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Topic: Glycopeptide antibiotic

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	Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the increase of staphylococcal resistance to methicillin, vancomycin (or teicoplanin) is often a treatment of choice in infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
		This mechanism of resistance to vancomycin is different to that which happens in enterococcus where there is a change in the target site of the antibiotic, leading to a lower affinity for vancomycin, which gives vancomycin-resistant enterococci high levels of resistance.
		At present, high-level resistances to both glycopeptide and beta-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus seem to be mutually exclusive, in that both resistances are not seen at once in the same strain of bacterium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus (463 words)

	ISPD
		Prophylactic antibiotic therapy should be given at the time of catheter placement in the form of a single dose of a first-generation cephalosporin.
		A glycopeptide should not be the initial agent routinely chosen because of the emerging bacterial resistance to glycopeptides.
		Antibiotic treatment of a catheter exit-site infection should be started after culture results have been obtained, unless signs of severe infection are present.
	www.ispd.org /guidelines/articles/pdi206/610warady.php3 (6497 words)

	Glycopeptide Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Glycopeptide-Producing Organisms -- Marshall et al. 42 (9): 2215 -- ...
		Glycopeptide Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Glycopeptide-Producing Organisms -- Marshall et al.
		obviously be ascribed to peptidoglycan or glycopeptide antibiotic
		Characterization of Tn1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/42/9/2215 (3403 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This invention is also directed to a method for reducing nephrotoxicity produced by a glycopeptide antibiotic when administered to a mammal, the method comprising administering the glycopeptide antibiotic to the mammal in a pharmaceutical composition comprising a cyclodextrin and a therapeutically effective amount of the glycopeptide antibiotic, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
		This invention is also directed to a method for reducing histamine release produced by a glycopeptide antibiotic when administered to a mammal, the method comprising administering the glycopeptide antibiotic to the mammal in a pharmaceutical composition comprising a cyclodextrin and a therapeutically effective amount of the glycopeptide antibiotic, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
		This invention is also directed to a method for reducing vascular irritation produced by a glycopeptide antibiotic when administered to a mammal, the method comprising administering the glycopeptide antibiotic to the mammal in a pharmaceutical composition comprising a cyclodextrin and a therapeutically effective amount of the glycopeptide antibiotic, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/82971.011108&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4695 words)

	ROAR Reports, Abstracts and Tables (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		One of the clearest examples of a cause and effect relationship between antibiotic use in agriculture and increasing resistance in animal commensals is the impact of the use of noursethricin, an aminoglycoside, in East Germany (Witte, 1998).
		If antibiotic selection is continuous over long periods of time, however, bacteria have the chance to accumulate mutations that allow them to retain their resistance phenotype without losing fitness in the absence of selection.
		Since agricultural antibiotics are used in large quantities and must be cheap enough to be economical for the farmer, pharmaceutical companies that sell antibiotics for use on the farm market antibiotic preparations that are much less pure than those intended for human consumption.
	www.tufts.edu /med/apua/ROAR/salyerschapter.htm (6709 words)

	Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials \| Full text \| Central venous catheter related infections: Risk ...
		The other 187 (62.4%) patients were not using glycopeptide antibiotic at the time of catheter insertion and for the duration of insertion (Table 1).
		Glycopeptide antibiotics are active against Staphylococci, including methicillin resistant isolates, which was also the most frequently isolated organism in our study.
		The glycopeptide antibiotics the patients were using during the catheterization seems to have prophylactic effect.
	www.ann-clinmicrob.com /content/2/1/3 (3583 words)

	eMJA: Robertson et al., Vancomycin and teicoplanin use in Victorian hospitals
		Glycopeptide antibiotic use in neonates: Four hospitals enrolled 24 neonates who were prescribed 25 courses of IV vancomycin, with a median duration of 2.3 days (interquartile range, 2.0-4.6 days).
		Glycopeptide antibiotic use in adults: Twenty-five hospitals enrolled 269 adults who commenced 277 glycopeptide antibiotic courses; 143 (53%) patients were treated by a medical unit and 126 (47%) by a surgical unit; 73 (27%) of the patients were in an intensive care unit at some stage during the glycopeptide antibiotic course.
		Glycopeptide antibiotic use was concentrated in five major metropolitan teaching hospitals.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/171_3_020899/robertsn/robertsn.html (2759 words)

	Antibiotic resistance - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic.
		Antibiotic resistance is a consequence of evolution via natural selection.
		Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as second- and third-generation cephalosporins, greatly hastens the development of methicillin resistance, even in organisms that have never been exposed to the selective pressure of methicillin per se.
	www.grohol.com /wiki/Antibiotic_resistance (688 words)

