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Topic: Glycolaldehyde

	ScienceDaily: Scientists Discover Sugar In Space
		Glycolaldehyde contains exactly the same atoms, though in a different molecular structure, as methyl formate and acetic acid, both of which were detected previously in interstellar clouds.
		Glycolaldehyde is a simpler molecular cousin to table sugar, the scientists say.
		The scientists identified glycolaldehyde by detecting six frequencies of radio emission in what is termed the millimeter-wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum -- a region between more-familiar microwaves and infrared radiation.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/06/000619072351.htm (1085 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Glycolaldehyde
		Glycolaldehyde is readily converted to acetyl coenzyme A.
		Glycolaldehyde is formed from many sources, including the amino acid glycine and from purone catabolism.
		Glycolaldehyde was identified in many other planets and also at the middle of the Milky Way.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Glycolaldehyde (239 words)

	Cold Sugar in Space
		The cold glycolaldehyde detections were surprisingly strong when compared to the original detections and indicate that a considerable quantity of this simple interstellar sugar exists at extremely low temperatures.
		The discovery of the cold glycolaldehyde was made by detecting faint radio emission from the molecules.
		The cold glycolaldehyde was identified both by emission from the molecules and by absorption of radio waves emitted by a background source, all between 13 GHz and 22 GHz in frequency.
	www.nrao.edu /pr/2004/coldsugar (0 words)

	Catalytic hydrogenation of glycolaldehyde to produce ethylene glycol - Patent 4321414
		The process according to claim 1 wherein the glycolaldehyde is obtained by the hdroformylation of formaldehyde wherein formaldehyde is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst.
		C., glycolaldehyde conversion is found to be over 99%, ethylene glycol is found to be formed in a selectivity of about 70% and dimethyl acetal of glycolaldehyde is found to be formed in a selectivity of about 23%.
		Glycolaldehyde is found to be produced in an amount of 5.4 grams, which represents a glycolaldehyde yield of 54% based on the charged para-formaldehyde.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4321414.html (6039 words)

	Sugar in Space
		Scientists have discovered glycolaldehyde, a molecular cousin to table sugar, in an interstellar molecular cloud.
		The discovery of glycolaldehyde in a giant cloud of gas and dust near the center of our own Milky Way Galaxy was made by scientists using the National Science Foundation's 12 Meter Telescope, a radio telescope on Kitt Peak, Arizona.
		Glycolaldehyde is the only member of the sugar family yet detected in interstellar clouds.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2000/ast20jun_1.htm (0 words)

	Scientists Discover Sugar In Space
		Glycolaldehyde contains exactly the same atoms, though in a different molecular structure, as methyl formate and acetic acid, both of which were detected previously in interstellar clouds.
		Glycolaldehyde is a simpler molecular cousin to table sugar, the scientists say.
		The scientists identified glycolaldehyde by detecting six frequencies of radio emission in what is termed the millimeter-wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum -- a region between more-familiar microwaves and infrared radiation.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/life-00zi.html (813 words)

	The Scientist : One small step for sugar
		Glycolaldehyde is the simplest of all sugars, with just two carbon atoms, two oxygens, and four hydrogens.
		Because glycolaldehyde, at least, can survive such frigid temperatures, Cummings says passing comets "could load themselves up with these things and they would be stable" for a long haul toward the inner solar system and the planets that reside there.
		Whether that material included glycolaldehyde, though, "is a big, big 'if,"' according to Jeffrey L. Bada, a biogeo-chemist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif. Even if roving comets or asteroids picked it up, the sugar might not have survived an entry through Earth's atmosphere.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/14975 (691 words)

	EHP 104(8) Article: Robison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Glycolaldehyde does not appear to play a significant role in the acute alterations of sodium pump activity, suggesting that the NO -induced changes in Na -ATPase activity of GPTE monolayers probably are further mediated by other lipid peroxidation products/oxidation processes yet to be identified.
		Glycolaldehyde levels were significantly increased in response to a 1-hr exposure to 1 or 5 ppm NO as compared with air controls (Fig.
		Basolateral glycolaldehyde concentrations estimated in the present studies may be lower than cellular concentrations due to diffusion of this compound into the larger volume of the extracellular medium, as well as losses due to binding with cellular components, metabolism, and volatility (23).
	www.ehponline.org /members/1996/104-8/robison.html (3875 words)

