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Topic: Glycocalyx

In the News (Fri 1 Jan 10)

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	A Mechano-Electrochemical Model of Radial Deformation of the Capillary Glycocalyx -- Damiano and Stace 82 (3): 1153 -- ...
		of the glycocalyx fixed-charge density and permeability in
		redistribution of the glycocalyx molecules are the predominant
		glycocalyx and the tension in the matrix is largely relieved.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/82/3/1153 (4394 words)

	15.5.7.1
		Enterocyte glycocalyx is renewed in 14,000-22,000 sec, as vesicles with adhered bacteria are expelled into the lumen of small and large intestine [4221].
		Glycocalyx turnover in rat uterine epithelial cells is ~430,000 sec [4224].
		Thus any trimmed glycocalyx glycoproteins from tissue cells would be rapidly replaced via biosynthesis in the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by final assembly with the oligosaccharide moiety in the Golgi complex and subsequent export to the plasma membrane [4225].
	www.nanomedicine.com /NMIIA/15.5.7.1.htm (1214 words)

	Glycocalyx Restricts Adenoviral Vector Access to Apical Receptors Expressed on Respiratory Epithelium In Vitro and In ...
		Assessment of glycocalyx abundance on the surfaces of human airway epithelia in vitro and ex vivo by freeze substitution and transmission electron microscopy of HAE cultures (i and iii) and freshly excised human airway epithelium (ii and iv).
		Assessment of glycocalyx depth on the apical surface of murine tracheal epithelium in the presence and absence of Muc1 glycoprotein.
		of the glycocalyx in the absence of MUC1/Muc1.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/78/24/13755 (8519 words)

	An Electrochemical Model of the Transport of Charged Molecules through the Capillary Glycocalyx -- Stace and Damiano 80 ...
		from the glycocalyx at equilibrium and that the extent of this
		Because the capillary glycocalyx is at the interface between blood and the luminal endothelial-cell surface, it represents
		The concentration of macromolecules in the glycocalyx is denoted
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/80/4/1670 (3878 words)

	Publication Details - Christopher Jacobs - Stanford University School of Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The glycocalyx of bone cells of the MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line and the MLO-Y4 osteocytic cell line were characterized.
		There was no effect of glycocalyx degradation on the intracellular calcium signal, in either cell type, in terms of the percentage of cells responding (40-80%) or the magnitude of the response (2-5 times baseline).
		An intact glycocalyx is not necessary in order to initiate a calcium signal in response to oscillating fluid flow.
	www-med.stanford.edu /profiles/bioengineering/frdActionServlet?choiceId=showPublication&pubid=52759&fid=6188 (262 words)

	Cell Interactions
		The glycocalyx is a “fuzzy coat” on the external surface of the plasma membrane of cells.
		The attached glycocalyx consists of the branched carbohydrates of the glycolipids and glycoproteins of the plasma membrane
		The unattached glycocalyx consists of proteoglycans and glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, which are rapidly washed away in vitro.
	staff.um.edu.mt /acus1/Interactions.htm (945 words)

	APStracts 10:0108H, 2003. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Rapid modification of the glycocalyx caused by ischemia-reperfusion is inhibited by adenosine A2A receptor activation.
		Over a reperfusion period of 45 min, the glycocalyx dye exclusion zone for Dex70 decreased by one-half in capillaries and postcapillary venules, whereas the red blood cell exclusion zone was very slightly reduced in capillaries only.
		The modifications of the glycocalyx appear to be an early step in the inflammatory cascade typically associated with reperfusion injury, and adenosine A2A receptor activation may play a role in protection from this injury.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2003/heart/March/108h.html (246 words)

