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Topic: Glutaraldehyde

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	Cidex (Glutaraldehyde) Disinfectant withdrawn over safety fears BBC News 22jan02
		Glutaraldehyde is used in large volume in a variety of industries as a disinfectant, preservative, fixative and cross-linking agent, and as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
		Glutaraldehyde was mutagenic in mouse L5178Y lymphoma cells in the absence of S9 and induced sister chromatid exchanges in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells with and without S9.
		Glutaraldehyde did not induce sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in germ cells of male D. melanogaster treated as adults by feeding or injection or treated as larvae by feeding.
	www.mindfully.org /Health/Cidex-Glutaraldehyde-Withdrawn22jan02.htm (1027 words)

	AFGE \| Glutaraldehyde
		Glutaraldehyde is used in cold sterilization and disinfection in the health care industry as a 2% water solution.
		The most common health effect of glutaraldehyde exposure is irritation of the nose, and to a lesser degree, irritation of the eyes and skin.
		Glutaraldehyde has a low vapor pressure, so it is probably not inhaled as readily.
	www.afge.org /Index.cfm?Page=Glutaraldehyde (274 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Glutaraldehyde
		Glutaraldehyde is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used to sterilize medical and dental equipment.
		Glutaraldehyde is an oily liquid at room temperature (density 1.06 g/mL), and miscible with water, alcohol, and benzene.
		Glutaraldehyde is frequently used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Glutaraldehyde (405 words)

	10/03/1997 - Use of latex surgical exam gloves for protection from glutaraldehyde.
		Glutaraldehyde is an irritant to the eyes, lungs and skin and a sensitizer to some individuals.
		When handling glutaraldehyde solutions, gloves which are impervious to glutaraldehyde should be worn.
		You should consult the manufacturer of any gloves, if they are expected to be used for handling glutaraldehyde, for the suitability of their gloves for chemical protection and the recommended time they can be expected to be safely worn.
	www.osha.gov /pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=22481 (356 words)

	UNISON the public service union - Health and safety
		Glutaraldehyde is a powerful cold disinfectant most commonly used for disinfecting heat sensitive instruments such as endoscopes and other medical and dental instruments.
		The MEL for glutaraldehyde is 0.05ppm/0.2mg.m¯3 for both long term exposure (that is averaged over 8 hours) and for short term exposure (that is 15 minutes).
		COSHH requires employers to prevent exposure to glutaraldehyde where reasonably practicable, and where not, to control exposure to as low a level as possible — ensuring that the number of people exposed and the duration of exposure are minimised.
	www.unison.org.uk /safety/doc_view.asp?did=168 (1765 words)

	John Kiernan's web page - Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
		Glutaraldehyde has fairly small molecules, each with two aldehyde groups, separated by a flexible chain of 3 methylene bridges.
		If it's to be any use as a fixative, especially for electron microscopy, the glutaraldehyde solution must contain the monomer and low polymers (oligomers) with molecules small enough to penetrate the tissue fairly quickly.
		The chemical reaction of glutaraldehyde with protein is fast (minutes to hours), but the larger molecules, especially the oligomers, penetrate tissue slowly.
	publish.uwo.ca /~jkiernan/formglut.htm (1991 words)

	Analyst Spring 2001 - Glutaraldehyde
		Glutaraldehyde is most often slug-dosed in cooling water systems in the 20-100 mg/L active range (50-100 mg/L active for a fouled system and 20-50 mg/L active for maintenance) at intervals of once per day to once per week.
		The mechanism by which glutaraldehyde kills microorganisms is through a crosslinking reaction between the carbonyl groups of the glutaraldehyde molecule and the amino groups contained within the cell wall.
		Glutaraldehyde exhibits a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 1.88 mg oxygen, per mg of active glutaraldehyde, as compared to a Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) of 1.92 mg oxygen, per mg active glutaraldehyde.
	www.awt.org /members/publications/analyst/2001/spring/glutaraldehyde.htm (2132 words)

	Analyst Spring 2001 - Glutaraldehyde
		Glutaraldehyde is one of those mainstay microbiocides that has become an important tool in the water treatment specialist's toolbox.
		Glutaraldehyde is also one of the few microbiocides that contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; thus making it both halogen-free (no AOX issues) and readily biodegradable in the environment.
		Glutaraldehyde has been, and continues to be, one of the workhorse non-oxidizing microbiocides in many successful cooling water treatment programs.
	awt.org /members/publications/analyst/2001/spring/glutaraldehyde.htm (2132 words)

	Glutaraldehyde: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals
		The strength of glutaraldehyde and water solutions typically ranges from 1% to 50%, but other formulations are available.
		Exposure to glutaraldehyde vapors during endoscopic sterilization processes in a large research and teaching institution.
		Glutaraldehyde exposures and symptoms among endoscopy nurses in South Australia.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/2001-115.html (911 words)

