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Glutathione - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione to glutathione and D-lactate. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glutathione   (600 words)

Glutathione Glutathione is widely found in all forms of life and plays an essential role in the health of organisms, particularly aerobic organisms. Glutathione is present in the diet in amounts usually less than 100 milligrams daily, and it does not appear that much of the oral intake is absorbed from the intestine into the blood (see Pharmacokinetics). Glutathione is the principal intracellular non protein thiol and plays a major role in the maintenance of the intracellular redox state. www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/glu_0126.shtml   (2531 words)

Glutathione Reductase Assay Glutathione reductase (GR) is a ubiquitous enzyme, which catalyzes the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to glutathione (GSH). Glutathione reductase is essential for the glutathione redox cycle that maintains adequate levels of reduced cellular GSH. Oxidized glutathione is reduced by a multi-step reaction in which GR is initially reduced by NADPH forming a semiquinone of FAD, a sulfur radical and a thiol. www.oxfordbiomed.com /glu19fr.html   (219 words)

Glutathione OBJECTIVE: To test the activity of elastase, collagenase and glutathione reductase in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in patients with osteoarthritis (OA); to correlate the elastase and collagenase activity with the glutathione reductase activity, which is important for the inactivation of oxygen free radicals. Glutathione reductase activity was measured following the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH) in the presence of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Glutathione reductase is the principal enzyme involved in the regeneration of GSH from GSSG. www.valueseek.com /health/arthritis.html   (882 words)

Glutathione Prostate Cancer and PCBs The alteration in hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) produced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was studied in vivo in aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)-responsive C57BL and -less-responsive DBA strains of mice. To assess the effects on GPx in the liver, the content of reduced glutathione (GSH), an obligate co-factor for GPx, and the activity of two enzymes, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) and glutathione reductase (GR), which play a role in supplying GSH were determined after PCB treatment. The glutathione S-transferase responsible for the metabolism of dichloromethane is expressed to significantly greater extents in mouse tissues than in rat, hamster or human tissues. www.foxriverwatch.com /prostate_glutathione.html   (5509 words)

Flavin Fluorescence Dynamics and Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Escherichia coli Glutathione Reductase -- van den ... Proton stoichiometry in the reduction of the FAD and disulfide of Escherichia coli thioredoxin reductase. The catalytic mechanism of glutathione reductase as derived from x-ray diffraction analyses of reaction intermediates. Purification and characterization of glutathione reductase encoded by a cloned and over-expressed gene in Escherichia coli. www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/74/4/2046   (7042 words)

Glutathione: Life-Extending “Master Antioxidant” Article Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide molecule composed of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine. The major functions of glutathione in the body include protecting cells against the destructive effects of free radicals; detoxifying external substances such as drugs, environmental pollutants and carcinogens; maintaining cell membrane stability; regulating protein and DNA biosynthesis and cell growth; enhancing immunologic function through its influence on lymphocytes; prostaglandin synthesis; and amino acid transport. They found that the mean glutathione reductase (GR) activity was significantly higher in centenarians than in the group of younger elderly subjects, and that centenarians with the best functional capacity tended to have the highest GR activity. www.vrp.com /art/1181.asp   (1880 words)

N-ACETYLCYSTEINE (NAC) Glutathione (GSH, L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine) is the predominant anti-oxidant in the aqueous cytoplasm of cells. Glutathione is synthesized from three amino acids in a two-step process, beginning with the combination of glutamic acid and cysteine and ending with the addition of glycine. Typically blood glutathione levels for clinically healthy adults do not diminish with age before age 40, are 15% lower for the 40-59 age group, 45% lower for the 60-79 age group, but only 20% lower for the 80-99 age group. www.benbest.com /nutrceut/NAC.html   (1169 words)

Reaction Mechanism and Regulation of Mammalian Thioredoxin/Glutathione Reductase   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09) Glutathione reductase (GR) activity of TGR was assayed as NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) determined as the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm at 25 However, in the presence of yeast GR and glutathione, the Grx activities of both mutant TGRs (Sec614Ser and truncated form) were restored to the level of the wild-type enzyme (Table 2 and Figure 3). (1997) The mechanism of thioredoxin reductase from human placenta is similar to the mechanisms of lipoamide dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase and is distinct from the mechanism of thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli, Proc. pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/sample.cgi/bichaw/2005/44/i44/html/bi051321w.html   (7092 words)

Glutathione (GSH), Male Infertility, Sperm Quality, Morphology Glutathione is not only vital to sperm antioxidant defenses, but selenium and glutathione are essential to the formation of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase - an enzyme present in spermatids which becomes a structural protein in the mid-piece of mature spermatozoa. Treatment with glutathione was found to have a statistically significantly positive effect on, among other things, sperm motility (in particular forward motility) and on sperm morphology. The findings of these studies indicate that glutathione therapy could represent a possible therapeutical tool in cases where ROS or exposure to toxins is the probable cause of male infertility. www.1whey2health.com /glutathione_infertility_sperm.htm   (1776 words)

