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Topic: Glutamate transporter

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	Bergles Laboratory: Glutamate Transporter Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The high density of transporters in astrocyte membranes, the high capacity of astrocytes for glutamate uptake, and the close association of astrocyte processes with synapses, suggests that glial transporters are important for removing glutamate released at synapses.
		In addition, critical questions remain to be answered regarding the efficiency of transporters (the probability that when a transporter binds a molecule of glutamate, that this molecule is translocated and released into the cytosol), and the speed with which glutamate is removed from the extracellular space.
		Ongoing projects in the lab include studies of the biophysical properties of astroglial transporters (GLT-1 and GLAST), the pathways involved in regulating the activity and expression of glutamate transporters, and the role of specific transporters in excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and in the cochlea of the mammalian ear.
	www.bergleslab.com /transporters.html (843 words)

	HHMI News: Researchers Bowled Over by Glutamate Transporter's Elegant Architecture
		The transporter structure could also spur basic research because glutamate transporters are present in many organs, including the heart, kidney and intestine, although their function there is unknown.
		Furthermore, even though researchers had determined the amino acid sequence of the glutamate transporter protein, and performed biochemical experiments to aid in understanding its overall shape, major puzzles remained about the transporter's architecture and precise mechanism of action.
		They found their match in a glutamate transporter from the bacterium Pyrococcus horikoshii, which has adapted to live in boiling undersea vents, and thus its proteins are less fragile.
	www.hhmi.org /news/gouaux.html (1073 words)

	Characterization of vesicular glutamate transporter in pancreatic alpha - and beta -cells and its regulation by glucose ...
		Characterization of vesicular glutamate transporter in pancreatic alpha - and beta -cells and its regulation by glucose -- Bai et al.
		Glutamate uptake into the secretory granules by vesicular glutamate transporter is a rate-limiting step for glutamate release.
		B: glutamate uptake was determined in the presence or absence of 4 mM ATP or ATPase inhibitors for 5 min.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/5/G808 (3419 words)

	Mawrin, Mol Vis 2003; 9:10-13.
		However, in models with rapid RGC damage, it is important to determine whether the buffering function of the glutamate transporters, which occurs in response to the increased glutamate levels, may be caused by the activation of stored glutamate transporter proteins from retinal cells.
		Interestingly, in contrast to the repeatedly observed changes in the glutamate transporter, it is unclear whether the intraocular glutamate levels are altered in the long term course of glaucoma.
		Developmental expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 5: a photoreceptor and bipolar cell glutamate transporter in rat retina.
	www.molvis.org /molvis/v9/a2 (2563 words)

	C-terminal interactions modulate the affinity of GLAST glutamate transporters in salamander retinal glial cells -- ...
		To competitively disrupt interactions of the C- and N-termini of the GLAST glutamate transporter with other proteins, we dialysed whole-cell patch-clamped retinal glia with peptides identical to the eight amino acids at the C- or N-termini of the transporter, and compared the effect on transporter-mediated currents with dialysis of scrambled versions of the same peptides.
		Glutamate transporter activity was monitored electrically, at 23-25°C, in glial (Müller) cells isolated enzymatically from the retinae of aquatic tiger salamanders (killed by stunning followed by destruction of the brain) as described by Brew and Attwell (1987).
		The extrapolated maximum transporter current at high glutamate concentration (normalised by cell capacitance, a measure of cell membrane area) was not significantly different for all the peptides studied (Fig.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/520/2/393 (3123 words)

	Protein KINASE C-Dependent Remodeling of Glutamate Transporter Function -- González and Robinson 4 (1): 48 -- ...
		Synaptic release of glutamate results in activation of several different types of glutamate receptors that are situated on the post-synaptic neuron, on the presynaptic terminal, and the surrounding glial cells.
		Glutamate is cleared from the synaptic space by transporters that are enriched on the postsynaptic termini and on the glial processes that sheath the synapse.
		on the glial transporter GLT1, and the neuronal transporter,
	molinterv.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/4/1/48 (6472 words)

