronic acid (from Greek γλυκερός - "sweet") is a carboxylic acid that has the structure of a glucose molecule that has had its sixth carbon atom (of six total) oxidized.
		UDP-glucuronic acid also serves as the source of glucuronic acid for the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (except in primates and guinea pigs).
		Glucuronic acid should not be confused with gluconic acid, a linear carboxylic acid resulting from the oxidation of a different carbon of glucose.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glucuronic_acid (265 words)

	Method for stabilizing Tumor Necrosis Factor and a stable aqueous solution or powder containing the same - Patent ...
		As the sorbitan fatty acid ester, preferred is a mono-or sesqui-acid ester of a sorbitan with a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
		As the sucrose fatty acid ester, preferred is a mono-acid ester of sucrose with a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
		As the glycerin fatty acid ester, preferred is a mono-acid ester of glycerin with a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4457916.html (7601 words)

	Information Resources, LC
		Conjugation with glucuronic acid is one of the major detoxification mechanisms in mammalian species for a variety of foreign and endogenous compounds.
		Glucuronic acid peaks at 7.678 minutes, and without a reference material for the alpha-keto acid, it is easily confused with the peak found in many strains of Kombucha.
		Each Glucuronic acid molecule that forms a glucuronide with a toxin in the body is a one to one relationship (one Glucuronic acid molecule bound to one toxic molecule).
	www.kombucha-research.com /myths/ga.htm (444 words)

	Kombucha by James Roche
		After extensive research it was observed that glucuronic acid is able to combine with over two hundred known toxins within the plant cell and these included substances absorbed from acidic and radioactive rains and specific chemical groups such as nitrites as well as atmospheric pollution from the gases sulfur dioxide and ozone.
		Glucuronic acid is known to be manufactured in the liver, but those who suffer from long-term illness do not produce it in sufficiently large quantities to assist the body in rapid cleansing that is often a vital part of the recovery process.
		Furthermore, compounds of glucuronic acid may be found within vital complex polysaccharides such as mucoitin-sulfuric acid which is present in gastric mucous membranes and the vitreous humor of the eye, chondroitin sulfate - within cartilage - and finally in the connective tissues as hyaluronic acid.
	users.bestweb.net /~om/~kombu/roche.html (3992 words)

	Glucuron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Glucuronic acid is considered by many to be one of the important key components found in Kombucha Tea because of its detoxifying action.
		The related compound, UDPGlucuronic acid which is the active or co-enzyme form of Glucuronic acid, has been discovered in several non-Kombucha bacteria by at least eight scientists (Dutton, 1980).
		Glucuronic acid has been found in Kombucha Tea by several researchers in the past, while more recent research conducted by a lab commissioned by Michael Roussin was not able to substantiate earlier findings.
	www.bluemarble.de /Norbert/kombucha/Glucuron/body_glucuron.htm (1684 words)

	Glucuronic Acid-conjugated Dihydroxy Fatty Acids in the Urine of Patients with Generalized Peroxisomal Disorders -- ...
		We postulate that 12,13-dihydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid and 9,10-dihydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid are derived from linoleic acid (18:2(n-6)), an abundant fatty acid in the body and that the saturated analogue, 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid, may be derived from oleic acid (18:1(n-9)).
		-linolenic and docosahexanoic acid are poorly oxidized in the mitochondria(38).
		Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids of biological membranes are important in increasing membrane fluidity, compressibility and permeability(21).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/7/3507 (6261 words)

	GA~GZ Medicial Dictionary
		GLUCURONIC ACID is a sugar found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms.
		Glucuronic acid is used by the liver to detoxify poisonous substances which contain hydroxyl groups (e.g., alcohol).
		The liver combines glucuronic acid with the toxic substance to form glucuronides, which may then be excreted through the urine.
	www.springboard4health.com /notebook/dict_g.html (1012 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1955 Issue 3 - 002
		In the case of urochloralic acid, however, its ability to reduce Fehling's solution is attributed to the instability in the presence of strong alkali of three halogen atoms attached to the same carbon.
		The formation of hippuric acid from benzoic acid in the organism is the best-known example of this reaction, which consists of the combination of glycine with an aromatic acid to form an aroyl glycine.
		That morphine is excreted as a conjugate with glucuronic acid is evident because the glucuronic acid output rises in proportion to the dose [2].
	www.unodc.org /unodc/bulletin/bulletin_1955-01-01_3_page003.html (4673 words)