	Sugar in space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Glycolaldehyde is thought to have been synthesised on the prebiotic Earth via the Formose reaction(4).
		This is where molecules of formaldehyde polymerise, or react together to form the larger molecule of Glycolaldehyde.
		The drawings of ribose and glucose show haw Glycolaldehyde, the pink bonds and atoms, would be incorporated into their structure.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /local/projects/george/Sugar.html (256 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Sugar in space sweetens chances of life
		Glycolaldehyde is an 8-atom molecule composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
		Glycolaldehyde contains exactly the same atoms, though in a different molecular structure, as methyl formate and acetic acid, both of which have been detected previously in interstellar clouds.
		And glycolaldehyde is a simpler molecular cousin to the sugar you stir into your coffee, the scientists say.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/793988.stm (443 words)

	Mechanism of Protein Modification by Glyoxal and Glycolaldehyde, Reactive Intermediates of the Maillard Reaction -- ...
		However, the role of oxidation in CML formation from glyoxal and glycolaldehyde is complex since the initial formation rate of CML from glyoxal is not dependent on oxygen, whereas it is totally suppressed under anaerobic conditions for glycolaldehyde (Fig.
		Whereas oxidation of Amadori-rearranged glycolaldehyde adduct 3 (Fig.
		The data so far implicate unequivocally glyoxal and glycolaldehyde in CML formation and raise the question of the mechanisms by which CML forms from higher sugars, as demonstrated in and by others (19, 27).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/270/17/10017 (0 words)

	Hydroformylation of formaldehyde with rhodium catalysts - Patent 4405814
		After 30 minutes of reaction, the formaldehyde conversion was 43%, while the selectivities to glycolaldehyde and methanol were 86% and 5%, respectively.
		After 30 minutes of reaction, the formaldehyde conversion was 88% while the selectivites to glycolaldehyde and methanol were 69% and 5%, respectively.
		After 30 minutes of reaction the formaldehyde conversion was 76% with selectivities to glycolaldehyde and methanol of 63% and 9%, respectively.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4405814.html (4477 words)

	NASA - Space Sugar's a Sweet Find
		Hollis' team detected glycolaldehyde by observing faint radio emissions from a large ensemble of the molecules in the interstellar cloud.
		However, while glycolaldehyde was identified, there was no information in the original experiment regarding where and how much of the molecule was found in the gaseous cloud.
		The interferometer experiment showed that, unlike most other large interstellar molecules, glycolaldehyde is not confined to the hot core of the gaseous interstellar cloud.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/universe/starsgalaxies/interstellar_sugar.html (1180 words)

	Space Clouds
		The simpler molecules are thought to form on the surfaces of dust particles.
		This is the second detection of glycolaldehyde in space, said Jewell, the first being in 2000, but a much warmer sugar, less revealing and a weaker signal.
		The glycolaldehyde was found using the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia to detect a radio signal emitted at a narrow and precise frequency when the sugar molecules rotate.
	www.crystalinks.com /spaceclouds.html (385 words)

	ESDCD News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hollis’ team detected glycolaldehyde by observing faint radio emission in the 71 to 103 GHz range from a large ensemble of the molecules in the interstellar cloud.
		Hollis and collaborators again probed the same interstellar cloud in 2002 and discovered the sugar alcohol of glycolaldehyde known as ethylene glycol, a 10-atom species that is the primary ingredient of automobile antifreeze.
		Prebiotic molecules such as glycolaldehyde that are carried by a comet may be deposited on a planet that collides with the comet or passes through its tail, giving a head start to the life-formation process (Image credit: Bill Saxton, National Radio Astronomy Observatory/Associated Universities Inc., National Science Foundation).
	esdcd-news.gsfc.nasa.gov /2004.Fall/07_sugar_space.html (1274 words)

