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Topic: Glutamate

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	Glutamic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glutamic acid or glutamate (the anionic form of glutamic acid) is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids.
		Microinjection of glutamate into neurons produces spontaneous depolarisations around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarising shift in epileptic attacks.
		The sodium salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate (MSG) is responsible for one of the five basic tastes of the human sense of taste (umami), and MSG is extensively used as a food additive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glutamate (639 words)

	The Discovery of Umami
		Glutamate is an amino acid, and is a building block of protein.
		To be used as seasoning, glutamate had to have some of the same physical characteristics which are found, for example, in sugar and salt: it had to be easily soluble in water but neither absorb humidity nor solidify.
		Because monosodium glutamate has no smell or specific texture of its own, it can be used in many different dishes where it naturally enhances the original flavor of the food.
	www.glutamate.org /media/glutamate.htm (257 words)

	Glud1 - Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial precursor
		Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes reversible oxidative deamination of l-glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate.
		While glutamate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activities are lower in the cerebellum and brain stem of the CD mouse, alanine aminotransferase and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) activities and succinate level are similar to the levels observed in the wild type.
		Glud1 is a homologue of Gdh (Glutamate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor) from Drosophila melanogaster.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gg/121313.html (1746 words)

	FDA Backgrounder: FDA and Monosodium Glutamate
		Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used as a flavor enhancer in a variety of foods prepared at home, in restaurants, and by food processors.
		Studies have shown that the body uses glutamate, an amino acid, as a nerve impulse transmitter in the brain and that there are glutamate-responsive tissues in other parts of the body, as well.
		Glutamate itself is in many living things: It is found naturally in our bodies and in protein-containing foods, such as cheese, milk, meat, peas, and mushrooms.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~lrd/msg.html (1901 words)

	The Facts on Monosodium Glutamate
		Monosodium glutamate is the sodium salt of glutamic acid.
		Glutamate is a naturally occurring amino acid that is found in nearly all foods, especially high protein foods such as dairy products, meat and fish and in many vegetables.
		When monosodium glutamate is used in combination with a small amount of table salt, it can help to reduce the total sodium in a recipe by 20 to 40% while maintaining flavour.
	www.eufic.org /gb/food/pag/food35/food352.htm (626 words)

	Hot Spot - Glutamate transporters
		Their operational capacity is dramatically increased due to a rapid transformation of glutamate to glutamine by glutamine synthetase, an enzyme which is expressed in astrocytes, but not in neurons [12, 19].
		For example, astroglial glutamate transporters are upregulated by macromolecular soluble factors that are predominantly expressed in neurons (e.g.
		Future studies will reveal whether glutamate transporters, besides their carrier function, could be considered as novel glutamate receptors, or they are just adapter molecules for other receptors.
	www.neurochem.org /newsletter/June01/GegelashviliHotSpot.htm (1276 words)

	Glutamate Toxicity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In order for the brain to use the common amino acid glutamate as a neurotransmitter, it has been necessary to introduce a series of innovations that greatly restrict the availability of glutamate, so that it cannot degrade the signal-to-noise ratio of glutamatergic neurons.
		Glutamic acid binds to a variety of excitatory amino acid receptors, which are ligand-gated ion channels.
		Thus, release of glutamate from synaptic terminals, in addition to postsynaptic neurons, turns on the astrocytes nearby which respond by liberating the same neurotransmitter via a novel Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism and thereby signal back to neurons.
	www.altcorp.com /AffinityLaboratory/gsglutamate.htm (1258 words)

	Australia New Zealand have proposed to declare "monosodium glutamate" in restaurant food
		Feeding studies were of particular concern to the defenders of the safety of "monosodium glutamate." One of their prime defenses on behalf of the "safety" of "monosodium glutamate" was that animal studies that showed that "monosodium glutamate" was toxic to animals did not reflect the human condition.
		Holzwarth-McBride, M.A., Hurst, E.M., and Knigge, K.M. Monosodium glutamate induced lesions of the arcuate nucleus.
		Holzwarth, M.A., and Hurst, E.M. Manifestations of monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced lesions of the arcuate nucleus of the mouse.
	www.truthinlabeling.com /AustraliaNewZealand.html (13071 words)

	Characterization of vesicular glutamate transporter in pancreatic alpha - and beta -cells and its regulation by glucose ...
		Glutamate has been suggested to play an important role in the release of insulin and glucagon from pancreatic cells via exocytosis.
		Glutamate uptake into the secretory granules by vesicular glutamate transporter is a rate-limiting step for glutamate release.
		B: glutamate uptake was determined in the presence or absence of 4 mM ATP or ATPase inhibitors for 5 min.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/5/G808 (3443 words)

	monosodium glutamate on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Completion of Sale of Tate and Lyle Group's Monosodium Glutamate Unit to Ajinomoto.
		Tate and Lyle PLC: Conditional Sale Of Monosodium Glutamate Unit To Ajinomoto.
		Monosodium glutamate and the Chinese Restaurant Syndrome: a review of food additive safety.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-monosodi.asp (136 words)