	NEGGRAM - nalidixic acid
		Nalidixic acid should be discontinued if the patient experiences symptoms of neuropathy including pain, burning, tingling, numbness, and/or weakness, or is found to have deficits in light touch, pain, temperature, position sense, vibratory sensation, and/or motor strength in order to prevent the development of an irreversible condition.
		In lifetime studies in the rat given nalidixic acid in the diet, there was an increased incidence of preputial gland neoplasms in the treated males and clitoral gland neoplasms in the treated females.
		Studies in mice in which nalidixic acid was administered in the feed for two years, or was given in the feed for 76 weeks followed by no treatment for 9 weeks, gave equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity.
	products.sanofi-aventis.us /neggram/neggram.html (3387 words)

	557. Benzoic acid and its calcium, potassium and sodium salts (WHO Food Additives Series 18)
		Normal urinary excretion of hippuric acid in man was estimated to be 1.0-1.25 g/day, equivalent to 0.7-1.7 g of benzoic acid (Stein et al., 1954).
		The maximum rate of the hippuric acid excretion after ingestion of benzoic acid was observed to be 17 mg/minute and for benzoyl glucuronic acid, 0.67 mg/minute equivalent to 24 g/day calculated as benzoic acid (Schachter, 1957).
		Conjugation with glycine and glucuronic acid occurs in preference to oxidation because benzoic acid strongly inhibits fatty oxidation in the liver.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v18je04.htm (4015 words)

	[No title]
		Hyaluronic acid is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating subunits of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine.
		Hyaluronic acid exists naturally in all living organisms and is a universal component of the spaces between the cells of body tissues (extracellular space).
		This corresponded to a disappearance of hyaluronic acid capsule and a loss in hyaluronate synthase activity that was evident during stationary phase of growth.
	lycos.com /info/hyaluronic-acid.html (670 words)

	Hyalogic- makers of Premium Hyaluronic Acid products
		Hyaluronic acid is essential for the health of the synovial fluid which lubricates the bones and joints.
		Hyaluronic acid is essential for the structure of the extracellular matrix in the skin which gives the skin a youthful wrinkle free appearance.
		Hyaluronic Acid is an essential component of the vitreous humor (fluid of the eye) which is essential for proper eye health and function.
	www.hyalogic.com /about_hyaluronic_acid.htm (2123 words)

	Kombucha > kombucha tea > Kombucha culture > Kombucha Tea Starter with 1 Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Glucuronic acid is one of the products that are produced during the fermentation process in the Kombucha-tea.
		The detoxifying function of Glucuronic acid goes hand-in-hand with an improvement in the general condition and In the oxidative metabolism.
		Köhler's research, the protective activity connected with Glucuronic acid preserves also the genetics of the plant from growth disturbances or promotes their restoration in the further course of its growth.
	www.sitarsetc.com /kombucha.htm (3141 words)

	Food Features: Kvass and Kombucha
		Glucuronic acid is a natural acid that is produced by the liver.
		Glucuronic acid is also the building block of a group of important polysaccharides that include hyaluronic acid (a basic component of connective tissue), chondroitin sulfate (a basic component of cartilage) and mucoitinsulfuric acid (a building block of the stomach lining and the vitreous humor of the eye).
		Glucuronic acid also assists the P450 enzyme system which the body employs for detoxification inside the cells.
	www.westonaprice.org /foodfeatures/kvass.htm (3034 words)

	Hyaluronic Acid Research for Professionals
		The public is most familiar with injectable hyaluronic acid, due to its relatively common use by the medical community for the prevention of pain through its healing properties for osteoarthritis of the knee.
		When referring to hyaluronic acid absorption, it must be able to enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine before it can enter the bloodstream and make its way to its intended target sites.
		The results of this study, which examined the absorption, excretion and distribution of radiolabeled hyaluronic acid after a single oral administration in Wistar rats and Beagle dogs, demonstrated that HA is absorbed and distributed to organs and joints after a single oral administration.
	www.rejuvenation-science.com /hylauronic-acid_prof.html (1154 words)

	Re: What is hyaluronic acid?
		Hyaluronic acid is closely related to chitin, insofar as half of its sugars are N-acetyl-glucosamines.
		As you've probably guessed, hyaluronic acid is short for hyaline uronic acid, since it is found in hyaline cartilage and contains large amounts of glucuronic acid.
		On the up side, hyaluronic acid is the same from whatever source it is isolated, and it is so common in the body that it can be used as a hypoallergenic surgical material for reconstructing and building up tissues that are lost.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/apr2001/986571103.Bc.r.html (589 words)

	Kefir - a fermented milk product (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		When Kombucha is thoroughly and correctly fermented, it consists of acetic acid, carbonic acid, vitamins C, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, B15, various beneficial enzymes and essential amino acids, folic acid, gluconic acid and lactic acid, as well as usnic acid—a natural product of fermentation, suppressing development of micro-organisms not belonging to the Kombucha culture.
		GLUCURONIC ACID found in Kombucha is also one of the most important elements produced in the liver.
		Once bound by glucuronic acid, toxins can be expelled from the body and are not re-absorbed.
	www.midvalleyvu.com /Kombucha_Tea.html (1048 words)