Structural studies of glutathione reductase family Bastiaens, P.I., van Hoek, A., Wolkers, W.F., Brochon, J.C. and Visser, A.J. Comparison of the dynamical structures of lipoamide dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase by time-resolved polarized flavin fluorescence. Cunningham, M.L., Zvelebil, M.J. and Fairlamb, A.H. Mechanism of inhibition of trypanothione reductase and glutathione reductase by trivalent organic arsenicals. Karplus, P.A. and Schulz, G.E. Substrate binding and catalysis by glutathione reductase as derived from refined enzyme:substrate crystal structures at 2 Å resolution. www.icgeb.org /~p450srv/GR_reviews.html   (1742 words)

Seasonal Patterns of Glutathione and Ascorbate Metabolism in Field-Grown Cotton under Water Stress -- Mahan and Wanjura ... The glutathione reductase assay was modified from Mahan et al. Glutathione reductase was extracted from leaves collected between 0800 and 0830 h. Responses of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities in cotton leaf tissue exposed to an atmosphere enriched in oxygen. crop.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/45/1/193   (5072 words)

Rat and Calf Thioredoxin Reductase Are Homologous to Glutathione Reductase with a Carboxyl-terminal Elongation ... Residues that are identical among human glutathione reductase and the mammalian thioredoxin reductases are indicated with * (+ for partial identity). Note that the highest homology is found in the last third of the sequences, corresponding to the interface region, where the highest homology is found also between other enzymes of the glutathione reductase family (1). Amino acids within the first 300 amino acids in glutathione reductase that are conserved in the consensus sequences of lipoamide dehydrogenase, trypanothione reductase, and mercuric reductase (1) are indicated with open triangles. www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/273/15/8581   (6864 words)

Transgenic overproduction of glutathione reductase does not protect cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae), from ... Glutathione reductase activities of leaves of wild-type cotton measured at three times during the chilling exposure. Foyer C. Halliwell 1976 The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts: a proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism. Hossain H. Asada 1984 Purification of dehydroascorbate reductase from spinach and its characterisation as a thiol enzyme. www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/90/9/1400   (2148 words)

Overexpression of glutathione reductase extends survival in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster under hyperoxia but not ... Overexpression of glutathione reductase extends survival in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster under hyperoxia but not normoxia -- MOCKETT et al. the genomic glutathione reductase gene of Drosophila, with 4 Glutathione reductase activity does not appear to be a rate-limiting www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/abstract/13/13/1733   (390 words)

Platelet surface glutathione reductase-like activity -- Essex et al. 104 (5): 1383 -- Blood Determination of the in vivo redox status of cysteine, cysteinylglycine, homocysteine, and glutathione in human plasma. Distribution of oxidized and reduced forms of glutathione and cysteine in rat plasma. Purification and characterization of a doxorubicin-inhibited NADH-quinone (NADH-ferricyanide) reductase from rat liver plasma membranes. www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/104/5/1383   (1751 words)

Amino Acid Derivatives Glutathione (abbreviated GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine and glycine that has numerous important functions within cells. Glutathione serves as a reductant; is conjugated to drugs to make them more water soluble; is involved in amino acid transport across cell membranes (the g-glutamyl cycle); is a substrate for the peptidoleukotrienes; serves as a cofactor for some enzymatic reactions and as an aid in the rearrangement of protein disulfide bonds. The enzyme glutathione reductase utilizes NADPH as a cofactor to reduce GSSG back to two moles of GSH. web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/aminoacidderivatives.html   (2081 words)

Functional Significance of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Glutathione Reductase in the Antioxidant Defenses of Human ... Functional Significance of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Glutathione Reductase in the Antioxidant Defenses of Human Sperm -- Williams and Ford 71 (4): 1309 -- Biology of Reproduction Functional Significance of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Glutathione Reductase in the Antioxidant Defenses of Human Sperm Glutathione peroxidase is one of the principal antioxidant defense www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/abstract/71/4/1309   (305 words)

Trevigen, Inc. Trevigen’s Glutathione assay kit utilizes a carefully optimized enzymatic recycling method, using Glutathione reductase, for the quantification of Glutathione. The sulfhydryl group of Glutathione reacts with DTNB (5,5’-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid, Ellman’s reagent) and produces a yellow colored 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB). The mixed disulfide, GSTNB (between GSH and TNB) that is concomitantly produced, is reduced by Glutathione reductase to recycle the GSH and produce more TNB. www.trevigen.com /glutathione.php   (207 words)

Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase -- Arnér and Holmgren 267 (20): 6102 -- FEBS ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09) The sequences in the N-terminal FAD domain encompassing the active site disulfide motif identical to that of glutathione reductase, and the C-terminal elongation with selenocysteine and its neighbouring cysteine residue, are shown by one-letter amino-acid abbreviations with U identifying the selenocysteine [49,57]. Kumar, S., Björnstedt, M. and Holmgren, A. (1992) Selenite is a substrate for calf thymus thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin and elicits a large non-stoichiometric oxidation of NADPH in the presence of oxygen. Arscott, L.D., Gromer, S., Schirmer, R.H., Becker, K. and Williams, C.H. Jr (1997) The mechanism of thioredoxin reductase from human placenta is similar to the mechanisms of lipoamide dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase and is distinct from the mechanism of thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli. content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/full/267/20/6102   (5516 words)

The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Contains Two Glutaredoxin Genes That Are Required for Protection against Reactive ... Glutathione reductase (Glr) is the primary enzyme that controls the redox state of GSH and is required for protection against Yeast glutathione reductase is required for protection against oxidative stress and is a target gene for yAP-1 transcriptional regulation. Glutathione is an essential metabolite required for resistance to oxidative stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/9/5/1081   (6398 words)

The Individualist: Glutathione Glutathione, an antioxidant, protects cells from toxins such as free radicals (1). It is used to study the effects of GSH as a hydrogen peroxide scavenger in asthma (2). Without the protection from oxidative injury afforded by glutathione, cells may be damaged or killed (3). www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl/Glutathione   (708 words)

Methemoglobinemia and Eccentrocytosis in Equine Erythrocyte Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Deficiency -- Harvey et al. 40 ... a disulfide (oxidized glutathione [GSSG]) in response to oxidative Harvey JW, Kaneko JJ: Mammalian erythrocyte glutathione reductase: kinetic constants and saturation with cofactor. Effect of glutathione reductase deficiency on the stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt under oxidative stress. www.vetpathology.org /cgi/content/full/40/6/632   (4888 words)

InterPro: IPR006338 Thioredoxin and glutathione reductase selenoprotein O62768 Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic (EC 1.8.1.9) (TR) (TR1) Q16881 Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic precursor (EC 1.8.1.9) (TR) (TR1) Gladyshev V.N. Jeang K.T. Stadtman T.C. Selenocysteine, identified as the penultimate C-terminal residue in human T-cell thioredoxin reductase, corresponds to TGA in the human placental gene. www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR006338   (3020 words)

InterPro: IPR000815 Mercuric reductase In addition, the domain has been found in bacterial mercuric reductase; the copP copper-binding protein of Helicobacter pylori ; and in the N-terminal regions of mercuric transport protein periplasmic component (gene merP) and plasmids carried by mercury-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, where it seems to be a mercury scavenger that specifically binds to one Hg P00390 Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial precursor (EC 1.8.1.7) (GR) (GRase) Gallwitz H. Bonse S. Martinez-Cruz A. Schlichting I. Schumacher K. Krauth-Siegel R.L. Ajoene is an inhibitor and subversive substrate of human glutathione reductase and Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase: crystallographic, kinetic, and spectroscopic studies. www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR000815   (3358 words)

Effect of Glutathione Depletion on Antioxidant Enzymes in the Epididymis, Seminal Vesicles, and Liver and on ... Effect of Glutathione Depletion on Antioxidant Enzymes in the Epididymis, Seminal Vesicles, and Liver and on Spermatozoa Motility in the Aging Brown Norway Rat -- Zubkova and Robaire 71 (3): 1002 -- Biology of Reproduction Effect of Glutathione Depletion on Antioxidant Enzymes in the Epididymis, Seminal Vesicles, and Liver and on Spermatozoa Motility in the Aging Brown Norway Rat Mueller A, Hermo L, Robaire B. The effects of aging on the expression of glutathione S-transferases in the testis and epididymis of the Brown Norway rat. www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/71/3/1002   (4480 words)

Cyclic strain modulates resistance to oxidant stress by increasing G6PDH expression in smooth muscle cells -- Leopold ... and inhibition of the cyclic strain-mediated increase in glutathione Cyclic strain and glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase are equally active in detoxification of hydrogen peroxide in human erythrocytes. ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/5/H2477   (5542 words)

Gene Transfer of Mitochondrially Targeted Glutathione Reductase Protects H441 Cells from t-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced ... Compartmentation of glutathione: implications for the study of toxicity and disease. Biliary excretion of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in the rat: regulation and response to oxidative stress. Role of oxidative stress generated from the mitochondrial electron transport chain and mitochondrial glutathione status in loss of mitochondrial function and activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B: studies with isolated mitochondria and rat hepatocytes. ajrcmb.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/2/256   (4871 words)

Effects of Citicoline on Phospholipid and Glutathione Levels in Transient Cerebral Ischemia -- Adibhatla et al. 32 ... Glutathione is one of the primary endogenous antioxidant Glutathione and ascorbate during ischemia and postischemic reperfusion in rat brain. Influence of complete and pronounced incomplete cerebral ischemia and subsequent recirculation on cortical concentrations of oxidized and reduced glutathione in the rat. stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/32/10/2376   (3102 words)

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