	ROAR: Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Classification of the antibiotic resistance patterns of indicator bacteria by discriminant analysis: use in predicting the source of fecal contamination in subtropical Florida waters.
		Previously, antibiotics had been shown to regulate resistance gene expression, but this is the first report that an antibiotic could stimulate resistance gene transfer.
		ROAR II is a project of the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics to investigate the role of commensal bacteria in determining the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and develop novel ways to predict or mitigate dangerous infections not treatable by antibiotics.
	www.tufts.edu /med/apua/ROAR/biblio.htm (5868 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Background of the Invention Glycopeptide antibiotics are characterized by having at least one saccharide group chemically bonded to a rigid peptide structure having a cavity or cleft which acts as a binding site for the substrate used in bacterial cell wall synthesis.
		The glycopeptide antibiotics are further categorized into various subclasses depending on the identity and interconnections of the amino acids comprising the peptide backbone and the number and substitution pattern of the sugar residues in the molecule.
		In a preferred embodiment, the glycopeptide antibiotic is vancomycin, the pseudoaglycone is the pseudoaglycone of vancomycin and the aglycone is the aglycone of vancomycin.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=00/41710.011122&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (6814 words)

	Restrictive antibiotic policies - how effective are they?
		Extent of antibiotic overuse The two major areas of concern are in the agriculture industry, where low levels of antibiotics are added to animal foodstuffs to reduce illness (such as the glycopeptide antibiotic avoparcin, now banned within the European community) and the prophylaxis and treatment of human illness.
		Antibiotic modification is the best known and occurs when the sensitivity of the target within the bacteria remains the same but the antibiotic is prevented from reaching it.
		Antibiotics may actually be harmful to them and their families.
	www.pharmj.com /Hospital/Editorial/200007/features/antibiotics_policies.html (3726 words)

	CDC - Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Delivery in Animal Feeds
		Avoparcin, a glycopeptide antimicrobial agent related to vancomycin, has been used extensively as a growth promoter in animal feeds for more than 2 decades, and evidence has shown that such use contributed to the development of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
		High-level glycopeptide resistance is conferred by a cluster of three genes, vanH, vanA, vanX (the van cluster), plus associated regulatory elements; the cluster is often carried by conjugative transposons (16–18).
		To examine for the presence of genes involved in glycopeptide resistance from the antimicrobial agent–derived DNA, we used the DNA primers described by Marshall et al.
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/EID/vol10no4/03-0506.htm (2645 words)

	References
		Reductive alkylation of glycopeptide antibiotics: synthesis and antibacterial activities.
		Evaluation of the in-vitro activity of the glycopeptide antibiotic LY333328 in comparison with vancomycin and teicoplanin.
		Antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter in the UK and in vitro evaluation of tigecycline (GAR-936).
	www.medscape.com /content/2004/00/46/68/466848/466848_ref.html (2002 words)

	[No title]
		Because E. faecium was untreatable with practically all other antibiotics, the emergence of the first high level vancomycin-resistant E. faecium was of particular concern (2).
		The resulting concentration in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal is sufficient to inhibit the susceptible bacteria and markedly affect the composition of the bacterial gut flora (8).
		In Denmark, as well as in other countries, only a few glycopeptides have been used; for humans vancomycin and (to a lesser extent) teicoplanin have been used, and for animals avoparcin has been used exclusively as a feed additive for growth promotion.
	ftp.cdc.gov /pub/EID/vol5no3/ascii/wegener.txt (1123 words)

	Biosynthesis of Chloro-{beta}-Hydroxytyrosine, a Nonproteinogenic Amino Acid of the Peptidic Backbone of Glycopeptide ...
		The role of the sugar and chlorine substituents in the dimerization of vancomycin antibiotics.
		The role of the chlorine substituents in the antibiotic vancomycin: preparation and characterization of mono- and didechloro-vancomycin.
		Glycopeptide antibiotic activity and the possible role of dimerization: a model for biological signaling.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/186/18/6093?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=biosynthesis&searchid=1096729372944_1149&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&volume=186&issue=18&journalcode=jb (4542 words)

	Glycopeptide antibiotic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of antibiotic drugs.
		Important glycopeptide antibiotics include vancomycin, teicoplanin, ramoplanin, and decaplanin.
		This page was last modified 11:20, 17 August 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glycopeptide_antibiotic (62 words)

	The Vegetarian Society UK - Health and Nutrition
		Enterococci are bacteria that are ubiquitous in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, and are released into the environment from faecal materials and via fertilisers of animal and human origin.
		Enterococci are often resistant towards most antibiotics in clinical practice, except for the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin that has been regarded as the ultimate treatment of enterococcal infections.
		Have antibiotic resistant strains that now are starting to appear among humans outside the hospital environments, evolved due to the antibiotic usage in hospital environments, or have they evolved due to the use of antibiotics and feed additives in agriculture?
	www.vegsoc.org /health/research/poo.html (1763 words)

	Prof Dr Roderich Suessmuth - Organic Chemistry - TU Berlin
		Abyssomicins B, C and D – novel polycyclic antibiotics from a marine Verrucosispora strain as inhibitors of the p-aminobenzoic acid/tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis pathway.
		Glycopeptide biosynthesis in Amycolatopsis mediterranei DSM5908: Function of a halogenase and a haloperoxidase/perhydrolase.
		New advances in the biosynthesis of glycopeptide antibiotics of the vancomycin type from Amycolatopsis mediterranei.
	www.uni-tuebingen.de /suessmuth/pub.html (1222 words)