	In vitro enzymatic process for preparing glucuronides of ester-containing anticholinergics - Patent 4518691
		The cofactor, UDP glucuronic acid, and the byproduct, UDP, are both very hydrophilic and will be much less retained than the glucuronide of a hydrophobic compound.
		The known specificity of this enzyme indicates the presence of a glucuronic acid moiety and indicates that the glycosidic linkage has the.beta.
		The exact mass of the (M+H)+ ion is determined by peak matching to be 480.186, which is in excellent agreement with the mass expected for a compound with this elemental composition, 480.187.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4518691.html (3084 words)

	bilirub (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The sugars used for this reaction are xylose, glucose or glucuronic acid.
		From this compound, the glucuronic acid is transferred to blirubin.
		Conjugation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and consists of forming an ester between glucuronic acid and one or both propionic side-chains of bilirubin.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/meded/orfpath/bilirub.htm (2379 words)

	Acupuncture.Com - Herbology - Kombucha
		In my opinion, there are factors speaking for the good effects of the mushroom for gout, rheum, arthritis, etc. as being explainable by the accumulated toxins of the body being made water-soluble and kidney- manageable through their conjugation with the Glucuronic acid in the beverage, and thus being eliminated through the urine.
		According to Dr. Koehler's research, the protective activity connected with Glucuronic acid preserves also the genetics of the plant from growth disturbances or promotes their restoration in the further course of its growth.
		At the same time an acid flavor begins to develop as a result of the activities of the bacterium, so there is a transition from sweetness to sourness.
	acupuncture.com /herbs/kombucha1.htm (4441 words)

	Chondroitin Sulfate
		Chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid are vital for the structure and function of articular cartilage.
		Chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid are fundamental components of aggrecan found in articular cartilage.
		There is some indication that orally administered chondroitin sulfate leads to increases in hyaluronic acid and viscosity of synovial fluid, as well as decreases in collagenase in synovial fluid.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/cho_0071.shtml (1972 words)

	Patent 6,017,921
		The present invention provides for a crystalline form of trimetrexate either as a glucuronate, acetate, hydrochloride, methanosulfonate or lactate salt, which can be processed galenically as a stable, well-defined solid substance and processes for producing the crystalline forms.
		Trimetrexate base is treated with a soft carbon acid, i.e, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid etc., but preferably gluconic acid, in either an aqueous or hydro-alcoholic solution to solubilize the free base.
		The filtrate is treated with an excess of either the desired acid or conjugate base of the acid to give the desired trimetrexate salt.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents/012500OG/6017921_trimetrexate.htm (886 words)

	Hyaluronic Acid's Importance and Purity's Hyaluronic Acid Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		When the human body is young, Hyaluronic Acid is abundant, cushioning joints and nerves and filling space in between cells in the connective tissue.
		Normally Hyaluronic Acid is a long strand of two molecules that hold hands and are continually repeated, like a string of paper clips.
		The residents of Yuzurihara may be doing this by consuming plants (fermented soy, miso and tofu) that trigger the same effect, but the response could be slower and may require life-long consumption of these foods.
	www.purityproducts.com /hyaluronic-acid.asp (408 words)

	UGD1, Encoding the Cryptococcus neoformans UDP-Glucose Dehydrogenase, Is Essential for Growth at 37{degrees}C and for ...
		Glucuronic acid is an essential component in the synthesis of
		in its amino acid sequence with the gene encoding Ugd1p (38).
		As UDP-glucuronic acid is the precursor of UDP-xylose, it was
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/3/6/1601 (3856 words)

	Hyaluronan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is one of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and may also be involved in the progression of some malignant tumors.
		These enzymes lengthen hyaluronan by repeatedly adding glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as it is extruded through the cell membrane into the extracellular space.
		Hyaluronic acid is derived from hyalos (Greek for vitreous) and uronic acid because it was first isolated from the vitreous humor and possesses a high uronic acid content.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hyaluronic_acid (999 words)

	CyberColloids - The history of Alginate chemistry
		Alginate was heated in acid and the pentoses formed by the loss of carbon dioxide were isolated and identified by osazone formation.
		This was established by comparing the diamide and diphenyl hydrazide derivatives of the uronic acid isolated from the polymer with analogous derivatives prepared from D-mannurono-6,3-lactone.
		By partial acid hydrolysis and isolation of the oligomers it was shown that mannosyl gulose was present in the hydrolysis products of reduced alginic acid and hence at least some molecules of alginate contained both uronic acids (Vincent 1960; Hirst, Percival and Wold 1964).
	www.cybercolloids.net /library/alghistory/structure.php (442 words)

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