	Analyst Spring 2003 - Glutaraldehyde and DBNPA:
		Briefly, glutaraldehyde is more effective at removing the uppermost layers of biofilm rather that deeply penetrating the biofilm layer.
		The process by which glutaraldehyde removes the biofilm is through a sequential sloughing-off of layers, that is, enhanced by the flow dynamics of the cooling water.
		In cooling tower two, the same initial treatment program (glutaraldehyde and isothiazoline) as tower 1 was in use when the isothiazoline was switched out with DBNPA slow-release tablets at a use rate of approximately 1 to 2 tablets per week.
	awt.org /members/publications/analyst/2003/spring/glutaraldehyde.htm (1446 words)

	endonurse
		The room in which the glutaraldehyde is used should be large enough to ensure adequate dilution of vapor and should have a minimum of 10 air exchanges per hour.
		The preferred method of reducing glutaraldehyde vapors is local exhaust ventilation at the level of the point of discharge of the glutaraldehyde vapor.
		Major personnel exposures occur when the glutaraldehyde solution is poured into or out of the bottle and immersion tray, when the immersion tray is open for use, the solution is agitated during use, and medical devices are removed and rinsed.
	www.endonurseinstitute.com /c_using_glutar.html (2564 words)

	Hospital eTool: Healthcare Wide Hazards - Glutaraldehyde
		Glutaraldehyde is a toxic chemical that is used as a cold sterilant to disinfect and clean heat-sensitive medical, surgical and dental equipment.
		Glutaraldehyde is also used as a tissue fixative in histology and pathology labs and as a hardening agent in the development of x-rays.
		Make sure that rooms in which glutaraldehyde is to be used are well ventilated and large enough to ensure adequate dilution of vapor, with a minimum air exchange rate of 10 air changes per hour.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/glutaraldehyde/glut.html (980 words)

	Lab Safety Supply - EZ Facts Safety Info - Document #174, Glutaraldehyde
		Glutaraldehyde has a wide variety of uses and is found in many industries and occupations.
		Safety goggles should be considered where concentrated glutaraldehyde is being used or in situations where splashing may occur, it is best to use an indirect vent or non-vented goggle, avoid goggles with foam padding.
		Workers' exposure to glutaraldehyde may be determined by using personal monitors, passive gas monitors or vapor meters.
	www.labsafety.com /refinfo/ezfacts/ezf174.htm (1071 words)

	EXPOSURE TO GLUTARALDEHYDE
		Group A patients worked with glutaraldehyde used as a cold sterilant or, on occasions, as a bench wipe and comprised nurses and technicians employed in hospitals or general practice.
		Glutaraldehyde is a volatile irritating chemical which can also act as a sensitiser.
		Finally, given the history of the management of glutaraldehyde in photographic chemicals to date and the disastrous outcomes for many workers, there is clearly a need for a new technological approach for both cold sterilising and film processing.
	www.ncchem.com /snftaas/glutaraldehyde_review.htm (1958 words)

	NOAA GLERL Assessing Ecological Risks Posed by a Ballast Water Disinfectant Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In addition, a risk tradeoff analysis for the use of glutaraldehyde as a potential biocide versus invasions was performed to evaluate the practicality of biocides as an approach to prevention for invasions from NOBOB vessels.
		The risks of glutaraldehyde to different trophic levels, as estimated by CASM_Duluth, depended largely on the exposure scenario: Although data from laboratory experiments indicate a high sensitivity of algae to glutaraldehyde, results from this model indicate that annual phytoplankton biomass is largely unaffected under almost all simulation conditions (Table 1).
		Estimates of the probability of glutaraldehyde risks are hampered by higher uncertainty of potential environmental concentrations and indirect ecological impacts.
	www.glerl.noaa.gov /res/Task_rpts/2003/nsland10-2.html (2961 words)

	Sustainable Hospitals - 10 Reasons to Eliminate Glutaraldehyde
		Glutaraldehyde exposure in hospitals is a recognized cause of occupational asthma
		Alternatives to glutaraldehyde are available that are safer both for workers (the risk of skin and respiratory sensitization is avoided) and for the environment.
		Occupational asthma in a technologist exposed to glutaraldehyde.
	www.sustainablehospitals.org /HTMLSrc/IP_Glutaraldehyde.html (858 words)

	AFSCME - Glutaraldehyde
		Glutaraldehyde is a colorless liquid used to sterilize medical and dental equipment.
		Glutaraldehyde is also used in leather tanning and water treatment, and as a chemical preservative.
		Glutaraldehyde is also used in tissue embalming, during X-ray film processing, and in electron microscopy.
	www.afscme.org /issues/1344.cfm (739 words)

	GLUTARALDEHYDE - chemistry of glutaraldehyde, glutaraldehyde ph, glutaraldehyde crosslink, 5 glutaraldehyde, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
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	www.thediary.org /glutaraldehyde (306 words)