	Structural Features of the Glutamate Transporter Family -- Slotboom et al. 63 (2): 293 -- Microbiology and Molecular ...
		The conformations of glutamate and aspartate in the
		Glutamate 404 is involved in the substrate discrimination of GLT-1, a (Na)-coupled glutamate transporter from rat brain.
		Glutamate uptake is inhibited by arachidonic acid and oxygen radicals via two distinct and additive mechanisms.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/63/2/293 (6617 words)

	IFIC: Glutamate and MSG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Glutamate is also produced by the human body and is vital for metabolism and brain function.
		Glutamate is actually 10 times more abundant in human breast milk than in cow's milk.
		The human body treats glutamate that is added to foods in the form of MSG the same as the natural glutamate found in food.
	www.penpages.psu.edu /penpages_reference/12101/121012378.HTML (1205 words)

	Bergles Laboratory: Glutamate Transporter Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At synapses in the CNS, glutamate transporters can influence the occupancy of glutamate receptors by reducing the peak concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft, by accelerating the decay of the glutamate transient, and by restricting the diffusion of glutamate to perisynaptic receptors or receptors at adjacent synapses.
		The high density of transporters in astrocyte membranes, the high capacity of astrocytes for glutamate uptake, and the close association of astrocyte processes with synapses, suggests that glial transporters are important for removing glutamate released at synapses.
		In addition, critical questions remain to be answered regarding the efficiency of transporters (the probability that when a transporter binds a molecule of glutamate, that this molecule is translocated and released into the cytosol), and the speed with which glutamate is removed from the extracellular space.
	www.bergleslab.com /transporters.html (843 words)

	Glutamate receptors
		From both an ionotropic (AMPA-sensitive) glutamate receptor and a metabotropic glutamate receptor the structures of the ligand binding domains could be elucidated in the presence and absence of glutamate or inhibitors.
		A surplus of the transmitter has to be removed from the space between the pre-synaptic nerve terminal (which released the glutamate) and the post-synaptic cell, else the excitation may last for unwanted periods.
		The depletion of glutamate is performed by a class of glutamate transporters with unique structural features.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /lehre/bza/neuro/eglutrec.htm (366 words)

	Allrecipes \| Cook's Encyclopedia \| monosodium glutamate; MSG
		[ mon-uh-SOH-dee-uhm GLOO- tuh-mayt ] Commonly known as MSG, this white crystalline powder is derived from glutamic acid, one of the 22 amino acids.
		Japan, where MSG is known as aji-no-moto, is still today's largest producer of MSG, a popular flavor enhancer in Japanese and Chinese cooking.
		MSG is found in the spice section of supermarkets either as monosodium glutamate, MSG or under brand names such as Ac'cent.
	allrecipes.com /advice/ref/ency/terms/7502.asp (229 words)

	Glutamate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Glutamate is considered the principle excitatory amino acid in the CNS.
		Regions in which it seem particularly important include the granular cells of the cerebellum, the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, the Betz cells of the motor strip, and the projections of the frontal lobe to the basal ganglia.
		One of the major difficulties in recognizing the role of glutamate as a neurotransmitter was the fact that there is only a small percentage of the glutamate present in synaptic vesicles.
	www.unifr.ch /biochem/DREYER/Neurotransmitters/glutamate.htm (434 words)

	Brain Uptake of Glutamate: Food for Thought -- Attwell 130 (4): 1023 -- Journal of Nutrition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Schematic diagram of detection of glutamate release by reversed uptake in conditions mimicking stroke.
		Glutamate leaving the glial cell is detected by opening of channels and inward current flow (bottom left inset) in the neuron.
		Brew H., Attwell D. Electrogenic glutamate uptake is a major current carrier in the membrane of axolotl retinal glial cells.
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/130/4/1023S (1516 words)

	Glutamate and psychiatric disorders -- Tsapakis and Travis 8 (3): 189 -- Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
		at the NMDA receptors are NMDA and glutamate.
		1 Cortical glutamate regulates brainstem monoaminergic neurons in two possible ways: (a) directly, by means of glutamatergic fibres projecting to brainstem neurons (accelerator); and (b) indirectly by fibres projecting to the glutamatergic/gabaergic pathway from cortex to brainstem (brake).
		Grotta, J., Clark, W., Coull, B., et al (1995) Safety and tolerability of the glutamate antagonist CGS 19755 (Selfotel) in patients with acute ischaemic stroke.
	apt.rcpsych.org /cgi/content/full/8/3/189 (3951 words)

	Second International Conference on Glutamate: Conference Summary -- Fernstrom 130 (4): 1077 -- Journal of Nutrition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The role of glutamate as a cosubstrate in the
		Brosnan J. Glutamate, at the interface between amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.
		Goldsmith P. Neuroglial responses to elevated glutamate in the medial basal hypothalamus of the infant mouse.
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/130/4/1077S (2400 words)

