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Topic: Glucuronide

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	Glucuronidation
		Glucuronidation plays many roles in the body, not just that of binding estrogen, thus one may have low or normal levels of glucaronic acid along with low, normal or high levels of estrogen.
		This, glucuronidation represents a major means of converting most drugs, steroids, and many toxic and endogenous substances to metabolites that can then be excreted into the urine or bile.
		Many of these toxic and otherwise therapeutic substances (xenobiotics, drugs) disrupt the glucuronidation by impairing it, stopping it, or causing the binds to be rupture, separating the bound molecules from its inert transport.
	www.anapsid.org /aboutmk/xenoest/glucuronidation.html (490 words)

	Breast Cancer Research \| Full text \| Characterization of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen glucuronidation by human ...
		TAM glucuronide conjugates have been identified in the serum of TAM-treated patients [25,27], and it has been suggested that glucuronidation within target tissues such as the adipose tissue of the breast may also be important in terms of TAM metabolism and overall TAM activity [28].
		As controls, glucuronidation assays were regularly performed using human liver microsomes (as a positive control for glucuronidation activity) and untransfected HK293 cell homogenate protein (as a negative control for glucuronidation activity) as previously described [34,38].
		Single glucuronide peaks were observed in assays with either substrate (Figure 3a,b), with these peaks corresponding to the retention times of peaks 5 and 7 in glucuronidation assays with human liver microsomes (see Figure 1).
	breast-cancer-research.com /content/8/4/R50 (5763 words)

	Studies on the origin of androstanediol and androstanediol glucuronide in young and elderly men. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The in vivo origin of androstanediol (3 alpha diol) and its glucuronide was studied in six young and five elderly men undergoing cardiac catheterization.
		The 14C to 3H ratio for 3 alpha diol glucuronide was 10 times higher than for the free steroid, indicating that more than 90% of the glucuronide originates from a pool separate from blood 3 alpha diol.
		A major reduction in the plasma concentration of 3 alpha diol glucuronide occurs in the aging male, although no difference is seen in the levels of the unconjugated 3 alpha diol.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_7204542.html (378 words)

	Morphine and metabolites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The effects of age, renal impairment, route of administration and method of analysis were examined for their effects on the ratio in plasma between morphine and its major metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G).
		With impaired renal function the ratios of morphine glucuronides to morphine increased significantly, whether the morphine was given by oral or intravenous route of administration.
		This suggests that morphine glucuronidation is predominantly under the control of a single enzyme system.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/booth/Palliative/Mometab.html (397 words)

	Intestinal Absorption and Stability of Morphine 6-Glucuronide in Different Physiological Compartments of the Rat -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Déchelotte P, Sabouraud A, Sandouk P, Hackbarth I and Schwenk M (1993) Uptake, 3- and 6-glucuronidation of morphine in isolated cells from stomach, intestine, colon, and liver of the guinea pig.
		Koster AS, Frankhuijzen-Sierevogel AC and Noordhoek J (1985) Distribution of glucuronidation capacity (1-naphtol and morphine) along the rat intestine.
		Pacifici GM, Säwe J, Kager L and Rane A (1982) Glucuronidation of morphine in human fetal and adult liver.
	dmd.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/5/383 (3997 words)

	OPIOID PROBLEMS, AND MORPHINE METABOLISM AND EXCRETION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Whether the glucuronide is excreted by urine or bile depends upon the molecular weight and polarity of the conjugate.
		Morphine was glucuronidated to M3G by gastric, intestinal, colonic, and liver cells, and to M6G by all except gastric cells.
		They concluded that in spite of their structural differences the glucuronide metabolites were capable of crossing the blood-brain-barrier at the same rate as morphine, but in greater quantity.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/booth/painpag/wisdom/c14.html (8703 words)