	CH₂OHCHO
		Interstellar glycolaldehyde (CH2OHCHO) has been detected in emission toward the Galactic center source Sagittarius B2(N) by means of millimeter-wave rotational transitions.
		Glycolaldehyde is an important biomarker since it is structurally the simplest member of the monosaccharide sugars that heretofore have gone undetected in interstellar clouds.
		It may be that the typical environment of dense interstellar clouds is favorable to glycolaldehyde synthesis by means of the polymerization of formaldehyde (H2CO) molecules either on grain surfaces or in the gas phase.
	www.cv.nrao.edu /~awootten/ch2ohcho.html (0 words)

	Scientists Discover Sugar in Space
		The prospects for life in the Universe just got sweeter, with the first discovery of a simple sugar molecule in space.
		The discovery of the sugar molecule glycolaldehyde in a giant cloud of gas and dust near the center of our own Milky Way Galaxy was made by scientists using the National Science Foundation's 12 Meter Telescope, a radio telescope on Kitt Peak, Arizona.
		This is the cloud in which scientists using the 12 Meter Telescope detected the simple sugar molecule glycolaldehyde.
	www.nrao.edu /pr/2000/sugar (0 words)

	Increased uptake of {alpha}-hydroxy aldehyde-modified low density lipoprotein by macrophage scavenger receptors -- ...
		LDL was incubated with glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, or erythrose,
		LDL (1 mg/mL) was incubated at 37°C in PBS with the indicated final concentrations of glycolaldehyde (open triangles), glyceraldehyde (solid circles), and erythrose (solid triangles) for 48 h, after which the LDL was dialyzed extensively.
		glycolaldehyde (open triangles), glyceraldehyde (solid circles), erythrose (solid triangles), or by acetylation with acetic anhydride (solid squares) (A) or by incubating the lipoprotein with the indicated concentration of the glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, or erythrose for 24 h (B).
	www.jlr.org /cgi/content/full/41/7/1054 (3271 words)

	Formation of astrobiologically important molecules in extraterrestrial ices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One of the key questions is how these molecules were originally formed, and with the recent discoveries of increasingly complex molecules in the interstellar medium suggests that these molecules need not have formed on the Earth, but could have been readily available from the material that formed the solar system.
		The recent identification of the simplest carbon hydrate, glycolaldehyde, and the simplest amino acid, glycine, in extraterrestrial space are significant milestones from an astrobiological viewpoint.
		Glycolaldehyde represents the first member of monosaccharide sugar and denotes an important biomarker, which can react to glycolaldehyde phosphates and complex sugars such as ribose.
	www.chem.hawaii.edu /Bil301/astrobiofmtn.html (285 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Sugar discovered in cold space hints at how life began on Earth
		This frigid cloud is composed of molecular glycolaldehyde, a sugar that, when it reacts with other sugars or carbon molecules, can form a more complex sugar called ribose, the starting point for DNA and RNA, which carry the genetic code for all living things.
		Jewell said the team had found glycolaldehyde in a warmer part of the cloud in 2000, but this time detected it in an area where the temperature was only 8 degrees above absolute zero, that is, minus 445 degrees Fahrenheit.
		It is unclear whether the glycolaldehyde, a simple "two-carbon" sugar containing two carbon atoms, two oxygen atoms and four hydrogen atoms, was frozen to the dust particles before the shock wave came by, or was formed by interstellar chemistry after the shock wave liberated simpler molecules.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002047921_spacesugar28.html (956 words)

	Recent Chemistry of Glycolaldehyde
		This spectra predicted a temperature of ~ 50 K and a peak intensity of 2.5 mK for the glycolaldehyde population surrounding the LMH hot core.
		This suggested a much lower temperature ~ 8K for the glycolaldehyde populations, corresponding to these transitions.
		The Spatial Scale of Glycolaldehyde In the Galactic Center.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~caramboc/RecentChemistryofGlycolaldehyde.html (0 words)

	Sugar hydration dynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But in order to understand their vibrational dynamics we start with glycolaldehyde and hydroxyacetone, some of the simplest molecules containing hydroxy-carbonyl moiety.
		Glycolaldehyde exists as a hemiacetal dimer in the crystalline state.
		In solid state, glyceraldehyde, glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetone all form hemiacetal dimers which are some derivatives of 1,4-dioxane (six membered aliphatic carbon ring with two oxygen atoms substituted at positions 1 and 4).
	www.irb.hr /-ROr2-/en/str/zfm/labs/lmf/sugars/?t=!view.content.html (288 words)