	Glutamate transporters in kidney and brain -- Hediger 277 (4): 487 -- AJP - Renal Physiology
		Glutamate transporters in kidney and brain -- Hediger 277 (4): 487 -- AJP - Renal Physiology
		by intracellular acidification (22), and transport of glutamate
		Glutamate and glutamine distribution in the rat nephron in acidosis and alkalosis.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/277/4/F487 (2587 words)

	Diabetes-Induced Dysfunction of the Glutamate Transporter in Retinal Muller Cells -- Li and Puro 43 (9): 3109 -- ...
		Because glutamate transporter activity in diabetic Müller cells was decreased relative to control levels (Fig.
		Early in the course of diabetic retinopathy, the function of the glutamate transporter in Müller cells was decreased by a mechanism that is likely to involve oxidation.
		and the increase in the concentration of glutamate in the retina.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/43/9/3109 (5535 words)

	Day Laboratory at Mass General
		Trotti's research is focused on the role of glutamate transporters in health and neurodegenerative disease states.
		Malfunction of the glutamate transport system is involved in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
		Another important aspect of my work is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of regulation of glutamate transporters and the potential applications to drug therapy.
	www.massgeneral.org /als/ALS_Staff_Trotti.htm (161 words)

	Aberrant Expression of the Glutamate Transporter Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 (EAAT1) in Alzheimer's Disease -- ...
		Dehnes Y, Chaudhry FA, Ullensvang K, Lehre KP, Storm-Mathisen J, Danbolt NC (1998) The glutamate transporter EAAT4 in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells: a glutamate-gated chloride channel concentrated near the synapse in parts of the dendritic membrane facing astroglia.
		Pow DV, Barnett NL (2000) Developmental expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 5: a photoreceptor and bipolar cell glutamate transporter in rat retina.
		Rothstein JD, Martin LJ, Kuncl RW (1992) Decreased glutamate transport by the brain and spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/3/RC206 (2693 words)

	MDA Research \| GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER COULD BE KEY TO BETTER ALS DRUGS
		Glutamate normally acts as a chemical messenger between neurons, but at high levels, it can be toxic.
		Cells called astrocytes use the glutamate transporter — known as EAAT2 — to vacuum up excess glutamate and protect neurons.
		"With the glutamate transporter, we can increase mouse survival not by two weeks, but by a minimum of two months and a maximum of one and a half years," Rothstein announced.
	www.mdausa.org /research/011114glutamate.html (375 words)

	Glutamate-glutamine cycle and aging in striatum of the awake rat: effects of a glutamate transporter blocker. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This study investigated the effects of aging on the actions of a specific glutamate reuptake blocker, L-trans-pyrrolidine-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC), in extracellular glutamate and glutamine in striatum of the awake rat.
		Local infusion of PDC (1-4 mM) in striatum increased the dialysate concentration of glutamate and decreased dialysate concentration of glutamine in all the age-groups.
		The same profile glutamine/glutamate as in young rats was found in middle-aged, aged and very aged rats, which suggests that the action of glutamate on the glutamate-glutamine cycle in striatum of the awake rat is not modified as a consequence of aging.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_11358280.html (239 words)

	Regulation of the activity and cell surface expression of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1 by multiple ...
		The primary mechanism for the removal of glutamate and aspartate from the extracellular space is a family of five sodium-dependent high affinity transporters.
		These transporters are selectively expressed in either neurons or glia, and may be critical for the limitation of excitotoxic injury following acute insults to the CNS.
		The neuronal transporter EAAC1 is of special interest because it is enriched in the hippocampus and cortex, two areas exquisitely sensitive to excitotoxic insults.
	repository.upenn.edu /dissertations/AAI9953595 (401 words)