	ATP-dependent 17beta-Estradiol 17-(beta-D-Glucuronide) Transport by Multidrug Resistance Protein (MRP) -- Loe et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The transporter is functionally defective in hepatocanalicular membranes of the TR mutant Wistar rat, the phenotype of which is similar to that observed in the human Dubin-Johnson syndrome (23, 24) and the mutant Corriedale sheep(21, 25).
		Other conjugation pathways, such as glucuronidation, appear more important for the detoxification of natural product drugs such as VP-16(45), at least in the liver, where glucuronidation is a major biotransformation pathway for steroid hormones and bile salts.
		However, it is thought that the glucuronide of this synthetic estrogen, produced in the liver, rather than the parent compound is responsible for the cholestasis(33, 48).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/16/9683 (5556 words)

	Investigation of the ligand binding site in the glucuronide-H+ symporter, GusB, in Escherichia coli, using chemical and ...
		The source of all glucuronides in the mammals is UDP-glucuronide, which possesses the capacity to conjugate with a wide range of molecular groups namely R-OH, R-COOH, R-NH or R-SH.
		Glucuronides are produced in the liver cells and are then excreted into the bile and removed by the urinary tract or large intestine.
		Similarly, various glucuronide derivatives such as fluoro-deoxy, epimers, deoxy and carbonyl protected glucuronides were chemically synthesised and tested in biological assays to establish the importance of the corresponding hydroxyl groups in the substrate recognition by GusB.
	www.astbury.leeds.ac.uk /Report/2000/Henderson.html (995 words)

	Pharmacy Update, Mar-Apr 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ezetimibe is metabolized in the small intestine and liver via glucuronide conjugation, then undergoes biliary and renal excretion.
		Ezetimibe and the ezetimibe glucuronide metabolite are highly plasma protein bound (greater than 90%).
		Pharmacokinetics were similar to those observed in adults,with a time to peak of 1 to 2 hours, extensive glucuronidation with enterohepatic recirculation, and a terminal elimination half-life of 20 to 29 hours.
	www.cc.nih.gov /phar/updates/marapr03/page2.html (806 words)

	Flavopiridol Metabolism in Cancer Patients Is Associated with the Occurrence of Diarrhea -- Innocenti et al. 6 (9): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Scatterplots of flavopiridol (A) and flavopiridol glucuronide (B) plasma levels and metabolic ratios of flavopiridol glucuronide:flavopiridol (C) at 23, 47, and 71 h during the infusion.
		glucuronide in the liver and excreted in the bile.
		in glucuronidation of flavopiridol is mainly responsible for
	clincancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/6/9/3400 (4168 words)

	FirstLab Services
		Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor metabolite of ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
		A small fraction (0.02%) of a dose of alcohol is conjugated in the liver with glucuronic acid to form ethyl glucuronide.
		Beck (2002): "Directquantification of ethyl glucuronide in clinical urine samples by liquidchromatography-mass spectrometry," Ther.
	www.firstlab.com /services9.asp (347 words)

	Morphine-6-glucuronide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A key step in defining the importance of M6G in man came in 1992 when the substance was artificially synthesised and administered to patients with pain, the majority of whom described pain relief.
		Isolation and identification of morphine glucuronides in urine and bile of rabbits.
		Br Med J. The pharmacokinetics of morphine and morphine glucuronides in kidney failure.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Morphine-6-glucuronide (325 words)

	Pharmacokinetics of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein in men and women after consumption ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Pharmacokinetics of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein in men and women after consumption of a soy beverage -- Shelnutt et al.
		Pharmacokinetics of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein in men and women after consumption of a soy beverage
		Urinary pharmacokinetics of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein.
	www.ajcn.org /cgi/content/full/76/3/588 (4133 words)

	Stability of 11-Nor-{Delta}9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol Glucuronide in Plasma and Urine Assessed by Liquid ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		glucuronides have been shown to be generally unstable (19)(20).
		Properties of acyl glucuronides: implications for studies of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of acidic drugs.
		Modulation of reversible and covalent interaction of diflunisal acyl glucuronide and its isomers with human plasma in vitro.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/48/2/301 (2686 words)