	Identification of cis-Ethanesemidione as the Organic Radical Derived from Glycolaldehyde in the Suicide Inactivation of ...
		The hydrate of glycolaldehyde is a substrate analogue that induces the formation of cob(II)alamin and 5'-deoxyadenosine from adenosylcobalamin at the active site of dioldehydrase, and the resulting complex is inactive.
		The carbon atoms of glycolaldehyde hydrate remain bound to this complex, and it has been postulated that the first step or steps of the catalytic process on glycolaldehyde hydrate generate an intermediate that undergoes a destructive side reaction leading to inactivation of the enzyme [Wagner, O.
		All evidence suggests that dioldehydrase reaction proceeds by a radical mechanism, and the glycolaldehyde hydrate is expected to be converted initially into a radical.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2000/39/i20/abs/bi992963k.html (349 words)

	Scientists Discover Antifreeze in Space
		Ethylene glycol (a 10-atom molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) is one of the five largest molecules ever discovered in space.
		It also is a chemically reduced form of 8-atom glycolaldehyde, the simplest member of the sugar family.
		This means that ethylene glycol can be produced from glycolaldehyde by the addition of two hydrogen atoms.
	www.nrao.edu /pr/2002/antifreeze (0 words)

	The Hindu : Sugar found in space
		Conditions in interstellar clouds may, in some cases, mimic the conditions on the early Earth, so studying the chemistry of interstellar clouds may help scientists understand how bio- molecules formed early in planet's history.
		Glycolaldehyde, an 8-atom molecule composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, can combine with other molecules to form the more- complex sugars Ribose and Glucose.
		The scientists identified glycolaldehyde by detecting six frequencies of radio emission in what is termed the millimeter-wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum a region between more-familiar microwaves and infrared radiation.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2000/07/06/stories/08060001.htm (473 words)

	Astronomy and Space – Astronomy Tips – Space Astronomy
		The pinkish red color is the color of ionized hydrogen, the blue-green, which when mixed with the pink looks purple, is the color of ionized oxygen, and the blue is light being reflected from nearby stars.
		Scientists have discovered the sugar molecule glycolaldehyde in a large cloud of gas and dust near the center of our Galaxy, some 26,000 light-years away.
		Glycolaldehyde combines with other simple sugars to form ribose, which is a component of DNA.
	space-astronomy.lifetips.com (269 words)

	Farboud, Mol Vis 1999; 5:11.
		Methods: Glycolaldehyde was used to modify bovine serum albumin and HPLC analysis was used to measure pentosidine formation as an indicator of AGE formation.
		BSA was glycated with glycolaldehyde (0.0078-0.0313M), ascorbate (0.5 M), and glucose (0.5 M) for 3 or 7 days in air at 37 °C. HPLC analysis showed that significant pentosidine, up to 4497 pmol/ml, was generated in a time and concentration dependent manner with glycolaldehyde (Table 1).
		While protein modification by glycolaldehyde had not previously been known to form pentosidine (a low abundance AGE [21,22]), our HPLC analysis not only confirmed that glycolaldehyde is a precursor of pentosidine, but that glycolaldehyde is efficiently converted to pentosidine.
	www.molvis.org /molvis/v5/a11 (3371 words)

	NASA - Astrobiology - Latest News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A team of scientisits has detected molecules of glycolaldehyde, a type of sugar, within a cloud at the center of our galaxy.
		Glycolaldehyde is a simpler compound than common table sugar.
		The glycolaldehyde molecules were detected using the Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope in New Mexico.
	astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov /news/expandnews.cfm?id=382 (1277 words)

	Production of N{varepsilon}-(Carboxymethyl)Lysine Is Impaired in Mice Deficient in NADPH Oxidase: A Role for ...
		Generation of glycolaldehyde by neutrophils isolated from wild-type and CGD mice.
		The concentration of the MBTH derivative of glycolaldehyde in the supernatant was determined by HPLC analysis.
		Glomb MA, Monnier VM: Mechanism of protein modification by glyoxal and glycolaldehyde, reactive intermediates of the Maillard reaction.
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/52/8/2137 (4468 words)

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