	Rapid modification of the glycocalyx caused by ischemia-reperfusion is inhibited by adenosine A2A receptor activation ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Rapid modification of the glycocalyx caused by ischemia-reperfusion is inhibited by adenosine A2A receptor activation -- Platts et al.
		Rapid modification of the glycocalyx caused by ischemia-reperfusion is inhibited by adenosine A
		Permeation of the luminal capillary glycocalyx is determined by hyaluronan.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/6/H2360 (4743 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The word "glycocalyx" was coined to indicate the nature of this cell surface coat: it translates from the Greek as "sweet husk," an appropriate term for a material mainly composed of carbohydrates.It's hard to see in the light microscope, though it can be made visible with stains like the PAS method.
		It acts as a protective coating for cells exposed to deleterious environments (as is the case in the intestine) and also as an "ion trap" to mediate the steepness of the ionic gradient between the intra- and extra-cellular environments.
		The glycocalyx is made by the cells on which it's located.
	education.vetmed.vt.edu /curriculum/vm8054/Labs/Lab3/Examples/exglyco.htm (188 words)

	Dr. Steven H. Platts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The glycocalyx is a highly charged, polysaccharide-rich matrix (300-500 nm thick) that is produced by, and lines the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium.
		The fact that the glycocalyx can be modulated by physiologically relevant stimuli makes it a potential target for regulation of capillary hematocrit as well as vascular permeability and the coagulation cascade.
		Currently Steve is examining the effects of adenosine on the apparent thickness of the glycocalyx and permeability to dextran 70.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /internet/cvrc/postdocs/platts.cfm (557 words)

	Loss of Endothelial Glycocalyx During Acute Hyperglycemia Coincides With Endothelial Dysfunction and Coagulation ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Systemic glycocalyx volumes were identical at baseline; glucose infusion resulted in a statistically significant decrease in systemic glycocalyx volume compared with baseline, mannitol, and glucose-NAC.
		The endothelial glycocalyx is a crucial compartment for
		Henry CB, Duling BR: Permeation of the luminal capillary glycocalyx is determined by hyaluronan.
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/55/2/480 (3558 words)

	The Prokaryotic Cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The glycocalyx is excreted from the cell and is made up of polysaccharides (long chains of sugars) and/or proteins.
		If the glycocalyx is highly organized (cross-linked and rigid) and firmly attached to the cell wall the structure is referred to as a capsule.
		If the glycocalyx is both loosely organized and attached to the bacterial cell, it is referred to as a slime layer.
	www.ivytech.net /twmurphy/text_pg/pro_cell.htm (3235 words)

	Patterns of Epithelial Cell Invasion by Different Species of the Burkholderia cepacia Complex in Well-Differentiated ...
		To assess the integrity of the glycocalyx in infected airway
		Note the absence of a glycocalyx on the apical cell surface of the biofilm-associated airway epithelium.
		Retargeting the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor to the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells reveals the glycocalyx as a barrier to adenovirus-mediated gene transfer.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/8/4547 (4731 words)

	Effect of glycocalyx on shear-dependent albumin uptake in endothelial cells -- Ueda et al. 287 (5): H2287 -- AJP - ...
		that the glycocalyx thickness is <100 nm (26).
		the collapse of the glycocalyx structures (14, 20, 32, 33).
		The edge of the glycocalyx layer was defined by the position of middle brightness along the line shown in A and the thickness was determined by the distance between the points of middle brightness as shown in B.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/287/5/H2287 (4231 words)

	Abstract
		Recently, the pivotal role of the glycocalyx (a layer of hyaluronan and proteoglycans covering the endothelium) has been established as an antithrombotic endothelial barrier.
		To assess whether glycocalyx perturbation may contribute to increased vascular dysfunction and coagulation activity in hyperglycemia, we studied the effects of acute hyperglycemia on whole body glycocalyx volume in healthy male volunteers.
		Methods: We quantified glycocalyx volume by comparing the intravascular distribution volumes for Dextran 40 (glycocalyx permeable tracer) and autologous labeled erythrocytes (glycocalyx impermeable tracer) in 10 young healthy male volunteers during control situation (CON) and after 6 hours of normo-insulinemic hyperglycemia (HG: 14–16 mmol/l) using octreotide/glucose clamping.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /isth2005/abstract.asp?id=45305 (340 words)