	Molecule of the Month - Vancomycin
		Strains of microorganisms that have multiple resistance to antibiotics are one of the most serious problems encountered by hospitals in Europe and the United States.
		Vancomycin, the first of a series of chemically related antibiotics, was isolated over 40 years ago in the Eli Lilly Company laboratories in the USA from a Streptomyces species found in soils obtained from Borneo and India.
		The main target of this antibiotic is the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminal dipeptide of peptidoglycan precursors, used by bacteria for constructing their cell walls.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /motm/vancomycin/text.htm (693 words)

	Occurrence, Structure, and Mobility of Tn1546-Like Elements in Environmental Isolates of Vancomycin-Resistant ...
		of antibiotics on the spread of antibiotic resistance and to
		Environmental strains of Enterococcus faecium with inducible high-level resistance to glycopeptides.
		Investigation by long PCR of the genetic elements mediating VaNa glycopeptide resistance in enterococci from uncooked meat in South Manchester.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/2/984 (3940 words)

	VICURON PHARMACEUTICALS' PHASE II RESULTS SHOW SUPERIORITY OF ONCE-WEEKLY DALBAVANCIN VERSUS VANCOMYCIN FOR BLOODSTREAM ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This is the first time any Gram-positive injectable antibiotic has been shown to be superior to vancomycin in a head-to-head comparison for these types of infections.
		Dalbavancin, a novel next-generation glycopeptide agent, belongs to the same class as vancomycin, the most widely-used and one of the few treatments available to patients infected with the most difficult-to- treat strains of Staph: MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and MRSE (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis).
		In preclinical and clinical studies to date, dalbavancin appears to be one of the most potent antibiotics in its class against MRSA and MRSE and has not shown significant dose-limiting side effects.
	www.shareholder.com /Vicuron/news/20040112-126264.cfm?ReleaseID=126264 (936 words)

	Vancomycin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Peptide cross-linking therefore cannot occur, and the structural integrity of the peptidoglycan is compromised, causing the cell to lyse.
		Once an antibiotic has been introduced into hospitals, it can be as little as a few months before resistant strains of bacteria appear.
		It is such misuse of the antibiotic that perpetuates the emergence of new strains of VRE.
	www.molbio.princeton.edu /courses/mb427/2001/projects/02/vancomycin.htm (1275 words)

	Persistence of Animal and Human Glycopeptide-Resistant Enterococci on Two Norwegian Poultry Farms Formerly Exposed to ...
		Aarestrup, F. Occurrence of glycopeptide resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates from conventional and ecological poultry farms.
		Aarestrup, F. Characterization of glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium (GRE) from broilers and pigs in Denmark: genetic evidence that persistence of GRE in pig herds is associated with coselection by resistance to macrolides.
		Antibiotic resistance of faecal enterococci in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/1/159 (5751 words)

	Phenotypic studies of the mechanism of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA In today’s society, approximately one-third of all antibiotic prescriptions are inappropriate or unnecessary.
		This overuse of antibiotics has helped generate "Superbugs," bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics.
		In the past five years, clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus have been described with resistance to one of the last available antibiotics to treat this bacterium, the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin.
	www.lycoming.edu /biology/lycogenes/03-04/koehl.html (392 words)

	LabAntibiotics.com - Fresh antibiotics for in vitro laboratory use (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Open chain polypeptide antibiotic produced by Bacillus brevus and used against Gram-positive bacteria.
		Lincosamide antibiotic with bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive bacteria.
		Glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits formation of peptidoglycan polymers of the bacterial cell wall.
	labantibiotics.com /CategoryItem.asp?CCode=ANTIGPOS (100 words)

	AFM of Glycopeptide-Susceptible Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The emerging problem of intermediate resistance to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus isolates has raised concern, since few therapeutic options remain for treatment.
		The antibiotics kill gram-positive bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of peptidoglycan on the bacterial surface.
		Atomic force microscopy imaging can be used to discern morphological details in the cell wall structure of infectious bacteria, including important phenotypic differences between some mutant strains of drug-resistant as compared to drug-susceptible bacteria.
	mrsec.uchicago.edu /Nuggets/Staph (261 words)

	Effective Route of Vancomycin Administration
		Vancomycin, derived from Nocardia orientalis, belongs to the tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic type.
		Having a chemistry of amphoteric glycopeptide antibiotic (chemical formula C66H75CL2N9O24), vancomycin causes major damage to the infection organisms by binding to the carboxyl terminal D-Ala-D-Ala sequence of peptidoglycan intermediates produced during bacterial cell wall synthesis.
		It is very important for a pharmacist to correctly advise a physician about the proper route of administration of an antibiotic.
	www.pharmacytimes.com /article.cfm?ID=1319 (359 words)

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