	HHMI News: Researchers Bowled Over by Glutamate Transporter's Elegant Architecture
		The transporter structure could also spur basic research because glutamate transporters are present in many organs, including the heart, kidney and intestine, although their function there is unknown.
		But until Gouaux and his colleagues determined the three-dimensional structure of the glutamate transporter, little was known about how such neurotransmitter transporters functioned, or even how they embedded themselves in the membrane of neurons.
		They found their match in a glutamate transporter from the bacterium Pyrococcus horikoshii, which has adapted to live in boiling undersea vents, and thus its proteins are less fragile.
	www.hhmi.org /news/gouaux.html (1074 words)

	Glutamate antagonists: Deadly liaisons with cancer -- Cavalheiro and Olney 98 (11): 5947 -- Proceedings of the National ...
		Glutamate antagonists: Deadly liaisons with cancer -- Cavalheiro and Olney 98 (11): 5947 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		Glutamate signaling has long been assumed to be restricted to the CNS; however a growing body of recent evidence documents that non-neural cells throughout the body possess glutamate receptors, including bone osteoblasts and osteoclasta, megakaryocytes, keratinocytes, pancreatic islet cells, taste buds, and cells in the lung, liver, heart, kidney, and adrenal.
		Much work remains to be done to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the cytostatic effects of glutamate antagonists.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/11/5947 (1540 words)

	Inherited Defects of Sodium-dependent Glutamate Transport Mediated by Glutamate/Aspartate Transporter in Canine Red ...
		-dependent glutamate uptake at a negligible level that was less than 0.3% that in the oocytes injected with synthetic RNA in each of the concentrations of glutamate.
		Phenotypes for glutamate transport activity (NGluT and LGluT) are indicated to the left of each symbol.
		At 24 h after microinjection of synthetic RNAs, glutamate uptake was measured, and the remaining oocytes were further incubated for 12 h in the presence or absence of 10 µg/ml cycloheximide.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/275/9/6620 (6320 words)

	BrainTalk Communities - Role Of Glutamate, Rna Processing
		This type of protein is called a glutamate transporter, and it’s vital for keeping glutamate from building up and poisoning cells.
		And they also know that glutamate transport is known to be faulty in people with ALS whose tissues have been studied to detect this problem.
		Since excess calcium in the wrong place is a well-known cause of cell death, the calcium-permeable glutamate receptors could be a key factor in the disease.
	brain.hastypastry.net /forums/printthread.php?t=2058 (571 words)

	Vesicular Glutamate Transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 Guinea Pig Polyclonal Antibodies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system.
		When protons are pumped into the vesicular lumen, a proton gradient and a membrane potential occur across the vesicular membrane, which favors the exchange of luminal protons for cytoplasmic transmitter.
		Tong Q, Ma J and Kirchgessner AL (2001) Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the brain-gut axis.
	www.apoptag.com /Featured/vglut.asp (898 words)

	glutamat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Usage: With a rich "meaty" flavor, glutamate is a frequent additive to edible consumer products such as crackers, chips, seasonings, soup bases, sauces, and "natural flavorings." Rich in free glutamate, parmesan cheese and tomatoes, e.g., appeal to the tongues of carnivores.
		High levels of free glutamate (a building block of protein) are found in mushrooms, tomatoes, and peas.
		A study of the gustofacial reflex of newborns (as young as 24 hours in age) found a.
	members.aol.com /nonverbal3/glutamat.htm (244 words)

	MSG / monosodium glutamate -- hidden in processed food
		The MSG-reaction is a reaction to free glutamic acid that occurs in food as a consequence of manufacture.
		MSG-sensitive people do not react to protein (which contains bound glutamic acid) or any of the minute amounts of free glutamic acid that might be found in unadulterated, unfermented, food.
		The new game is to label hydrolyzed proteins as pea protein, whey protein, corn protein, etc. If a pea, for example, were whole, it would be identified as a pea.
	www.truthinlabeling.org /hiddensources.html (449 words)

	C&EN: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - Monosodium Glutamate
		No credible studies substantiate any harmful health effects caused by MSG, according to Lisa Katic, director of public affairs for the Glutamate Association, an organization of manufacturers, national marketers, and processed food users of MSG.
		This means that, on the basis of available data and the amount needed to achieve the desired effect, a numerical limit for daily intake is not necessary.
		According to the Glutamate Association, such a classification is the safest category for a food additive.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/whatstuff/stuff/8130sci3.html (906 words)

	MSG
		Research on the role of glutamate-a group of chemicals that includes MSG in the nervous system-also has raised questions about the chemical's safety.
		Injections of glutamate in laboratory animals have resulted in damage to nerve cells in the brain, but consuming glutamate in food does not have this effect.
		A 1995 report from the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), an independent body of scientists, helps put these safety concerns into perspective and reaffirms FDA's belief that MSG and related substances are safe food ingredients for most people when eaten at customary levels.
	www.fda.gov /medbull/january96/msg.html (722 words)

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