	APStracts 7:0014H, 2000. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Whereas the glycocalyx of endothelial cells has been shown to influence solute flux from capillary microvessels, little is known about its contribution to the movement of macromolecules across the walls of other microvessels.
		We evaluated the hypothesis that a glycocalyx contributes resistance to protein flux measured in coronary arterioles.
		Ps was assessed in arterioles with an "intact" glycocalyx under control conditions and again after suffusion with adenosine (Ado, 10«minus»5 M, n = 42 arterioles, n = 29 pigs).
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2000/heart/January/14h.html (313 words)

	Optometric Management
		Another concept gaining acceptance in the industry and among practitioners is that the tears are like a living ocean comprised of the ocular surface, glycocalyx and three tear zones.
		In addition to mucins and the tear film, the role of glycocalyx in ocular surface disease (OSD) is an important factor in dry eye patients.
		Scientists describe glycocalyx as a cotton candy-like structure that the epithelial surface cells produce to trap mucins to the microvilli on the ocular surface.
	www.optometric.com /article.aspx?article=71341 (1705 words)

	Summary of Engineering Research
		A new mathematical model of canal mechanics is under development that couples an asymptotic theory of pulsatile flow in curved circular ducts to a mechanoelectrochemical model of the charged mucopolysaccharide structures involved in the transduction process.
		Recent theoretical and experimental studies suggest that the capillary glycocalyx, a macromolecular carbohydrate-rich structure on the luminal surface of the capillary wall, is of fundamental importance to capillary resistance, red-cell flux, and microvascular permeability.
		The primary goal of the theoretical component of this research will be to develop a rigorous multiconstituent mechanoelectrochemical model of the capillary glycocalyx as a foundation for our understanding of the biophysical properties and physiological behavior of this structure.
	www.engr.uiuc.edu /Publications/engineering_research/2002/BIOENG.summary.25.html (649 words)

	Cell Surface Carbohydrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The surfaces of mammalian cells are covered by a dense layer of complex carbohydrates collectively known as the glycocalyx.
		Even if large enough to see in theory (the glycocalyx can range in size up to 500 nm), the optical properties of sugars prevents surface carbohydrates from being noticed under routine visual inspection of cells or tissues.
		Cell surface oligosaccharides as well as the polysaccharides that are a key component of the extracellular matrix are made up of monosaccharide 'building blocks' that are assembled by the 'glycosylation pathways' of a cell.
	www.bme.jhu.edu /~kjyarema/CellSurCarbo1.htm (351 words)

	Tetrad pollen formation in Annona (Annonaceae): proexine formation andbinding mechanism -- Tsou and Fu 89 (5): 734 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		SAPs are distributed on the top of the glycocalyx network and as radial groups in the network.
		Cross section of prosexine, showing the microchannels still remaining inside the probacula (arrows); glycocalyx meshes (**) are intermixed with the probacula.
		Rowley J. 1975 The glycocalyx and initiation of exine spinules on microspores of Canna.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/89/5/734 (5001 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Australian Journal of Zoology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		A thin, homogeneous coat or glycocalyx is applied to the apical plasmalemma.
		The glycocalyx materials are evidently formed as Golgi-organized epidermal secretory products; they are transported to the apical and basal plasmalemmata by clear vesicles or (more probably) microchannels.
		The temnocephalid epidermis is, therefore, characterized by a fringe of microvilli with associated filamentous extensions of the glycocalyx, together with a system of microchannels of vesicles and associated dense bodies.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/90/paper/ZO9800043.htm (227 words)