	Excretion Profiles of Ethyl Glucuronide in Human Urine after Internal Dilution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ethyl glucuronide (EG) is a useful marker of alcohol consumption because its presence in urine can be detected up to five days.
		Urinary ethyl glucuronide (UEG), creatinine, and ethanol were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, Jaffé’s method, and the enzymatic ADH method, respectively.
		The amount of ethyl glucuronide excreted in urine was 10 mg (SD 5 mg) corresponding to 0.04% (SD 0.02%) of the dose administered.
	www.jatox.com /abstracts/2002/july-aug/262-aderjan.htm (364 words)

	Glucuronide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A glucuronide, also known as glucuronoside, is any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond.
		Toxic substances, drugs or other unwanted compounds can be removed from the body in this manner - glucuronic acid forms a glycosidic bond with the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted.
		This page was last modified 02:30, 19 November 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glucuronide (97 words)

	Urinary Pharmacokinetics of the Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates of Genistein and Daidzein -- Shelnutt et al. 9 (4): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Urinary Pharmacokinetics of the Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates of Genistein and Daidzein -- Shelnutt et al.
		The urinary excretion rates over time and the best-fit nonlinear regression lines for daidzein sulfate, calculated sulfate, and glucuronide are shown for four subjects.
		The urinary excretion rates over time and the best-fit nonlinear regression lines for genistein sulfate, calculated sulfate, and glucuronide are presented for four subjects.
	cebp.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/9/4/413 (4333 words)

	Ursodeoxycholate Reduces Ethinylestradiol Glucuronidation in the Rat: Role in Prevention of Estrogen-Induced ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Glucuronides and sulfates were identified by comparison with samples pretreated with
		Ethinylestradiol glucuronidation in hepatic microsomes from rats treated during 5 days with EE (5 mg/kg b.wt.), EE + UDC (15, 25, or 50 mg/kg b.wt.) or solvent (control).
		Glucuronidation was measured according to the Materials and Methods in the presence of fixed concentration of EE (1 mM) and increasing concentrations of TUDC (0.2 to 2 mM).
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/306/1/279 (4798 words)

	Kits : Assay Analyte
		3α-Androstanediol Glucuronide (3 α -Diol G, 5 α -Androstane-3 α,17β-diol glucuronide) is the glucuronide conjugate of 3 α -androstanediol, a major metabolite of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) [1].
		Glucuronide conjugation of 3 α -diol appears to facilitate inactivation and urinary excretion of this compound.
		Horton R, Lobo RA: Peripheral androgens and the role of androstanediol glucuronide.
	www.dslabs.com /kits/assay_analyte.aspx?analyte_id=6 (656 words)

	N-Glucuronidation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and N-hydroxy-PhIP by specific human ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		glucuronidated in humans, both in vivo and in vitro (8,12,13).
		Data are represented as the percent of total glucuronides formed within each UGT isozyme, expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three incubations.
		The impact of glucuronidation on the bioactivation and DNA adduction of the cooked-food carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in vivo
	carcin.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/7/1087 (3619 words)

	(-)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans -- Schroeter et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The structural identity with regard to the site of glucuronidation of compounds 1, 3, and 5 was further confirmed by hetero-multiple bond correlation (HMBC) experiments (data not shown).
		The HMBC spectrum for compound 5 confirmed the structure as epicatechin-7-O-glucuronide by demonstrating the presence of a cross-peak corresponding to anomeric proton, H-1′′ of the glucuronide moiety with the C-7 (
		Additional HMBC experiments were conducted to determine the position of glucuronide moiety.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/0510168103/DC1 (1107 words)

	5-Androstane-3, ...
		-diol) and androstanediol glucuronide are metabolites of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, which may reflect peripheral androgen metabolism.
		Androstanediol glucuronide is not secreted by adrenals, ovaries, or testes.
		Studies on the origin of androstanediole and androstanediol glucuronide in youth and elderly man. J Clin Endocrinol.
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/sr004800.htm (227 words)