	Transient upregulation of the glial glutamate transporter GLAST in response to fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like ...
		Transient upregulation of the glial glutamate transporter GLAST in response to fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor and epidermal growth factor in cultured astrocytes -- Suzuki et al.
		Transient upregulation of the glial glutamate transporter GLAST in response to fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor and epidermal growth factor in cultured astrocytes
		A concentration dependence of glutamate transport activity was assessed in the astrocytes treated with 3 ng/ml bFGF (A), 100 ng/ml IGF-1 (B), and 30 ng/ml EGF (C) for 24 hours.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/114/20/3717 (5269 words)

	MDA News \| ‘GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER’ COULD BE KEY TO BETTER DRUGS FOR LOU GEHRIG’S DISEASE
		In a presentation at the Society for Neuroscience meeting in San Diego Tuesday, Jeffrey Rothstein and Margaret Sutherland showed that a genetic boost of a "glutamate transporter" protein called EAAT2 offered mice with ALS more protection against the disease than any drug treatment that’s been tested so far.
		Rothstein is co-director of the MDA/ALS Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and Sutherland is an MDA grantee at George Washington University in Washington.
		In the mouse study, Rothstein said, "With the glutamate transporter, we can increase mouse survival not by two weeks, but by a minimum of two months and a maximum of one and a half years."
	www.mdausa.org /news/011119glutamateALS.html (280 words)

	Inherited Defects of Sodium-dependent Glutamate Transport Mediated by Glutamate/Aspartate Transporter in Canine Red ...
		to be a transporter in the epithelia of the intestine and kidney,
		Phenotypes for glutamate transport activity (NGluT and LGluT) are indicated to the left of each symbol.
		At 24 h after microinjection of synthetic RNAs, glutamate uptake was measured, and the remaining oocytes were further incubated for 12 h in the presence or absence of 10 µg/ml cycloheximide.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/275/9/6620 (6296 words)

	neurotransporter, glutamate, glutamate uptake, glutamate transporter, EAAT1, EAAT2, EAAT3, EAAT4, EAAT5, ...
		neurotransporter, glutamate, glutamate uptake, glutamate transporter, EAAT1, EAAT2, EAAT3, EAAT4, EAAT5, neurotransmitter, transporter protein, synapse, transmitter, GABA, GABA transporter, University of Oslo, Niels Chr.
		Challenge: The mechanisms controlling glutamate are hard to study because glutamate is involved in so many different and interconnected processes.
		Glutamate mediates most of the excitatory (stimulating, activating) signals in the central nervous system.
	www.neurotransporter.org (318 words)

	Functional characterization of a glutamate/aspartate transporter from the mosquito Aedes aegypti -- Umesh et al. 206 ...
		(B) Anion dependence of substrate transport was determined by replacing chloride ions in the transport assay buffer either with equimolar concentrations of acetate (gray bars) or gluconate (hatched bars).
		This represents the transport of endogenous excitatory amino acids out of the oocyte, and was not observed in water-injected oocytes (data not shown).
		The presence of glutamate in nerve-muscle perfusates of Helix, Carcinus and Periplaneta.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/206/13/2241 (6798 words)

	Regulation of the Neuronal Glutamate Transporter Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier-1 (EAAC1) by Different Protein Kinase C ...
		Brasnjo G and Otis TS (2001) Neuronal glutamate transporters control activation of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors and influence cerebellar long-term depression.
		Diamond JS (2001) Neuronal glutamate transporters limit activation of NMDA receptors by neurotransmitter spillover on CA-1 pyramidal cells.
		He Y, Janssen WGM, Rothstein JD and Morrison JH (2000) Differential synaptic localization of the glutamate transporter EAAC1 and glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 in the rat hippocampus.
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/62/4/901 (6762 words)

	GLT-1 glutamate transporter levels are unchanged in mice expressing G93A human mutant SOD1. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		GLT-1 glutamate transporter levels are unchanged in mice expressing G93A human mutant SOD1.
		A decrease in expression of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 is thought to be responsible for the increase in extracellular glutamate observed in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in a transgenic mouse model of ALS.
		We examined protein levels of the glutamate transporters GLT-1, GLAST and EAAC1 in the G93A (SOD1) transgenic mouse model of ALS.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_11790392.html (174 words)