	The Zeta Rod(tm) prevents biofouling and corrosion in industrial water systems.
		Generation of the glycocalyx, a polysaccharide that serves to further anchor the organism and protect it from adverse environmental factors such as changes in temperature, flow, pH, or the action of biocides (above right).
		Through water channels in the glycocalyx the thriving bacterial colony is able to absorb nutrients and oxygen from the water.
		However, as growth continues and the depth of the slime layer increases, there is little penetration of oxygen in the layers against the pipe or vessel surface.
	www.zetacorp.com /biocorrosion.shtml (285 words)

	Mathematical Biology at the University of Utah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The endothelial glycocalyx is a cell-surface layer composed of glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosaminoglycans and adsorbed serum proteins that, collectively, forms a three-dimensional polymer matrix.
		We have recently demonstrated that components of the glycocalyx participate in mechano-transduction which, in turn, influences endothelial barrier function.
		To further investigate the role of the glycocalyx in endothelial barrier function, we have developed a tissue-engineered lung capillary model and have developed biophysical techniques to characterize the structure-function relationship of the glycocalyx.
	www.math.utah.edu /research/mathbio/mathbio_seminar_abstracts/dull_abstract.html (144 words)

	Retargeting the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor to the Apical Surface of Polarized Epithelial Cells Reveals the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The enzymatic action of NA on glycocalyx structures is to specifically remove terminal sialic acid residues.
		Note the projection of the glycocalyx from the microvilli extending 0.5 to 1 µm from the cell surface.
		at the apical membrane, the glycocalyx interfered with virus-mediated
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/74/13/6050 (4725 words)

	Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This polymeric material, or glycocalyx, consists of charged and neutral polysaccharides groups that not only facilitate attachment but also act as an ion-exchange system for trapping and concentrating trace nutrients from the overlying water.
		In a mature biofilm, more of the volume is occupied by the loosely organized glycocalyx matrix (75-95%) than by bacterial cells (5-25%) (Geesey 1994).
		Because the glycocalyx matrix holds a lot of water, a biofilm-covered surface is gelatinous and slippery.
	www.edstrom.com /Resources.cfm?doc_id=143 (838 words)

	BBB-seminar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The physical and chemical nature of these porous pathways is still not well understood, but is best explained in terms a surface glycocalyx which forms the primary molecular sieve (determinant of pore size) in series with infrequent breaks in the junctional strands (determinant of pore number).
		We and others have described changes in the glycocalyx leading to increased permeability that depend on the composition of the plasma proteins.
		Platts and Duling (Circ Research 92:77, 2004) describe decreased exclusion of macromolecules from the glycocalyx in arterioles after exposure to a number of agents and conditions including ischemia-reperfusion.
	www.uib.no /med/biomed/sbmb/seminarer/var2004/summary/curry.htm (412 words)

	Vascular smooth muscle cell glycocalyx influences shear stress-mediated contractile response -- Ainslie et al. 98 (1): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		in the literature that the glycocalyx is responsible for the
		Glycocalyx imaging of heparan sulfate with and without enzymatic treatment.
		Focal and regional variations in the composition of the glycocalyx of large vessel endothelium.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/98/1/242 (5107 words)

	Characterization of an Immunogenic Glycocalyx on the Surfaces of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Sporozoites -- ...
		Characterization of an Immunogenic Glycocalyx on the Surfaces of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Sporozoites -- Nanduri et al.
		Characterization of an Immunogenic Glycocalyx on the Surfaces of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Sporozoites
		Glycocalyx of bodies versus tails of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/4/2022 (1331 words)

	Albumin Microbubble Persistence During Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography Is Associated With Microvascular ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		was marked separation of the glycocalyx from the cell surface.
		Electron micrographs at a magnification of x50 000 from left ventricle of dogs that underwent perfusion with (A) arterial blood alone, (B) arterial blood followed by crystalloid CP, (C) arterial blood followed by crystalloid CP with subsequent perfusion by venous blood CP, and (D) arterial blood followed by crystalloid with subsequent perfusion with arterial blood.
		Hypoxia induced disruption of the cardiac endothelial glycocalyx: implications for capillary permeability.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/98/20/2187 (4725 words)

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