	Efficacy of nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide against Cryptosporidium parvum development in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		glucuronide strongly inhibited asexual and sexual stages, respectively.
		Effects of nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide on the development of the asexual and sexual stages of C.
		Effects of nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide on the penetration of C.
	jac.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/46/1/57 (1932 words)

	Role of Morphine’s Metabolites in Analgesia: Concepts and Controversies
		This isozyme is responsible for the formation of both glucuronide species.
		With regard to morphine metabolism and M6G formation, the primary results have shown that morphine glucuronidation is unaffected by numerous UGT2B7 mutations, including the UGT2B7 H268Y polymorphism.
		Continued investigation is necessary to resolve the controversies surrounding M6G and to further our understanding of its actions and interactions in the body.
	www.aapsj.org /view.asp?art=aapsj080239 (2983 words)

	Androstane-3{alpha},17{beta}-Diol Glucuronide as a Steroid Correlate of Visceral Obesity in Men -- Tchernof et al. 82 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Androstane-3{alpha},17{beta}-Diol Glucuronide as a Steroid Correlate of Visceral Obesity in Men -- Tchernof et al.
		Glucuronidation is a metabolic pathway by which lipophilic steroids
		Correlations between adiposity indexes and plasma glucuronide conjugate concentrations.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/82/5/1528 (3707 words)

	Reproducibility and Validity of Radioimmunoassays for Urinary Hormones and Metabolites in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		was problematic, and estrone glucuronide was not measured.
		Urinary estrone glucuronide was measured by RIA in laboratory
		glucuronide in early morning urine samples to monitor ovarian functions.
	cebp.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/8/6/567 (3744 words)

	Acid-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Lysozyme-Estrone Glucuronide Conjugates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (acid-PAGE) was used for analysis of lysozyme-estrone glucuronide conjugates.
		The resolution of the system allowed the identification of individual conjugate families which differed only in the position of acylation or in the number of estrone glucuronide units.
		Acid-PAGE was a good alternative to denaturing cation-exchange chromatography for the analysis, separation, and small-scale purification of lysozyme-estrone glucuronide conjugates.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bcches/1998/9/i06/abs/bc9701914.html (122 words)

	Metabolism of Orally Administered Androstenedione in Young Men -- Leder et al. 86 (8): 3654 -- Journal of Clinical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		glucuronide levels were stable during frequent blood sampling.
		serum testosterone glucuronide levels during d 1 frequent blood sampling in the control (circles), 100 mg group (squares), and 300 mg group (triangles; n = 5/group in control and 100 mg groups and n = 6 in 300 mg group).
		and testosterone glucuronide transiently in six men (18).
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/86/8/3654 (2882 words)

	Foods That Contain Ethyl Glucuronide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Soy foods typically contain more genistein than daidzein although this Isoflavone glucuronide concentrations in portal venous blood excretion as an indicator of dietary intake.
		action of cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase and may contain in vivo appears to be via conjugation with glucuronide and These estimates should contain comparisons between the levels of acrylamide exposure The Committee prepared international estimates of intake of ethyl carbamate from foods using the five certain food additive specifications..
		ethyl 2 [[[[(4 chloro 6methoxy 2pyrimidinyl)amino hydroxythiabendazole metabolites (free form potassium glucuronide followed will produce a food that will not contain are elevated because of the ruptured liver cells which contain acid (Actigall) methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl it through oxidation and conjugation with sulfate or glucuronide.
	www.clinicsf.com /foods-that-contain-ethyl-glucuronide.htm (316 words)

	Ethyl Glucuronide Fact Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a direct ethanol metabolite.
		Ethyl glucuronide testing is well established as a method for detecting beverage alcohol consumption and the research literature is replete with peer reviewed journal articles.
		Both have been alcohol and other drug abuse clinic directors, supervising a staff of social workers, counselors, psychologists and other addiction specialists.
	www.ethylglucuronide.net (243 words)

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