	Glutaraldehyde - Patient UK
		Glutaraldehyde is used to remove warts and verrucas on the hands and feet.
		Glutaraldehyde works by inactivating the virus and stops it spreading by drying the wart and the surrounding skin.
		Glutaraldehyde occasionally causes skin irritation such as rashes, redness, itching, or a burning sensation.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/30003724 (506 words)

	Glutaraldehyde
		Uses: Glutaraldehyde is used as a sterilant and disinfectant, leather tanning agent, tissue fixative, embalming fluid, resin or dye intermediate, and cross-linking agent.
		Glutaraldehyde is now being tested to see whether it causes cancer in animals that breathe its vapor.
		Glutaraldehyde is believed to be unlikely to affect pregnancy or reproductive function so long as exposure levels are below those that cause noticeable symptoms.
	www.dhs.ca.gov /ohb/HESIS/glutaral.htm (1399 words)

	Glutaraldehyde - The Highest Purity
		After glutaraldehyde has been purified to EM grade, it has a high risk of polymerizing if it is not handled properly.
		EM grade glutaraldehyde, stored in volumes greater than 100ml, with repeated defrosting and recapping, will polymerize in time, producing an absorption peak of 235nm rather than the 280nm of pure EM grade.
		Glutaraldehyde Spill Control; G-gard-ER Transforms glutaraldehyde to a nearly neutral solution and renders the solution acceptable for sewer disposal.
	www.emsdiasum.com /microscopy/products/chemicals/glutaraldehyde.aspx (494 words)

	Glutaraldehyde - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glutaraldehyde is a colourless liquid with a pungent odor used to sterilize medical and dental equipment.
		Glutaraldehyde is an oily liquid at room temperature (density 1.06 g/mL), and miscible with water, alcohol, and benzene.
		An isomer of glutaraldehyde has recently been developed by Seachem Laboratories, Inc. as a fertilizer for aquatic plants by providing a source of organic carbon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glutaraldehyde (184 words)

	FIXATION and FIXATIVES © Woods and Ellis 2000
		An aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde (glutaric dialdehyde) is a complex mixture at room temperature, consisting of approximately 4% free aldehyde, 16% monohydrate, 9% dihydrate and 70% hemiacetal.
		When glutaraldehyde solutions are kept for long periods at ambient temperatures, there is a tendency for precipitates to form and for aldehyde levels to fall so that some method of purification may be required.
		This comprises primary fixation in a mixture of 1% glutaraldehyde, 0.4% formaldehyde, sodium chromate and potassium dichromate followed by storage for 18 hours in a mixture of sodium chromate and potassium dichromate, and finally, post fixation in 2% osmium tetroxide, sodium chlorate and potassium dichromate.
	home.primus.com.au /royellis/fix.htm (9964 words)

	aldehyde's
		They are still in nursing and may have indirect exposure to levels of glutaraldehyde which are quite low and thus their symptoms are recurring, or they may have exposure to other irritants or allergens causing their problems.
		Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde when combined to fix tissue in electron microscopy were much more potent than when used individually.
		Glutaraldehyde combined with the effects of other sterilants and anaesthetic gases in theatres is uninvestigated.
	www.ncchem.com /snftaas/aldehydes.htm (17801 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Glutaraldehyde is a water-soluble liquid with high bactericidal, sporicidal, fungicidal and viricidal activity.
		Glutaraldehyde solution may remain stable for as less as half an hour after buffering.
		Glutaraldehyde is an excellent alternative in patients with palmar, plantar or periungual warts who do not respond to or do not tolerate lactic acid-salicylic acid in flexible collodion.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?dv04112 (883 words)

	Glutaraldehyde - SPI Supplies
		Glutaraldehyde is the most widely used fixative in the life science microscope laboratory and when used for electron microscopy, it is usually used in conjunction with osmium tetroxide.
		No moisture can be tolerated at all and EM grade glutaraldehyde must be used in that has been specially dehydrated.
		The main users who would benefit the most from the anhydrous glutaraldehyde are those doing rapid freezing or quenching, or other related "slamming" techniques where the tissue is literally being "slammed" on a highly polished metal surface.
	www.2spi.com /catalog/chem/chem2.shtml (540 words)

	Glutaraldehyde is used as a cold sterilant to disinfect and clean heat
		Glutaraldehyde is used as a cold sterilant to disinfect and clean heat
		Glutaraldehyde is used as a cold sterilant to disinfect and clean heat-sensitive equipment such as dialysis instruments, surgical instrucments, suction bottles, bronchoscope, endoscopes, and ear, nose, and throat instruments.
		The strength of glutaraldehyde and water solutions typically ranges from 1 % to 50%, but other formulations are available.
	www.mtuc.org.my /oshtips.html (1470 words)

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