	--< SYnaptic SYstems >--VGLUT 3 antibody
		Complementary distribution of type 1 cannabinoid receptors and vesicular glutamate transporter 3 in basal forebrain suggests input-specific retrograde signalling by cholinergic neurons.
		The identification of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 suggests novel modes of signaling by glutamate.
		Molecular cloning and functional identification of mouse vesicular glutamate transporter 3 and its expression in subsets of novel excitatory neurons.
	www.sysy.com /vglut3/vglut3_ref.html (288 words)

	Glutamate Transporter 1 antibody (ab417) datasheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		If Glutamate Transporter 1 antibody (ab417) does not perform as described on this datasheet, notify us within 90 days of delivery using this form, so that we can help you or offer you a replacement or a refund.
		Glutamate transporters (GluT) function to remove L-glutamate (Glu), the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), from the synaptic cleft.
		At Abcam, we have one centralized database to hold all of our product information, so that everything we know about this Glutamate Transporter 1 antibody is on this datasheet.
	www.abcam.com /?datasheet=417 (499 words)

	Identification of Differentiation-Associated Brain-Specific Phosphate Transporter as a Second Vesicular Glutamate ...
		Identification of Differentiation-Associated Brain-Specific Phosphate Transporter as a Second Vesicular Glutamate Transporter (VGLUT2) -- Takamori et al.
		Identification of Differentiation-Associated Brain-Specific Phosphate Transporter as a Second Vesicular Glutamate Transporter (VGLUT2)
		Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian CNS.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/21/22/RC182 (869 words)

	Early Intermediates in the Transport Cycle of the Neuronal Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier EAAC1 -- Watzke et al. 117 ...
		Early Intermediates in the Transport Cycle of the Neuronal Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier EAAC1 -- Watzke et al.
		Early Intermediates in the Transport Cycle of the Neuronal Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier EAAC1
		Electrogenic glutamate transport by the excitatory amino acid
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/abstract/117/6/547 (512 words)

	Glutamate Aspartate Transporter antibody (ab416) datasheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		If Glutamate Aspartate Transporter antibody (ab416) does not perform as described on this datasheet, notify us within 90 days of delivery using this form, so that we can help you or offer you a replacement or a refund.
		At Abcam, we have one centralized database to hold all of our product information, so that everything we know about this Glutamate Aspartate Transporter antibody is on this datasheet.
		Cellular and regional distribution of the glutamate transporter GLAST in the CNS of rats: nonradioactive in situ hybridization and comparative immunocytochemistry.
	www.abcam.com /?datasheet=416 (369 words)

	Rapid Trafficking of the Neuronal Glutamate Transporter, EAAC1: EVIDENCE FOR DISTINCT TRAFFICKING PATHWAYS ...
		Rapid Trafficking of the Neuronal Glutamate Transporter, EAAC1: EVIDENCE FOR DISTINCT TRAFFICKING PATHWAYS DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED BY PROTEIN KINASE C AND PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR -- Fournier et al.
		from which transporter is redistributed to the cell surface
		A Role for p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in the Regulation of the Serotonin Transporter: Evidence for Distinct Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Transporter Surface Expression
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/279/33/34505 (433 words)

	glutamate-transporter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Functional properties and substrate specificity of the cloned L-glutamate/L-aspartate transporter GLAST-1 from rat brain expressed in Xenopus oocytes
		Electrogenic L-glutamate uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing a cloned rat brain L-glutamate/L-aspartate transporter (GLAST-1)
		Functional analysis of the high-affinity, Na+-dependent glutamate transporter GLAST-1 by site-directed mutagenesis
	www.uni-koeln.de /~akc58/publications/glutamatetransporter.html (174 words)

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